茅苍术及其组培栽培品挥发油气质联用分析

目的 研究茅苍术的挥发油,为茅苍术资源的野生抚育及可持续利用提供基础和科学依据.方法 用气相色谱和质谱联用技术测定不同产地茅苍术挥发油,并进行聚类分析.结果 道地产区茅苍术与其组培栽培品聚为一类,其中主要药效成分苍术酮、苍术素、茅术醇、β-桉叶醇相对百分含量没有显著差异,苍术酮和苍术素含量明显高于非道地茅苍术.结论 研究结果体现了茅苍术药效成分道地性的特征,为茅苍术品质评价提供了依据,组培苗可作为人工补种材料.     

茅苍术道地药材的挥发油组成特征分析

目的 :在个体和总体两个水平上研究南苍术挥发油成分所蕴涵的多样性和特征 ,进而揭示茅苍术道地性的化学本质。方法 :分单株采集 7个居群的 47株南苍术根茎 ,用GC-MS分离鉴定挥发油中的 6个主要成分 ,使用SPSS分析软件进行主成分分析和聚类分析。结果 :聚类分析显示茅苍术挥发油主要组分的含量明显不同于非道地南苍术。其他分析表明 ,与非道地南苍术挥发油相比 ,茅苍术总挥发油含量显著低 (P<0.01) ,其归一化百分含量大于 1%的组分数目显著高 (P<0.01) ,苍术酮加苍术素的含量极其显著高 ,而茅术醇加 β-桉叶醇的含量极其显著低 (P<0.001)。主成分分析表明苍术酮在体现茅苍术道地性特征时具有非常特殊的作用。结论 :茅苍术道地性在挥发油中的表现主要是苍术酮、茅术醇、β-桉叶醇及苍术素呈现出的一种特定配比关系 ,即 (0.70～2.00)∶(0.04～0.35 )∶(0.09～0.40)∶1。     

茅苍术悬浮细胞系建立及内生真菌诱导子对其挥发油积累的影响

目的 建立茅苍术悬浮细胞系,研究2种内生真菌诱导子对茅苍术悬浮细胞产挥发油的影响.方法 用内生真菌诱导子对茅苍术悬浮细胞进行诱导处理后超声提取茅苍术细胞中的挥发油,利用气相色谱法测定挥发油中苍术酮、苍术醇、β-桉叶醇和苍术素的量.结果 获得的茅苍术悬浮细胞生长较快,于第21天生物量达到最大,为6.95 g/L.未经诱导处理的茅苍术悬浮细胞中仅检出β-桉叶醇,其在培养21 d的细胞中的量达到最大,为17.469μg/g.添加2种内生真菌(分别属于小克银汉霉属和孔球孢霉属,编号为AL4和AL12)的粗诱导子对茅苍术悬浮细胞生物量及挥发油积累均有影响,其中AL4粗诱导子综合效果更好.添加AL4粗诱导子到14 d的茅苍术悬浮细胞培养基中,诱导子质量浓度为每升培养基含糖20 mg,诱导处理7 d后收集细胞,发现其干质量比同期对照提高3.31%,且检出细胞中苍术酮、苍术醇、β-桉叶醇和苍术素的干质量分别达到14.715、28.395、38.794、8.310μg/g.其中β-桉叶醇的量是对照的2.22倍.结论 添加内生真菌诱导子对茅苍术悬浮细胞的生长及挥发油积累均有促进作用.     

苍术及其异域变种

目的 :研究苍术的道地性 ,为质量标准提供依据。方法 :对不同产地的样品进行挥发油的GC/MS分析和抗菌实验。结果 :同一苍术居群 ,甚至同一植株的叶形和分裂与否及深浅、头状花序大小等表现出多变 ;不同产地 (居群 )苍术根茎中挥发油组分相差较大 ;北苍术挥发油的主要成分为 β 桉叶油醇或β 桉叶油醇和苍术酮的混合物 (30 %以上 ) ;南苍术挥发油的主要分为茅术醇 (6 1 85 % )、β 桉叶油醇(19 79% ) ;发现苍术酮为茅苍术中主要成分 (2 9 5 4 % )。太白、黄龙、罗田苍术挥发油对乙链球菌的最小抑制浓度 (MIC)几乎是围场、茅山的 10 0 0倍 ,与链霉素、青霉素相同。结论 :苍术Atractylodeslancea(Thunb .)DC .是一个受地理环境影响很大的复合体 ,划分独立的特征变化很大 ,很难在实际工作中采用 ,故建议以道地名称命名异域变种以便于有针对性地选用 ;挥发油成分和抗菌作用均因产地不同而有显著的差别。     

组培和野生茅苍术药材挥发油成分的比较

目的:对组培茅苍术和野生茅苍术的根茎中所含挥发油的化学成分进行比较,从而初步评价通过组织培养技术所得茅苍术的品质.方法:采用水蒸气提取法提取药材挥发油,利用GC-MS联用技术进行分析.结果:从组培茅苍术和野生茅苍术的根茎中分别鉴定出30个相同的化合物,其中组培茅苍术的根茎中所含的β-桉叶醇、苍术醇、苍术素的相对含量高于野生品.结论:两者的挥发油所含成分没有显著性差异.     

低钾胁迫对苍术生长发育及挥发油的影响

目的探讨低钾胁迫对苍术生长发育及其挥发油成分的影响,揭示低钾环境与苍术道地性形成的关系。方法通过苍术植株不同程度低钾胁迫受控实验,分析测定其生物量及植株全钾、可溶性蛋白、总挥发油量的变化,并采用GC-MS分离鉴定挥发油中各组分,使用SPSS分析软件进行统计。结果除根长外,低钾胁迫组的株高、根茎粗、叶片数、分枝数、须根数、地上鲜质量与干质量、地下鲜质量与干质量等指标均较正常组显著降低(P<0.05);植株全钾与可溶性蛋白质的量随培养液供钾水平的提高而升高;低钾胁迫组挥发油组分显示出质量分数较大的组分数目显著增多、各组分的量趋于均衡、茅术醇与β-桉油醇2个主要成分的量显著下降(P<0.05)。结论适度低钾胁迫导致的苍术挥发油组分变化与道地药材苍术的挥发油特征相符,低钾胁迫应是苍术药材道地性形成的重要逆境因子之一。     

组培茅苍术挥发油的气相色谱质谱联用分析

目的:分析组织培养再生植株栽培后所得茅苍术的根茎中所含挥发油的化学成分,对组织培养技术生产的茅苍术药材进行品质评价.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏提取法提取药材挥发油,利用GC-MS联用技术进行分析.结果:从组织培养再生植株栽培茅苍术的根茎中鉴定出22个化合物.结论:组织培养技术所生产的茅苍术主要含有β-桉叶醇、苍术醇、苍术素等成分,与野生茅苍术所合成分没有显著差异.     

内生真菌诱导子对茅苍术细胞生长及苍术素积累的影响

目的:研究内生真菌诱导子对茅苍术细胞生长以及苍术素积累的影响.方法:采用细胞悬浮培养方法研究内生真菌诱导子不同浓度、不同加入时间对茅苍术细胞生长、苍术素合成以及相关酶活性的影响.结果:低浓度诱导子对细胞生长没有明显的影响,但高浓度诱导子显著抑制细胞生长,当诱导子质量浓度达到100 mg·L-1时,细胞生长抑制率达到46.7%;此外,从茅苍术内生真菌中筛选获得6株具有较强诱导作用的内生真菌,其中Rhizoctonia SP1诱导子的作用较强,20～60 mg·L-1 Rhizoctonia SP1诱导子显著促进苍术素的生物合成.在细胞培养至12 d时,添加40 mg·L-1 Rhizoctonia SP1诱导子,苍术素的含量在第21天达到最大值28.06μg·L-1,比对照提高了48.3%;且细胞多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性出现了显著提高.结论:内生真菌诱导子能有效提高茅苍术细胞悬浮培养体系中苍术素的产量.     

正交实验法优选茅苍术挥发油的提取工艺

目的:优选出茅苍术挥发油的最佳提取工艺。方法:采用单因素和正交实验法,优化水蒸气蒸馏法提取茅苍术挥发油的提取工艺,以挥发油的提取率为指标,考察料液比、浸泡时间、提取时间对挥发油提取率的影响。结果:茅苍术挥发油的最佳提取工艺料液比为1∶10,不浸泡,超声30 min,提取8 h,茅苍术挥发油收率为4.80%,3次提取的RSD值为1.25%。结论:该提取工艺稳定可行,准确合理,为茅苍术挥发油的提取工艺提供了理论依据。     

3种炮制方法对湖北茅苍术挥发油的化学成分的影响

目的:分析比较湖北茅苍术麸炒、米泔水制、清炒3种不同炮制品中挥发油的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取3种不同的湖北茅苍术炮制品挥发油成分,通过气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)进行化学成分分析及鉴定,并采用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对质量分数。结果:从3种挥发油中共分离88种组分,鉴定出87种挥发性化学成分,其共有成分51种,鉴定出的各样本化学成分平均占其总挥发油的94.61%。结论:3种不同湖北茅苍术炮制品中挥发性化学成分及含量存在一定差异。     

泽漆化学成分

目的:研究大戟属植物泽漆的化学成分。方法:采用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从石油醚层和乙酸乙酯层中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为大戟苷(Ⅰ)、大戟苷D(Ⅱ)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅳ)、柚皮素(Ⅴ)、木犀草素(Ⅵ)、木犀草苷(Ⅶ)、4,2’,4’-三羟基查尔酮(Ⅷ)、山柰酚(Ⅸ)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(Ⅹ)、咖啡酸(Ⅺ)和没食子酸乙酯(Ⅻ)。结论:化合物Ⅲ～Ⅶ为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

牡荆属植物的研究进展

至今为止人们对牡荆属植物中的黃荆和蔓荆进行了较多的研究,从中发现包括黄酮类、萜类、木脂素类、甾醇类、蒽类及挥发油等在内的不同类型的多种化学成分。一些试验结果确认牡荆属植物中富含的黄酮类化合物可用于延缓衰老,防治心血管疾病等作用,显示有较好的开发应用价值。由于牡荆属植物在我国分布广泛,植物种类多样,其中很多品种已作为民间用药,如果附加科学内涵加以研究开发,该属植物将有巨大的消费市场,同时也将会成为一种涉及民生和关系区域发展的经济作物。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中医药防治幽门螺杆菌相关性胃病的研究进展

查阅近几年国内外文献,对中医药抗幽门螺杆菌的实验研究相关文献进行整理并分析。检索万方医学数据库、中国知网(CNKI)和西文生物医学期刊数据库的38篇文献,将中药抗Heticobacter pylori的体外实验、体内实验的研究进展做一总结,并分析其机制。以往的研究从有效成分的筛选、抑菌浓度实验、抗菌机制研究和中医药对幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型的疗效研究,逐步扩展到细胞分子水平的观察。在今后的实验中还应紧密结合中医理论指导,合理选择中药和复方,规范动物模型制作和辨证分型,并严谨实验设计,才能更好的说明问题,以期为中医药防治幽门螺杆菌相关性胃病的更深入研究及临床应用奠定基础。