转型国家和地区的腐败与反腐败现象研究

腐败是一国政治、经济、文化、司法情况的侧面反映.俄罗斯、韩国、台湾等转型国家和地区民主政治发展中腐败放量增加,既有腐败的一般性原因.更有转型期制度约束缺失下政治分权导致腐败切入点分散化、政府主导型市场经济下权力设租和寻租恶性循环、传统政治道德体系解体下公职人员从政心理发生裂变等特定因素的推助.我们必须看到导致腐败的因素会随着问题被暴露以及社会寻求完善的民主与法制而发生改变.民众的民主监督技能也会因民主的教育而大大提高.对于转型国家和地区民主化发展中不断上演的政治腐败和社会动乱,我们不能在一种幸灾乐祸的心态下固步自封,停止民主政治发展的探索,更不能背离民主.需要借鉴当代民主理论的研究成果和民主实践的经验与教训.顺应本国的国情和社会发展的客观需要.正确制定我国民主政治发展的方略.有效遏制权力腐败.     

南京地区冬季蔬菜中NO_2~－、NO_3~－含量及卫生学对策

测定南京地区冬季２８种蔬菜中ＮＯ２－、ＮＯ３－含量的结果表明：腌制蔬莱中ＮＯ２－含量平均为新鲜蔬菜中的１６倍；南京地区居民冬季大量食用的大品种蔬菜中ＮＯ２－、ＮＯ３－含量远高于其它蔬菜；ＮＯ２－的ＡＤＩ超出ＷＨＯ规定。鉴此，本文提出了卫生学对策。     

老老年高血压的特殊性及诊疗新进展

高血压是老老年群体中常见的慢性病,患病率高,并发症多,危害性大,是心血管疾病重要的危险因素。它的临床表现和治疗标准与中青年高血压患者不同,不同个体的治疗方案也不相同。通过对近几年老老年高血压的诊断和治疗新进展的了解,重点探讨了老年高血压的治疗特点,坚持个体化用药,从整体考虑,根据老年人用药的特殊性和复杂性,选择最优化的治疗方案,降低药源性损害,最大程度地降低高血压的危害。     

青少年儿童近视成因及防控进展

众所周知,近视可由遗传、外界环境、不良用眼习惯等综合性因素导致,主要预防措施为定期进行视力筛查,并及时对症治疗,与此同时养成良好用眼习惯,保持充足睡眠,保证一定运动量及营养均衡。若判定为近视,可通过光学镜片、西药治疗及中医治疗等方式延缓度数增加,若以上方式均无效,还可通过手术方式进行矫正。目前,近视给青少年的健康及成长带来的重大影响已成为公论,故我国近视低龄化问题也越发受到社会各界的关注。针对社会人群而言,了解近视成因,对精准预防与有效控制格外重要。本文对近年来文献报道进行总结,从近视形成原因、预防、筛查及控制措施等方面进行综述。     

澳大利亚GMP与我国GMP的比较分析

目的:对澳大利亚和我国GMP管理进行对比分析和探讨.方法:借鉴澳大利亚TGA的药品质量监管经验,对GMP体系、现场检查和跟踪检查进行全面阐述,并与我国情况的比较分析.结果与结论:我国GMP管理体系存在严重缺陷,必须进行改进以适应GMP管理国际一体化的发展趋势,促进我国医药企业进入国际市场.     

Gli1与FoxM1在子宫颈癌组织和细胞中的表达及意义

目的:了解宫颈癌组织和细胞中Gli1及FoxM1的表达及意义,并探究这二者的相关性,进而明确FoxM1是否为Gli1在Hh信号通路中的下游靶基因,从而为宫颈癌的分子靶向治疗提供依据。方法:通过免疫组化链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶(SP)法检测70例宫颈癌组织和10例正常宫颈组织中Gli1及FoxM1的表达;体外培养宫颈癌细胞系Hela、Siha,将两株细胞分别分为5组,分别下调和上调Gli1基因的表达后,应用逆转录(RT)-PCR法检测各组细胞中Gli1及FoxM1的mRNA表达量,并分析二者的相关性。结果:Gli1和FoxM1蛋白表达水平在宫颈癌组织中明显高于正常宫颈组织(P<0.05)。Gli1的表达在分化程度低的宫颈癌组织中较高(P=0.022),与宫颈癌的侵袭程度有关(P=0.005),在有淋巴结转移中更高(P=0.017);FoxM1的表达与宫颈癌的侵袭程度有关(P=0.011),与年龄相关(P=0.033)。Spearman秩相关检验提示,Gli1与FoxM1相关系数r=0.405(P<0.001),呈显著正相关;分别下调Hela细胞和Siha细胞中Gli1表达后,两细胞系中FoxM1mRNA表达量均明显降低,均呈现正显著相关(r=0.613,r=0.729,P<0.05);分别将Gli1过表达质粒导入Hela细胞和Siha细胞中,两细胞系中FoxM1mRNA表达量均明显增高,均呈现正显著相关(r=0.593,r=0.660,P<0.05)。结论:Gli1和FoxM1在宫颈癌组织中均高表达,且Gli1可调控宫颈癌细胞系Hela、Siha中FoxM1的表达,进而促进宫颈癌的发生发展。     

Suicidal behaviour and risk factors in children and adolescents in Jamaica

Suicidal attempts and ideation were examined in children attending child and adolescent mental health clinics in the Kingston Metropolitan Area during October 1998 to September 1999. The case records of fifty-seven 6-18 year-olds were selected for review in order to identify social and familial factors that place Jamaican children and adolescents at risk for suicidal behaviour. In addition, in order to examine the consistency of risk factors, data from child and adolescent mental health clinics were compared over a ten-year period between 1989 and 1999. The results indicated that having a poor relationship with the primary caregiver was significantly associated with suicidal behaviour (p < 0.01) as well as experiencing abuse (p < 0.05). These children also tended to externalize their behaviours (p < 0.01). The findings suggest that, over the ten-year period, Jamaican children seem to be more readily talking about, contemplating and attempting, suicide. The importance of managing intrafamilial issues affecting children is highlighted.     

昆明小鼠完成放射状水迷宫和嗅觉辨别任务时年龄和性别的差异

目的 探讨昆明鼠的空间和非空间学习记忆能力在年龄和性别上的差异。方法 应用放射状水迷宫试验和嗅觉辨别记忆试验，分别记录小鼠寻找逃生平台的错误数和发现被掩埋巧克力的时间。结果 在放射状水迷宫试验中，成年鼠的空间学习记忆能力较幼鼠好，进入衰老进程后，小鼠空间学习记忆能力逐渐衰退；在嗅觉辨别记忆试验中，幼鼠的嗅觉辨别功能较成年与老年鼠好，其中幼年雄鼠的嗅觉功能最好。成年鼠及老年鼠之间无年龄差异，而有明显的性别差异，表现为雌鼠的嗅觉功能优于雄鼠。结论 在发育和衰老过程中，昆明小鼠的空间性和非空间性学习记忆能力存在非同步性年龄、性别差异。     

Rotavirus and coronavirus-like particles in aboriginal and non-aboriginal neonates in Kalgoorlie and Alice Springs.

In a series of six-month surveys carried out in Kalgoorlie and Alice Springs Hospitals, rotavirus was infrequently detected both in Aboriginal and in non-Aboriginal neonates. Coronavirus-like particles were also detected infrequently, but they were found more often in Aboriginal than in non-Aboriginal neonates. The surveys did not detect any 28-nm virus-like particles.     

Meningitis and encephalitis in infants and children

Despite the availability of modern therapies, meningitis and encephalitis remain potentially life-threatening infections in children with mortality rates reaching up to 25%. Treated patients are at a high risk of long term sequelae including epilepsy, learning, and behavioral disorders. The golden rule of early diagnosis and treatment to achieve a good outcome has not yet been challenged by the new, often expensive antibiotics or contemporary critical care. In this article, an updated overview of meningitis and encephalitis in infants and children is presented. It is important to note that routine childhood immunization has significantly decreased the number of serious infections. However, meningitis and encephalitis remain problematic particularly in developing countries where immunization rates are suboptimal. The most common viral etiologies include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and arboviruses. However, the causative virus may not be identified in up to 70% of cases. This is not the case for bacterial infections unless the patient had received prior oral antibiotics. The causative bacterial organisms vary with age, and the less common fungal infections occur mainly in immune compromised patients.     

血栓与止血的发展与趋势

第二十届国际血栓与止血会议于2005年8月6日至12日在澳大利亚悉尼举行,来自世界各地的3 000多名专家参加了大会.在这次会议上除各种讲座与研讨会外,共发表学术论文约2 700篇,全面展现了近两年来国际上在血栓与止血领域研究的成就和进展.本文根据我国的实际情况与需要,重点介绍有关临床研究的进展以及多学科融合交汇的发展趋向.