缺血性卒中住院患者年龄特征与头颈部大动脉病变分布的多中心研究结果分析

目的探讨不同年龄段缺血性脑血管病患者脑大动脉病变分布特点及危险因素的差异,为不同年龄段卒中的防治提供依据。方法连续性纳入2015年6月至2016年5月全国20家中心因短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与缺血性卒中住院患者共10 711例,从40岁起始,以每10岁为一年龄段将所有患者分为5个年龄段,比较不同年龄段间脑血管病危险因素差异。再将所有患者按性别分开,应用趋势卡方检验比较同一性别不同年龄段患者颅内、外及前、后循环大动脉狭窄的发生率和血管病变支数。结果 (1)老年患者危险因素以高血压、糖尿病、心房颤动居多(χ~2值分别为61.938、13.349、55.940,均P0.01);中青年吸烟史、脑血管病家族史及肥胖者居多(χ~2值分别为131.505、7.298、100.911,均P0.01)。(2)线性趋势卡方检验结果显示,随年龄增长,女性、男性颅外动脉病变中多支血管病变所占的比例均逐渐增加(χ~2值分别为54.799、161.370,均P0.01);女性患者颅内动脉多支血管病变所占比例逐渐下降(χ~2=5.328,P=0.021),而男性患者颅内动脉病变中多支血管狭窄所占的比例无明显变化趋势(χ~2=0.289,P=0.591)。(3)线性趋势卡方检验结果显示,随年龄增长,女性、男性单纯颅内动脉狭窄发生率均逐渐减少(χ~2=20.090;χ~2=42.351,均P0.01),单纯颅外动脉狭窄发生率均逐渐升高(χ~2=40.311;χ~2=90.698,均P0.01),颅内外动脉均存在狭窄的发生率逐渐升高(χ~2=12.077,P=0.001;χ~2=45.887,P0.01);女性单纯后循环血管狭窄发生率逐渐升高(χ~2=16.434,P0.01),男性单纯后循环血管狭窄发生率无变化趋势(χ~2=1.701,P=0.192),女性、男性前后循环动脉均狭窄的发生率逐渐升高(χ~2=4.587,P=0.032;χ~2=35.156,P0.01)。结论不同年龄段缺血性脑血管病患者动脉粥样硬化病变分布存在差异,不论女性还是男性,中青年患者主要为颅内动脉病变,老年患者主要为颅外动脉病变,女性老年患者存在后循环动脉病变较多。认识不同年龄段患者颅内动脉病变特征,将有助于针对不同年龄段人群制定个体化的卒中防治策略。     

急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉狭窄分布和危险因素

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉狭窄分布特点及其危险因素.方法 经MRI和磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)检查的急性缺血性卒中患者,按是否存在脑动脉狭窄分为狭窄组与非狭窄组;狭窄组患者再根据狭窄部位分为单纯颅内狭窄组、单纯颅外狭窄组和颅内合并颅外狭窄组,根据年龄分为中青年组(＜ 60岁)和老年组(≥60岁),根据血管狭窄数量分为单支病变组和多支病变组,分析脑动脉狭窄的分布特点和影响因素.结果 共纳入232例急性缺血性卒中患者,其中单纯颅内动脉狭窄者114例(62.0％),单纯颅外动脉狭窄者30例(16.3％),合并颅内外动脉狭窄者40例(21.7％).前循环狭窄(76.6％)比后循环狭窄(33.7％)更多见,分别主要见于大脑中动脉(64.4％)和大脑后动脉(53.8％).多变量logistic回归分析显示,年龄[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.049,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI) 1.015 ～1.084;P=0.005]、高血压(OR 10.063,95％ CI4.402 ～23.004;P＜0.001)、糖尿病(OR 3.873,95％ CI1.141～13.147;P=0.030)、吸烟(OR 3.311,95％ CI 1.112 ～9.855;P=0.031)和纤维蛋白原(OR 6.085,95％ CI1.396 ～26.533;P=0.016)为急性缺血性卒中患者存在脑动脉狭窄的独立危险因素;高血压(OR10.779,95％CI4.468 ～ 26.007;P＜0.001)、糖尿病(OR3.593,95％ CI1.018 ～ 12.685;P =0.047)、吸烟(OR 4.408,95％ CI 1.403～ 13.826;P=0.011)为单纯颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素;高血压(OR6.143,95％ CI1.838 ～ 20.537;P=0.003)、糖尿病(OR 8.179,95％ CI1.844～ 36.287; P=0.006)、纤维蛋白原(OR 2.410,95％ CI1.046～5.551;P=0.039)为单纯颅外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素.合并颅内外动脉狭窄组C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平显著性高于单纯颅外狭窄组(P =0.001)和单纯颅内狭窄组(P=0.018),单纯颅外动脉狭窄与单纯颅内狭窄组间无显著性差异,但3组平均水平均高于正常值.中青年组以单纯颅内、单纯颅外狭窄多见,老年组中以单纯颅内狭窄及合并颅内外狭窄较为常见.多支血管狭窄组年龄(P =0.036)和尿酸水平(P =0.006)显著性高于单支病变组,但仅年龄(OR 1.030,95％ CI 1.003 ～ 1.057;P=0.028)与多支脑动脉狭窄显著独立相关.结论 急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉狭窄以颅内动脉狭窄多见,合并颅内外动脉狭窄的比例随年龄增长有所升高.年龄、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟和纤维蛋白原为急性缺血性卒中患者存在脑动脉狭窄的独立危险因素,高血压和糖尿病为急性缺血性卒中患者单纯颅内、颅外动脉狭窄共同的独立危险因素,吸烟为急性缺血性卒中患者单纯颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素,纤维蛋白原为急性缺血性卒中患者单纯颅外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素.CRP和尿酸可能为急性缺血性卒中患者与脑动脉狭窄有关的炎性预测因素.     

缺血性卒中住院患者脑颈动脉狭窄地域分布差异性的多中心研究

目的探讨中国南北方地区缺血性卒中患者脑、颈动脉狭窄闭塞性病变分布及危险因素的差异。方法回顾性连续纳入2015年6月至2016年5月全国20家国家卫健委脑卒中防治基地医院住院的缺血性卒中患者共9 346例。联合应用颈动脉超声和经颅彩色多普勒超声/经颅多普勒超声评估颅内、外动脉狭窄程度,并经CT血管成像或MR血管成像验证。根据我国地理位置标准,将患者分为南方地区组和北方地区组,比较两组间脑、颈动脉病变分布特征及危险因素的差异性;根据患者是否存在脑、颈部动脉病变(≥50%狭窄,含闭塞)分为动脉病变组和无动脉病变组,对两组患者的基线资料及南北分布差异进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,分析南北分布差异在脑、颈部动脉病变中的作用。结果 9 346例患者中,南方地区组2 561例,北方地区组6 785例。北方地区脑、颈部动脉中度及以上狭窄(≥50%狭窄,含闭塞)检出率显著高于南方地区[33. 1%(2 243/6 785)比25. 0%(639/2 561),χ~2=57. 295,P 0. 01]。除颈总动脉外,颈内动脉颅外段、椎动脉颅外段、锁骨下动脉、大脑中动脉、颈内动脉终末段、椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉中度及以上狭窄发生率北方地区均明显高于南方地区(均P 0. 05)。南、北方地区组间动脉病变在颅内、颅外分布差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2. 790,P=0. 248),均以单纯颅内动脉病变多见。南、北方地区患者动脉病变在前、后循环分布上差异有统计学意义(χ~2=13. 433,P=0. 001),南方地区患者单纯前循环动脉病变占比明显高于北方地区患者[58. 5%(374/639)比50. 3%(1 129/2 243)],而北方地区患者单纯后循环动脉病变[27. 2%(609/2 243)比23. 0%(147/639)]及前、后循环动脉联合病变占比[22. 5%(505/2 243)比18. 5%(118/639)]均显著高于南方地区。9 346例患者中,动脉病变组2 882例,无动脉病变组6 464例。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄、男性、高血压病、糖尿病、卒中家族史、吸烟史、肥胖是缺血性卒中患者脑、颈部动脉狭窄闭塞性病变的独立危险因素(OR值分别为1. 006、1. 670、1. 202、1. 176、1. 546、1. 414及1. 230,均P 0. 05)。校正上述因素后,生活在北方地区仍为动脉病变的独立危险因素(OR=1. 385,95%CI:1. 237～1. 550,P 0. 01)。结论中国南北地区缺血性卒中患者脑、颈部动脉狭窄闭塞性病变的分布及其危险因素存在明显差异。     

311例缺血性卒中患者血管造影结果分析

目的探讨缺血性卒中患者颅内、颅外动脉狭窄的分布特征、狭窄程度与年龄的关系,为脑血管病的预防和治疗提供参考依据。方法选择2004年1月~2005年10月期间在南京军区总医院神经内科住院的缺血性卒中患者311例,全部行全脑血管数字减影血管造影术检查,其中男223例,女88例,年龄18~82岁。按照年龄分为青年组(<45岁)、中年组(45~59岁)和老年组(≥60岁)。根据北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除研究法计算狭窄率。分析血管狭窄分布特点、狭窄程度与年龄的关系。结果①311例缺血性卒中患者中,218例(70.1%)发生颅内、颅外动脉狭窄。随年龄增长动脉狭窄发生率呈递增趋势,两性之间狭窄发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05);②不同年龄组之间颅内、颅外动脉狭窄的分布明显不同(P<0.01),青年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄比例较高(69.0%),中年组及老年组颅内、颅外动脉狭窄并存的比例较高(分别为36.2%和38.2%);③不同年龄组颅外动脉狭窄数差异有显著性(P<0.05),而颅内动脉狭窄数差异无显著性(P>0.05);④各年龄组之间狭窄程度比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论国内缺血性卒中患者,随着年龄的增长动脉粥样硬化病变范围不断增加,病变程度增加不明显,血管狭窄程度分布规律与管腔直径有一定关系。     

经颅多普勒超声评估老年颅内外动脉狭窄及相关因素分析

目的利用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)评估老年颅内外动脉狭窄的相关危险因素。方法选择TCD筛查、并经其他影像检查确诊的颅内外动脉狭窄患者299例,分为老年组(≥60岁)200例和非老年组(40~59岁)99例,记录血管疾病相关病史,分析各危险因素的影响特点。结果老年组前循环狭窄发生率低于非老年组(66.5%vs82.8%,P=0.002),前后循环狭窄发生率高于非老年组(14.0%vs 4.0%,P=0.005),颅内外动脉狭窄发生率高于非老年组(9.0%vs 3.0%,P=0.043)。老年组与非老年组大脑中动脉狭窄发生率比较无显著差异(74.0%vs72.7%,P=0.459)。高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟、心脑血管危险因素家族史是老年颅内外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素(P=0.000)。结论老年颅内外动脉和前后循环狭窄发生率明显增高,存在长期吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症及有心脑血管病危险因素家族史等患者应常规进行TCD检测。     

血浆高半胱氨酸水平与缺血性卒中患者颅内外动脉狭窄的相关性

目的 探讨血浆高半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平与缺血性卒中患者颅内外动脉狭窄的相关性.方法 收集缺血性卒中患者的病史、基线临床资料、影像学检查和Hcy等实验室检查结果,根据磁共振血管造影检查结果分为动脉狭窄组和非狭窄组,动脉狭窄组进一步分为单纯颅内动脉狭窄组、单纯颅外动脉狭窄组和颅内外动脉同时狭窄组,分析血浆Hcy水平与颅内外动脉狭窄的相关性.结果 共纳入147例缺血性卒中患者,其中动脉狭窄组115例,非狭窄组32例.狭窄组年龄(-4.577,p＜0.001)、Hcy(t=3.65,p＜0.001)、C-反应蛋白(t=2.06,P=0.041)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)(t=1.896,P=0.046)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)(t--4.261,P＜0.001)水平以及糖尿病(x2=5.772,P=o.016)、高血压(x2=10.507,P=0.001)和吸烟(x2=12.282,P＜0.001)的患者构成比与非狭窄组差异存在统计学意义.多变量logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁[优势比(odds ratio,OR)3.374,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.351 ～ 8.426;P=0.009]、Hcy＞ 15 μmol/L(OR 2.274,95％ CI1.147 ～8.173;P =0.025)、高血压(OR 5.782,95％ CI2.045 ～16.345;P=0.001)、吸烟(OR 3.514,95％ CI1.200～ 10.293;P=0.022)是颅内外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素,而HDL-C＞ 1.0 mmol/L是颅内外动脉狭窄的独立保护因素(OR0.166,95％ CI0.054～0.511;P=0.002).狭窄组根据狭窄部位再分为单纯颅外动脉狭窄组(24例)、单纯颅内动脉狭窄组(61例)、颅内外动脉同时狭窄组(30例).3组间临床资料和危险因素比较显示,高血压的患者构成比(x2=7.024,P=0.003)以及LDL-C(F=3.276,P=0.042)和C-反应蛋白(F=3.645,P=0.029)水平差异有统计学意义.多变量logistic回归分析显示,高血压是单纯颅内狭窄(OR 3.795,95％ CI1.261～11.424;P=0.018)、单纯颅外狭窄(OR18.490,95％ CI3.117～ 10.966;P=0.001)和颅内外动脉同时狭窄(OR 9.178,95 ％CI2.211～38.094;P =0.002)的共同独立危险因素,而HDL-C水平增高是单纯颅内狭窄(OR 0.150,95％ CI0.043 ～0.523;P =0.003)、单纯颅外动脉狭窄(OR 0.078,95％ CI0.012～0.488;P=0.006)和颅内外动脉同时狭窄(OR 0.089,95％ CI0.021～0.385;P=0.001)共同的独立保护因素;年龄为单纯颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素(OR 6.351,95％ CI2.277～ 17.717;P＜0.001),LDL-C水平增高为单纯颅外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素(OR 6.021,95％ CI1.212～29.917;P=0.028),Hcy水平增高为单纯颅外动脉狭窄(OR 4.376,95％ CI1.026 ～ 18.671;P=0.046)以及颅内外动脉同时狭窄(OR4.951,95％ CI1.378～17.783;P=0.014)的独立危险因素.结论 血浆Hcy水平升高与颅外动脉狭窄相关.     

缺血性脑血管病患者动脉狭窄特点及其影响因素研究

目的分析缺血性脑血管病患者动脉狭窄特点及其影响因素。方法选取2014年6月—2016年6月应城市人民医院收治的缺血性脑血管病患者60例,根据年龄分为青年组(29~44岁)、中年组(45~59岁)、老年组(60~81岁),每组20例。观察3组患者动脉狭窄情况并分析其影响因素。结果缺血性脑血管病患者颅内动脉狭窄的主要部位为大脑中动脉(MCA),颅外动脉狭窄的主要部位为颈内动脉颅外段(E-ICA)。3组患者动脉狭窄部位比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3组患者动脉狭窄支数分别为42、47、51支。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,血脂异常〔OR=3.82,95%CI(1.92,5.03)〕、高同型半胱氨酸血症〔OR=3.04,95%CI(1.16,4.87)〕是颅内动脉狭窄的影响因素,年龄〔OR=2.96,95%CI(1.63,4.19)〕、颈椎病〔OR=3.14,95%CI(1.88,4.91)〕、高血压〔OR=1.22,95%CI(1.14,3.07)〕、糖尿病〔OR=0.97,95%CI(0.41,0.99)〕、冠心病〔OR=1.93,95%CI(1.37,3.93)〕是颅外动脉狭窄的影响因素,吸烟〔OR=4.71,95%CI(2.66,6.41)〕是颅内外动脉狭窄的影响因素(P0.05)。结论不同年龄段缺血性脑血管病患者动脉狭窄特点不同,后循环狭窄支数少于前循环,年龄较大患者出现颅外动脉狭窄的可能性较大;血脂异常、高同型半胱氨酸血症是颅内动脉狭窄的影响因素,高龄、颈椎病、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病是颅外动脉狭窄的影响因素,吸烟是颅内外动脉狭窄的影响因素。     

脑梗死患者γ谷氨酰转肽酶与颅内外动脉狭窄的相关性

目的探讨脑梗死患者γ谷氨酰转肽酶与颅内外动脉狭窄的相关性。方法对163例脑梗死住院患者根据CT血管造影分为颅内外动脉无狭窄组(对照组)、单纯颅内动脉狭窄组、单纯颅外动脉狭窄组和颅内外动脉均有狭窄组,比较各组γ谷氨酰转肽酶水平及相关危险因素。结果年龄、男性、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、γ谷氨酰转肽酶、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白在对照组与狭窄组之间差异有显著性(P0.05);单纯颅内动脉狭窄组血γ谷氨酰转肽酶水平与单纯颅外动脉狭窄组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。血γ谷氨酰转肽酶水平随着动脉狭窄严重程度增加而升高(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示γ谷氨酰转肽酶是颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变的独立危险因素(OR=17.863,95%CI:2.583~123.520,P=0.003)。结论γ谷氨酰转肽酶与颅内、外动脉狭窄关系密切,且与狭窄严重程度正相关,对于颅内、外动脉粥样硬化无选择性。     

经颅多普勒超声检测颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄及相关因素分析

目的利用经颅多普勒超声检测评估颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的分布特征,并探讨其危险因素。方法利用经颅多普勒超声筛查出颅内外动脉狭窄患者131例,记录其血管疾病相关病史,并探索各危险因素的影响。结果 131例动脉狭窄患者中,114例(85.5%)有颅内动脉狭窄,26例(19.8%)有颅外动脉狭窄,颅内动脉狭窄明显高于颅外动脉狭窄(χ2=118.790,P=0.000)。其中大脑中动脉是最常受累的动脉(64.2%)。Logistic二元回归分析显示高血压、糖尿病、吸烟是颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的独立危险因素。结论长期高血压、糖尿病、吸烟是颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的高危因素,提示对上述高危患者应常规进行经颅多普勒超声检测。     

缺血性卒中患者踝肱指数与颅内动脉粥样硬化关系的研究

目的:探讨缺血性卒中患者踝肱指数(ABI)与颅内动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法:73例缺血性卒中患者,使用血管多普勒超声测量仪测定ABI,使用1.5 T磁共振成像系统进行头颅磁共振血管造影(MRA)对颅内动脉狭窄程度进行分级,分析缺血性卒中患者ABI与颅内动脉狭窄分级的相关性.结果:无颅内动脉狭窄者(n=38)ABI显著高于有颅内动脉狭窄者(n=35)(0.975±0.114对0.837±0.096,P<0.001),ABI与颅内动脉狭窄程度呈显著负相关性(r=-0.736,P=0.001).结论:ABI与颅内动脉粥样硬化狭窄程度呈负相关,可作为颅内动脉粥样硬化的初步筛查手段.     

吸烟与男性缺血性脑卒中患者大脑中动脉狭窄的关联性分析

目的探讨吸烟与男性大脑中动脉狭窄及缺血性脑卒中患者发病年龄的关系。方法连续收集广东省人民医院收住院的缺血性脑卒中并行全脑数字减影血管造影术检查的男性患者257例,根据是否吸烟分为吸烟组140例和非吸烟组117例,对比2组患者大脑中动脉M1段狭窄率及发病年龄。结果吸烟组大脑中动脉M1段狭窄发生率显著高于非吸烟组(49.3%vs 24.8%),发生缺血性脑卒中的年龄明显小于非吸烟组[(60.13±10.52)岁vs(65.26±11.77)岁,P<0.01]。吸烟组年龄≤60岁缺血性脑卒中发生率明显高于非吸烟组(50.7%vs 27.4%,P<0.01)。结论吸烟可能是男性患者大脑中动脉M1段狭窄的一个重要危险因素,且吸烟可能使男性患者更早发生缺血性脑卒中。     

Short-term benefit of smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: estimates based on self-reported smoking data and serum cotinine measurements.

AIMS: To assess the short-term impact of smoking and smoking cessation measured by self-report and by serum cotinine on the risk of secondary cardiovascular disease events (CVD events). METHODS AND RESULTS: Cohort study among participants of an in-patient 3-week rehabilitation programme following an acute coronary syndrome or coronary artery revascularization. Smoking status at baseline was assessed by self-report (beginning of the rehabilitation programme, rehab) and serum cotinine (end of rehab). Active follow-up was conducted one year later. Subsequent CVD events were observed in 139 of the 967 patients. Both self-reported smoking status (odds ratio (OR) compared to continued smokers: recent quitters 0.96, former smokers 0.83, never smokers 0.54, p for trend 0.04) and serum cotinine (OR 0.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.97) for cotinine-negative compared to cotinine-positive subjects) were associated with the occurrence of a secondary CVD event. After reclassification of all cotinine-positive subjects to continued smokers and cotinine-negative self-reported smokers to recent quitters, this association became even stronger. The OR now reached 0.71 (95% CI interval 0.38-1.33) for recent quitters, 0.64 (0.36-1.11) for former smokers and 0.44 (0.24-0.81) for never smokers (p-value for trend=0.009). CONCLUSION: The benefits of non-smoking and smoking cessation in cardiac patients are beyond controversy and might even be larger than suggested by previous studies which exclusively relied on self-reported smoking status.     

Smoking cessation reduces mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 20-year follow-up study

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine the influence of smoking cessation on mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), which has still not been established clearly. BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is one of the known major risk factors of coronary artery disease. METHODS: One thousand and forty-one patients underwent CABG between 1971 and 1980. The preoperative and postoperative smoking habits of 985 patients (95%) could be retrieved and were analyzed in a multivariate Cox analysis. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 20 years (range 13 to 26 years). Smoking status before surgery did not entail an increased risk of mortality: patients who had smoked before surgery and those who had not smoked in the year before surgery had a similar probability of survival. However, smoking cessation after surgery was an important independent predictor of a lower risk of death and coronary reintervention during the 20-year follow-up when compared with patients who continued smoking. In analyses adjusted for baseline characteristics, the persistent smokers had a greater relative risk (RR) of death from all causes (RR 1.68 [95% confidence interval 1.33 to 2.13]) and cardiac death (RR 1.75 [1.30 to 2.37]) as compared with patients who stopped smoking for at least one year after surgery. The estimated benefit of survival for the quitters increased from 3% at five years to 14% at 15 years. The quitters were less likely to undergo repeat CABG or a percutaneous coronary angioplasty procedure (RR 1.41 [1.02 to 1.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who continued to smoke after CABG had a greater risk of death than patients who stopped smoking. They also underwent repeat revascularization procedures more frequently. Cessation of smoking is therefore strongly recommended after CABG. Clinicians are encouraged to start or to continue smoking-cessation programs in order to help smokers to quit smoking, especially after CABG.     

吸烟的冠心病患者戒烟现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解吸烟的冠心病患者对于吸烟问题的认识及戒烟状况,揭示戒烟及戒烟未成功的原因和影响因素,为更有效地帮助冠心病患者控烟提供参考.方法 对350例吸烟的冠心病患者进行问卷调查,包括性别、年龄、吸烟史等,采用分组分析、logistic回归分析等方法分析戒烟的影响因素.结果 350例吸烟的冠心病患者平均年龄(59.6±10.2)岁,男321例(占91.7%).57.1%(200/350)的患者已戒烟,42.9%(150/350)的患者目前仍在吸烟.将患者按年龄分两组,非老年组患者(≤65岁,n=239)戒烟率50.6%,显著低于老年组患者(>65岁,n=111)的71.2%(P<0.001).非老年组有戒烟意愿及尝试过戒烟的比例分别为70.3%和48.3%,均低于老年组的81.2%和59.4%(P<0.001).76例戒烟复吸者中,复吸最主要原因为缺乏自我控制能力,占76.3%.logistic回归分析,影响戒烟未成功的因素:年龄≤65岁(OR=2.336,P=0.004)、文化程度低(OR=1.310,P=0.028)、行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(OR=0.261,P<0.001)、行冠状动脉旁路移植术(OR=0.107,P=0.004)、家庭总收入>4000 元/月(OR=1.828,P=0.003).结论 吸烟的冠心病患者戒烟水平和意识仍有待提高;除现有的控烟政策外,应更加关注中青年、文化程度较低、未行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗及冠状动脉旁路移植术、家人有人吸烟、体质指数及家庭总收入越高的吸烟冠心病患者的控烟活动;在针对吸烟冠心病患者控烟活动的同时对其周围环境宣传控烟活动也是迫切需要的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the status quo of smoking cessation and analyze factors influencing smoking cessation in cigarette smoking patients with coronary artery disease(CAD).Method A total of 350 smoking patients with CAD was surveyed by questionnaire,logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze factors influencing smoking cessation.Results Incidence of smoking cessation was 57.1%(200/350)in this cohort.Patients were divided into two groups,the elderlv(>65 years old,n=111)and the young group(≤65 years old,n=239).The smoking cessation rate in the elderlv group is significantly higher than in the young group(71.2%vs.50.6%,P<0.001).Aged patients and patients with high cultural level are easier to give up smoking.Logistic analysis showed that age≤65 years old (OR=2.336,P=0.004),low cultural level(OR=1.310,P=0.028),PCI(OR=0.261.P<0.001).coronary artery bypass graft(OR=0.107,P=0.004),total family income>4000 RMB/month (OR=1.828,P=0.003)are risk factors for failed smoking cessation.There are 76 patients smoking again in current smokers,most due to lack of self-control(76.3%).Compared to the elderly group,there is a higher proportion of smoking again due to the need of daily communication and work in the young group.Conclusions We still need to raise the awareness of smoking cessation for smoking patients with CAD.Following factors should be focused for tobacco control in CAD patients:younger age,lower cuItural level,not treated with PCI or CABG,patients with smoking family members.higher body mass index and higher total family income.     

Association between smoking habits and severity of coronary stenosis as assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography

Smoking promotes arteriosclerosis and is one of the most important coronary risk factors. However, few studies have investigated the association between smoking habits and the severity of coronary stenosis as assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). We enrolled 416 patients [165/251 = smoker (past and current)/non-smoker)]. They had all undergone CTA and either were clinically suspected of having coronary artery disease (CAD) or had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. We divided the patients into smoking and non-smoking groups, and evaluated the presence of CAD, the number of significantly stenosed coronary vessels (VD), and the Gensini score as assessed by CTA in the two groups. The incidence of CAD, VD, the Gensini score, and coronary calcification score in the smoking group were all significantly greater than those in the non-smoking group (CAD, p = 0.009; VD, p = 0.003; Gensini score, p = 0.007; coronary calcification score, p = 0.01). Pack-year was significantly associated with VD and the Gensini score, and was strongly associated with multi-vessel disease (2- and 3-VD) (p < 0.05), whereas the duration of cessation in past smokers was not associated with VD or the Gensini score. Pack-year, but not the duration of cessation, may be the most important factor that was associated with the severity of coronary stenosis in terms of VD and the Gensini score.     

心血管疾病患者戒烟效果的影响因素

目的 分析心血管疾病患者戒烟效果的影响因素。 方法 心血管内科住院的吸烟患者在接受戒烟健康教育后随访观察12个月，按戒烟效果分为戒烟有效组（n = 156）和戒烟无效组（n = 188）, 采用病例对照研究方法分析戒烟效果的影响因素。 结果 单因素分析显示年龄>70岁、冠心病、高血压病和心功能不全患病率高及既往每日吸烟数量少（≤10 支/d）的人群戒烟有效率显著增高（均P<0.01）；独居及接触吸烟的患者戒烟有效率显著降低（均P<0.01）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示患有冠心病、心功能不全、独居、接触吸烟者及每日吸烟数量少均是戒烟效果的独立影响因素，患有冠心病，心功能不全和每日吸烟数量少能提高戒烟有效率，而独居和接触吸烟者降低戒烟有效率。 结论 患者患有严重疾病有利于提高戒烟有效率，但独居和接触吸烟者不利于提高戒烟有效率。     

Smoking and eight-year mortality in an elderly cohort.

SETTING: The increasing numbers of elderly people highlight the question of smoking effects in this age group. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there is a relationship between smoking and 8-year mortality in a representative elderly cohort aged 65 years and over, residing in the department of Gironde, in the south-west of France. METHODS: Data were collected by a questionnaire administered during home visits. Every death was systematically recorded during the 8-year follow-up. RESULTS: The 2786 (99.8%) subjects included in the study were categorised into current smokers, former smokers and never smokers. Mortality was higher (P < 0.0001) in men (39.6%) than in women (29.4%). In men, the risk of mortality was higher (P = 0.01) among current (44.5%) and former smokers (41.4%) than in never smokers (32.5%). The risks were similar in never smokers and former smokers who had stopped more than 20 years previously. Tobacco consumption in pack-years was higher (P = 0.02) in those people who died during the follow-up period than in those who were still alive. Mortality due to respiratory disease (P = 0.008) and lung cancer (P < 0.0001) was significantly higher in current smokers than in former and never smokers. Adjusting for potential confounding factors, smoking remains significantly associated with mortality both in current (relative risk [RR] = 1.7, P < 0.001) and former smokers (RR = 1.3, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: These results confirm the consequences of smoking even in the elderly, and raise the question of smoking prevention after 65 years of age.     

Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk of hip fracture in women

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on the risk of hip fracture in women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 116,229 female nurses, 34 to 59 years of age at baseline in 1980, who were followed for up to 12 years. Smoking habits and the occurrence of incident hip fractures (n = 377) due to low or moderate trauma were self-reported on biennial mailed questionnaires. RESULTS: Compared with women who had never smoked, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of hip fracture among current smokers was 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0 to 1.7). The risk of hip fracture increased linearly (P = 0.09) with greater cigarette consumption (RR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3 for 25 or more cigarettes per day). These associations were somewhat reduced by adjusting for other risk factors for osteoporosis (menopausal status, use of postmenopausal estrogen, physical activity, and intakes of calcium, alcohol, and caffeine): RR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.3 for all current smokers; RR = 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.1 for 25 or more cigarettes per day. Relative risks were further reduced when body mass index was added to the model. There was no apparent benefit from quitting smoking until 10 years after cessation. After 10 years, former smokers had a reduced risk of hip fracture (adjusted RR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.9) compared with current smokers. CONCLUSION: Smokers are at increased risk of hip fracture and their risk rises with greater cigarette consumption. Risk declines among former smokers, but the benefit is not observed until 10 years after cessation. Both the increased risk among current smokers and the decline in risk after smoking cessation are in part accounted for by differences in body weight.     

Making hypertensive smokers motivated in quitting: developing 'blood pressure equivalence of smoking'

OBJECTIVE: To express the increased risk from smoking in terms of 'blood pressure' so that hypertensive smokers are motivated into quitting. METHODS: Mortality risks of smokers were compared with nonsmokers in a large worker cohort in Taiwan (n = 23755 with a 17-year follow-up) for all-cause and for cardiovascular diseases. The blood pressure equivalence of smoking was then identified by the difference in mortality risks between smokers and nonsmokers. RESULTS: Some interaction between hypertension and smoking was found to be synergistic. When hypertension and smoking co-existed, the all-cause mortality outcome [relative risk (RR) = 4.25] was larger than the sum or product of each individual risk for hypertension (RR = 2.16) or for smoking (RR = 1.97). The excess mortality risks of smoking for smokers were converted into a 'blood pressure equivalence'. The results demonstrate that the addition of smoking was similar to an increase of mortality risk approximately equivalent to an increase in blood pressure of 40 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking cessation in hypertensive patients could provide a reduction of mortality risks similar to a permanent reduction of 40 mmHg in blood pressure, over and above any antihypertensive medications. Appreciating this relationship enables physicians to bridge the clinical disconnection and motivates hypertensive smokers to seek smoking cessation. The use of a 'blood pressure equivalence of smoking' can link the two separate risk factors and may lead to a paradigm shift in overcoming an existing clinical challenge.