果上叶挥发性成分研究

目的:研究果上叶中的挥发性成分。方法:利用有机溶剂-水蒸气蒸馏法提取果上叶挥发油,用GC-MS进行测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离化合物进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果:分离鉴定出38种化学成分,占挥发油总量91.448%,其中含量大于2%的分别为Z-9-十八烯醛18.075%、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚3.264%、棕榈酸5.413%、油酸25.079%、二十三烷6.344%、二十四烷3.768%、1-十八烯酸单甘油酯2.146%、亚油酸甘油酯4.953%、二十五烷4.332%、二十六烷3.387%、二十七烷3.841%、二十八烷3.102%。结论:本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对果上叶中的挥发性成分进行研究。     

利用~1H-NMR比较管花肉苁蓉野生品和栽培品的化学成分组北大核心CSCD

管花肉苁蓉素有＂沙漠人参＂之称,为著名补益类中药。为了缓解管花肉苁蓉的资源问题并有效保护野生资源,我国在新疆的南疆地区大力推广管花肉苁蓉的人工栽培,目前已取得了可喜的成果。该文利用1H-NMR技术能够全面提供定性和定量信息的优点,深入地比较管花肉苁蓉野生品和栽培品的化学成分组,以期为栽培品替代野生品使用的科学性提供直接证据。野生品和栽培品药材提取后,平行采集1H-NMR图谱;通过直观比较,发现2组图谱间相似度较高;通过与对照品及数据库（如HMDB,BMRB等）比对,从典型图谱中初步鉴定了28个化学成分;利用多元统计学手段比较野生品和栽培品的1H-NMR图谱,发现两组样品间并不存在显著差异。统计结果表明,从化学成分组成而言,管花肉苁蓉的野生品与栽培品相似度高,一定程度上证明栽培品可以替代野生品使用。同时,1H-NMR技术能够反映中药提取物等复杂体系的定量化学成分组,在中药化学成分定性和定量分析领域具有较为广泛的应用前景。     

赤芍野生品与栽培品4种化学成分含量的比较

目的:对中药赤芍的不同产地野生品及栽培品中芍药苷、没食子酸、儿茶素及苯甲酸含量进行比较研究。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.02%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,检测波长230 nm(儿茶素、苯甲酸),272 nm(没食子酸、芍药苷),柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果:赤芍野生品中没食子酸、儿茶素、芍药苷、苯甲酸的含量范围依次为0.008 35%～0.143%,0.024 2%～0.675%,2.23%～8.03%,0.033 2%～0.152%。赤芍栽培品以上4种化学成分的含量范围分别为0.006 26%～0.052 3%,0.114%～0.516%,1.57%～4.18%,0.032 5%～0.115%。黑龙江大庆和吉林梨树县产赤芍栽培品的芍药苷、儿茶素含量与野生品的没有显著性差异。结论:建议以芍药苷及儿茶素共同做为评判赤芍道地药材质量的指标性成分;黑龙江省和吉林省为适宜进行赤芍栽培的地域。     

藏菖蒲栽培品与野生品品质比较研究

目的:比较藏菖蒲栽培品和野生品的异同,评价藏菖蒲栽培品的品质。方法:采用性状、显微、薄层鉴别及含量测定方法比较藏菖蒲栽培品和野生品的异同。结果:栽培品在性状、显微特征等方面与野生品略有差别;栽培品薄层鉴别主斑点与对照药材一致;而栽培品中α-细辛脑含量高于甘南野生品。结论:藏菖蒲栽培品与野生品鉴别特征、主要指标成分相似,具有开发和深入研究的价值。     

药材野生品与栽培品的鉴别

中药材由野生品到栽培品是大势所趋，现阶段己有较多中药材商品系栽培基地种植的栽培品。笔发现，某些药材的野生品与栽培品性状区别较大，在实际工作中常常误将栽培品作伪品处理。为此，亟需将栽培品的性状特征描述出来，并公布于众，对栽培品来讲，应与传统野生品进行成分、疗效和安全等项目的比较，才可考虑收录到药品标准中去，未经比较过的栽培品不易随便取代传统野生品药用。因此，建议制定野生品过渡到栽培品的具体规则，对新的栽培品应进行具体分析比较，要有一定的程序和条例。     

甘肃产款冬花栽培品与野生品的质量比较

通过对甘肃庆阳地区栽培和野生款冬花的性状及化学成分比较,表明款冬花栽培品与野生品的性状和所含成分基本一致,仅槲皮素含量略有差异,野生品为0.26％,栽培品为0.22％,从而为扩大款冬花资源提供了一定根据。     

藏族药渣驯挥发性及脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

目的:采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分离鉴定藏药"渣驯"中的挥发性成分和脂溶性成分。方法:水蒸气蒸馏法提取渣驯的挥发性成分,用石油醚提取渣驯的脂溶性成分,用GC-MS方法分离鉴定,应用峰面积归一化法计算各个化合物相对含量。结果:从渣驯挥发油中共鉴定出化合物41种,占总量的45.67%,相对含量在2%以上的成分有6种:泪杉醇(11.97%),马鞭烯醇(6.38%),α-可巴烯(2.67%),(E)-2-十四烯(2.56%),柏木脑(2.49),二十二烷(2.17%);从渣驯脂溶性提取物中共鉴定出化合物45种,占总量的92.86%,相对含量在2%以上的有14种:二十烷(12.83%),二十五烷(11.60%),棕榈酸甲酯(8.88%),三十烷(6.82%),十七烷(5.94%),(E)-5-二十碳烯(5.92%),1-二十六烷醇(3.50%),三十一烷(3.43%),泪杉醇(3.18%),二十酸甲酯(3.15%),十八酸甲酯(2.94%),二十二烷酸甲酯(2.89%),二十一烷(2.55%),二十四酸甲酯(2.15%)。结论:对渣驯挥发性与脂溶性成分进行了研究,为进一步明确渣驯的形成机制提供研究基础。     

海南核果木枝叶脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

目的 研究海南核果木枝叶的脂溶性化学成分.方法 采用溶剂提取法、硅胶柱层析分离,获得乙酸乙酯脂溶性提取物Ⅰ和Ⅱ,采用气相色谱-质谱联用对其化学成分进行分离、鉴定及分析.结果 从脂溶性提取物Ⅰ中鉴定出17种成分,主要为环硅氧烷类(33.516％)、烷烃类(34.736％)、酯类(14.243％)、羧酸类(8.353％)等;从脂溶性提取物Ⅱ中鉴定出21种成分,主要为环硅氧烷类(7.344％)、烷烃类(17.746％)以及酯类(70.384％)等.提取物Ⅰ和Ⅱ中环硅氧烷类化合物为八甲基环四硅氧烷、十甲基环五硅氧烷和十二甲基环六硅氧烷;烷烃类主要为十五烷、十六烷、十九烷、二十烷、二十一烷、二十五烷、二十六烷、三十烷和三十一烷等;酯类主要为棕榈酸酯、硬脂酸酯以及邻苯二甲酸酯类等.结论 该研究首次对海南核果木枝叶乙酸乙酯部位的脂溶性化学成分进行研究,其成分中含有环硅氧烷、烷烃、酯、羧酸、醇等多种成分,具有较高的医药、化妆、食品、环保等研究与应用价值.     

二氧化碳超临界萃取法萃取两种不同寄主桑寄生挥发油成分研究

目的 分析寄主分别为桂花树和相思树的桑寄生挥发油的化学成分.方法 采用二氧化碳超临界萃取法(SFE-CO2)提取桑寄生挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析鉴定其化学成分,用面积归一化法确定其相对含量.结果 桂花树寄生挥发油分离鉴定25个化合物,占总量的51.23％,主要成分是甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯、香豆素、十五烷等;相思树寄生挥发油分离鉴定11个化合物,占总量的53.94％,主要化学成分是2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、反式薄荷酮等.结论 两种不同寄主桑寄生挥发性成分及其相对含量有较大的差异.     

赤芍野生品和栽培品总鞣质含量比较研究

目的比较赤芍野生品和栽培品总鞣质含量的差异。方法采用分光光度法测定赤芍野生品和栽培品鞣质含量，并进行比对。结果赤芍野生品的鞣质含量为0．77％～4．38％，赤芍栽培品鞣质的含量为0．32％～1．06％。鞣质的含量与栽培年限呈正相关，即栽培年限越长，鞣质含量越高；同等栽培年限芽头栽培的赤芍较种子栽培的鞣质含量高。结论赤芍野生品与栽培品的鞣质含量有明显差异。     

虎乳灵芝活性成分及药理作用研究进展

虎乳灵芝［Lignosus rhinocerus(Cooke)Ryv］是一种兼有子实体和菌核的食药用真菌,主要分布在马来西亚等热带地区,在中国栽培较少。目前,对虎乳灵芝生理活性物质和药理作用的研究较为深入且取得了很大进展,但人工培养虎乳灵芝的技术依然很滞后,生产规模远不能达到社会需求。为了增加对虎乳灵芝的开发及利用,现综述虎乳灵芝现阶段生长栽培、营养成分、活性物质和药理作用及基因组学等方面的研究进展,讨论虎乳灵芝的应用意义及目前存在的问题,并展望其发展前景。     

12种中药乙醇提取物抗惊厥作用和时间-体存生物当量的比较研究

目的比较知母、茯苓、川芎、白胡椒、远志、酸枣仁、草果、全蝎、僵蚕、蝉衣、地龙、蜈蚣12种中草药乙醇提取物的抗惊厥作用及体存药效动力学过程。方法采用最大电休克惊厥模型（MES），分析灌胃小鼠各药的量效和时效关系；采用药效法，运用数学模式及参数来模拟各药在体内的时间-体存生物当量（药效动力学过程）。结果12种受试中药醇提物除蜈蚣外，对MES模型均有不同程度的对抗作用，量效均呈正相关性，效能从大到小依次为：全蝎、知母、茯苓、川芎、白胡椒、远志、酸枣仁、僵蚕、地龙、草果、蝉衣、蜈蚣；效价强度由大到小依次为：全蝎、蝉衣、远志、川芎、茯苓、酸枣仁、知母、白胡椒、僵蚕、蜈蚣、地龙、草果。最低起效剂量由小到大依次为全蝎、川芎、远志、知母、茯苓、胡椒、酸枣仁、蝉衣、僵蚕、蜈蚣、草果、地龙。各药的效应达峰时间由长到短依次为：屹龙、摹果、远志、全蝎、蝉衣、川芎、白胡椒、知母、酸枣仁、茯苓、僵蚕、蜈蚣。通过时效消除方程预测的作用期由长到短依次为：全蝎、茯苓、川芎、远志、知母、白胡椒、酸枣仁、僵蚕、蝉衣、地龙、草果、蜈蚣。效量半衰期数值由长到短依次为：茯苓、全蝎、川芎、知母、白胡椒、远志、蝉衣、酸枣仁、地龙、草果、僵蚕、蜈蚣；消除速率常数K值由大到小依次为：地龙、蝉衣、草果、全蝎、酸枣仁、白胡椒、知母、远志、川芎、茯苓、僵蚕、蜈蚣。结论12种受试中药醇提物除蜈蚣外，对MES模型均有对抗作用，量效均呈正相关性，其中全蝎、知母、茯芩、川芎作用较强，且全蝎的效价强度最大。全蝎、知母、茯苓、川芎不但抗MES作用强，而且体存药效动力学好。     

Evaluation of the sub-acute toxicity of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke), the Tiger Milk mushroom

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Lignosus rhinocerus (known locally as ‘Tiger Milk mushroom’) is the most important medicinal mushroom used by the indigenous communities of Malaysia to treat fever, cough, asthma, cancer, food poisoning and as a general tonic. The sclerotium of the mushroom is the part with medicinal value. Lignosus rhinocerus was hitherto unexploited commercially because of limited supply. Recently, the mushroom was successfully cultivated.

Materials and methods

Sprague Dawley rats (5 rats/group/sex) were fed orally with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg TM02, 1000 mg/kg TM03 as well as 1000 mg/kg wild type Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotial powder. Sclerotial powder was orally administered once daily and consecutively for 28 days. Body weight of each animal was measured and any gross behavioral change was observed daily. Hematological and clinical biochemical parameters as well as histopathological analysis were carried out on 29th day.

Results

The results showed that oral administration of the sclerotial powder at daily dose of up to 1000 mg/kg had no adverse effect on the growth rate, hematological and clinical biochemical parameters (including renal and liver function parameters). Histological studies showed that the treatments did not induce any pathological changes in the liver, kidney, heart, spleen and lung of the animals.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our results show that there was no treatment-related sub-acute toxicity in rats following 28-days oral administration of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg TM02, 1000 mg/kg TM03 as well as 1000 mg/kg wild type Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotial powder. As the highest tested dose of 1000 mg/kg was not associated with any toxicity concern, the NOAEL dose is higher than 1000 mg/kg.     

Preclinical toxicological evaluations of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke), the Tiger Milk mushroom

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Lignosus rhinocerus (Tiger Milk mushroom) is distributed in South China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In Malaysia, it is the most popular medicinal mushroom used by the indigenous communities to relieve fever, cough, asthma, cancer, food poisoning and as a general tonic. In China, this mushroom is an expensive traditional medicine used to treat liver cancer, chronic hepatitis and gastric ulcers. The sclerotium of the mushroom is the part with medicinal value. This rare mushroom has recently been successfully cultivated making it possible to be fully exploited for its medicinal and functional benefits. The present study was carried out to evaluate the chronic toxicity of the sclerotial powder of Lignosus rhinocerus cultivar (termed TM02), its anti-fertility and teratogenic effects as well as genotoxicity.

Materials and methods

Sprague Dawley rats (10 rats/group/sex) were fed orally with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of sclerotial powder of TM02. The sclerotial powder was orally administered once daily and consecutively for 180 days. At the completion of the oral feeding period, analysis of hematological and clinical biochemical parameters, urine profiles, organ weight as well as histopathological analysis were carried out. The effect of the sclerotial powder on fertility and its possible teratogenicity were examined by feeding rats orally with 100 mg/kg sclerotial powder consecutively for 7–8 weeks. Genotoxicity was evaluated by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA.

Results

The results showed that oral administration of the sclerotial powder of the Lignosus rhinocerus cultivar at daily dose of up to 1000 mg/kg for 180 days had no adverse effect on the general clinical observations, body weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, absolute organ weight as well as relative organ weight, nor induced histological changes in the organs. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg sclerotial powder of the Lignosus rhinocerus for 7–8 weeks did not affect the fertility of the rats nor induce teratogenic effect on their offspring. Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotial powder up to 5000 μg/plate in the presence and absence of metabolic activation did not cause gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the tester strains used.

Conclusion

Our results showed that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of the sclerotial powder of Lignosus rhinocerus in 180-day chronic toxicity study is more than 1000 mg/kg. Oral feeding of the sclerotial powder at 100 mg/kg did not induce adverse effect on rats' fertility nor causing teratogenic effect on their offspring. In the reverse mutation Ames test, the sclerotial powder at all tested concentration did not show any genotoxicity.     

茯苓及其化学拆分组分学习记忆及镇静催眠的性味药理学研究

目的 评价茯苓及其拆分组分的活性,并结合中医传统理论对其进行性味归属。方法 采用东莨菪碱造成小鼠记忆障碍并应用Morris水迷宫实验,观察茯苓及其组分对学习记忆的影响,同时应用抖笼法及戊巴比妥钠协同催眠实验来观察茯苓及其组分的镇静催眠作用。结果 茯苓水煎液（生药8.56 g/kg）、醋酸乙酯组分、石油醚组分、粗多糖组分及精制多糖组分均能明显缩短小鼠到达平台的潜伏期,并且降低东莨菪碱所致记忆障碍小鼠大脑乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）活性,醇洗物与水洗物对潜伏期的影响不明显,各个组分对于小鼠的脑指数均有不同程度的增加;生药42.8 g/kg茯苓水煎液可显著延长阈上剂量戊巴比妥钠引起小鼠睡眠时间,而对小鼠睡眠潜伏期没有影响;茯苓粗多糖能显著缩短小鼠的睡眠潜伏期,并且与精制多糖组分均能显著延长小鼠睡眠时间,醋酸乙酯组分作用次之。结论 茯苓改善学习记忆和镇静催眠作用都与其味甘入脾能健脾宁心相关,其醋酸乙酯、石油醚及多糖拆分组分可能为其甘味的物质基础。     

野生和栽培金铁锁镇痛功效及有效部位的比较

目的:比较野生和栽培金铁锁的镇痛效果及其具镇痛活性的有效部位.方法:提取分离获得野生和栽培金铁锁根部不同极性的化合物,运用醋酸扭体法和热板法研究其对小鼠疼痛的抑制效果.结果:无论是野生还是栽培的金铁锁,其浸膏的镇痛效果相似,均含有高活性的镇痛成分.从化学刺激致痛的抑制效果来看,栽培与野生金铁锁活性成分均存在于正丁醇(扭体抑制率分别为99.1％ ±3.0％和100.0％±0.0％)、乙酸乙酯(97.9％±6.3％和81.9％±11.7％)和石油醚部分(78.8％±17.7％和70.9％±10.3％),但栽培金铁锁乙酸乙酯部分的镇痛效果(97.9％±6.3％)明显优于野生金铁锁(81.9％±11.7％,P＜0.05).从热刺激致痛模型的镇痛作用来看,野生金铁锁的活性部位为正丁醇部分(30 min痛阈提高率为166.5％ ±71.6％,60min为186.9％±79.0％),栽培金铁锁的活性部位为正丁醇部分(30 min痛阈提高率为128.3％±53.1％,60 min为136.5±65.2％)和乙酸乙酯部分(30 min为53.7％±24.4％,60 min为186.9％±79.0％).结论:虽然人工栽培金铁锁的镇痛活性成分与野生药材有所不同,但其镇痛功效与野生药材无明显区别,可作为镇痛药物等效替代野生药材.     

Mutagenicity and genotoxicity effects of Lignosus rhinocerotis mushroom mycelium

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Lignosus rhinocerotis mushroom is widely used as traditional medicine and as soup ingredient in Malaysia and Hong Kong. Its sclerotium is the part of edibility and is traditionally used for the treatment of fever, cough, asthma and cancer. In view of its safety profile, very little information is found in scientific literature.     

Chemical composition and cellular toxicity of ethnobotanical-based hot and cold aqueous preparations of the tiger′s milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis)

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The sclerotium of the “tiger′s milk mushroom” (Lignosus rhinocerotis) is used as tonic and folk medicine for the treatment of cancer, fever, cough and asthma by the local and indigenous communities. It is traditionally prepared by either boiling or maceration-like methods; however, there is no attempt to understand how different processing methods might affect their efficacies as anticancer agents.

Aim of the study

This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the hot and cold aqueous extracts of Lignosus rhinocerotis and to deduce the nature of the chemical component(s) that might be responsible for differential cellular toxicity of the extracts.

Materials and methods

The hot (LR-HA) and cold (LR-CA) aqueous extracts of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis were prepared. The levels of bioactive components in the extracts were determined and chemical profiling was performed using UPLC-ESI-MS, SDS-PAGE and SELDI-TOF MS. Cytotoxicity of LR-HA and LR-CA against a panel of human cancer and normal cell lines was assessed by the MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. Changes in cell morphology upon treatment with the extracts were observed. The chemical composition and bioactivities data were correlated to explain the nature of the cytotoxic component(s).

Results

LR-HA and LR-CA were particularly abundant in polar components. Both extracts exhibited varying degree of cytotoxicity against the cancer cell lines with LR-CA showed significantly stronger cytotoxicity (IC₅₀: 37–355 µg/ml) than LR-HA (IC₅₀>500 µg/ml); however, LR-CA lacked selectivity in that it also has cytotoxic effect on the normal cell lines. Based on the results of protein profiling of heat-treated LR-CA (40–100 °C) coupled to the MTT assay, the cytotoxic component(s) in LR-CA were deduced to be thermo-labile, water-soluble protein/peptide(s).

Conclusion

Our findings have shown that the use of different preparation methods (hot and cold aqueous extraction) for Lignosus rhinocerotis has resulted in extracts with distinctively different cellular toxicity in which the cytotoxic constituents were present only in LR-CA.     

辽宁省五味子木脂素含量动态变化研究

目的:对辽宁省不同产地、不同生长期的野生种和栽培种五味子果实木脂素含量动态变化进行研究.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法对五味子果实木脂素类指标成分含量进行分析.结果:不同生长期的五味子果实,5种木脂素类指标成分含量,除栽培种中的五味子酯甲和平原地区栽培种中的五味子甲素外,其他指标成分及5种指标成分总含量,均随生长期延长而逐渐升高,在半成熟期时含量达最高值;五味子果实进入成熟期后,除平原地区栽培种中的五味子酯甲和五味子甲素外,其他木脂素类指标性成分含量与半成熟期含量相比均有不同幅度降低.结论:辽宁省栽培种五味子果实其5种指标性成分在一个生长周期内含量动态变化与野生种相似.     

基于灰色关联分析研究甘草汁蒸制前后高乌头石油醚部位行气作用谱效关系

目的研究甘草汁蒸制前后高乌头Aconitum sinomontanum石油醚部位HPLC指纹图谱与行气药效之间的相关性,为明确甘草汁蒸制前后高乌头石油醚部位理气药效物质基础提供实验依据。方法通过HPLC法建立10批不同产地生、制高乌头石油醚部位(S1~S10、Z1~Z10)指纹图谱;采用炭末推进法评价甘草汁蒸制前后高乌头石油醚部位的行气作用;同时采用灰色关联度分析方法,对7批生、制高乌头石油醚部位进行谱效相关性分析,找到各自药效贡献较大成分,评价二者相似性。结果不同产地生、制高乌头石油醚部位有促进小鼠小肠运动的作用,其中以Z2、S3作用能力最强。甘草汁蒸制前后高乌头石油醚部位发挥行气作用的药效是多种成分共同作用的结果,其中生品高乌头石油醚部位各共有峰所代表的化学成分对其行气作用贡献的大小顺序为(关联度>0.8)40号峰>7号峰>30号峰>14号峰>36号峰>24号峰>13号峰>15号峰>33号峰>23号峰>41号峰>43号峰>9号峰>21号峰>28号峰>31号峰>37号峰>17号峰>34号峰;制品高乌头石油醚部位各共有峰所代表的化学成分对其行气作用贡献的大小顺序为(关联度>0.8)41号峰>29号峰>4号峰>27号峰>30号峰>33号峰>34号峰>20号峰>1号峰>45号峰>22号峰>19号峰>38号峰>31号峰>18号峰>14号峰>28号峰。结论通过谱效关系研究获得了甘草汁蒸制前后高乌头石油醚部位的行气药效物质群,其行气药效是多种成分共同作用的结果,为探索甘草汁蒸制前后高乌头石油醚部位行气作用物质基础的研究提供了参考。