功能性胰岛素瘤的外科临床诊疗分析

目的 探讨功能性胰岛素瘤的外科诊疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2006年12月有明显临床症状的,经手术治疗、病理证实的36例功能性胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料.结果 在功能性胰岛素瘤患者中良性胰岛素瘤病例最多见,共27例,占全部病例的75%;恶性胰岛素瘤6例,胰岛细胞增殖症2例.在B超、CT、MRI、内镜超声等影像学检查中,术中B超阳性发现和定位准确率均为92.3%.所有病例均行手术治疗,7例行胰十二指肠切除术,17例行胰体尾切除术,12例行单纯瘤体摘除术,术后症状改善明显,复发率低.结论 术中B超是诊断和定位胰岛素瘤最有效的诊断方法,手术规范切除是治疗功能性胰岛素瘤的有效方法,其预后良好.     

胰岛素瘤62例诊治体会

目的总结胰岛素瘤的诊治经验,评估胰岛素瘤的多种定位诊断技术.方法回顾性分析两院1970年～2001年来收治的62例胰岛素瘤的临床资料.结果 CT、MRI、术前B超、SAOG及IOUS诊断胰岛素瘤的敏感性分别为46.4%、70.0%、75.6%、75.9%和100%;手术治疗60例,其中实施肿瘤剜除术41例,胰体尾切除术14例,胰十二指肠切除术3例,楔形切除术1例,姑息手术1例,总手术切除率98.3%;全组无手术死亡,肿瘤切除术后病人随访无低血糖发作;术后并发症包括胰瘘5例、胰腺假性囊肿2例.结论术前B超和SAOG、术中详尽扪诊联合IOUS可基本上取得胰岛素瘤较为满意的定位诊断;根据胰岛素瘤的大小、部位、数目及性质采取适宜的手术方式是获得良好疗效的关键.     

胰岛素瘤62例诊治体会

目的：总结胰岛素瘤的诊治经验，评估胰岛素瘤的多种定位诊断技术。方法：回顾性分析两院1970年-2001年来收治的62例胰岛素瘤的临床资料。结果：CT、MRI、术前B超、SAOG及IOUS诊断胰岛素瘤的敏感性分别为46.4%、70.0%、75.6%、75.9和100%；手术治疗60例，其中实施肿瘤剜除术41例，胰体尾切除术14例，胰十二指肠切除术3例，楔形切除术1例，姑息手术1例，总手术切除率98.3%；全组无手术死亡，肿瘤切除术后病人随访无低血糖发作；术后并发症包括胰瘘5例、胰腺假性囊肿2例。结论：术前B超和SAOG、术中详尽扪诊联合IOUS可基本上取得胰岛素瘤较为满意的定位诊断；根据胰岛素瘤的大小、部位、数目及性质采取适宜的手术方式是获得良好疗效的关键。     

胰岛素瘤的定位诊断及外科治疗方法探讨

目的 探讨胰岛素瘤的定位诊断及外科治疗方法。方法 对确诊的18例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 术前B超、CT和选择性动脉造影检查的阳性率分别为46％(7／15)、54%(7/13)和75％(6／8)，术中B超检查的阳性率为100％(5／5)。18例中行肿瘤剜除术11例，胰体尾切除术7例。结论 胰岛素瘤的术前定位诊断比较困难，术中探查和术中B超检查准确性很高；手术切除是胰岛素瘤惟一可靠的治疗方法。     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断及手术治疗

对28例经手术治疗、病理检查证实的胰腺内分泌肿瘤（PETs）患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。发现PETs以胰岛素瘤、胰多肽瘤最常见,肿瘤大小与症状轻重无关;胰岛素瘤体积较小,术前定位诊断较难;胰多肽瘤无特定性症状,术前定性诊断较难。本组胰岛素瘤18例,均为良性,其中15例行单纯肿瘤切除术;胃泌素瘤1例为恶性,行胰尾联合全胃切除术;胰高血糖素瘤2例均为恶性,术中发现肝转移,1例行胰体尾联合肝转移灶切除术,1例行姑息性切除;胰多肽瘤7例,4例行肿瘤切除术,3例伴肝转移者中,1例行胰体尾姑息性切除术,2例无法切除。认为PETs术前诊断比较困难;手术切除是PETs最理想的治疗方法,手术方式根据肿瘤生长部位和性质而定。     

胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 总结胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗经验,以期提高手术成功率和改善预后.方法 回顾性分析1966年至2007年收治的138例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料.结果 全组病例均有不同程度的低血糖症状和Whipple三联征表现;64例有不同程度的精神神经症状,12例术后血糖恢复正常,但仍遗留精神神经症状.检测空腹血胰岛素88例,胰岛素释放指数均>0.3.术前B超检查75例,检出肿瘤8例;腹部CT 68例,检出17例;腹部MRI检查10例,检出5例;术中B超44例,检出肿瘤43例,另1例病理证实为胰岛细胞增生症.135例行手术治疗,其中肿瘤摘除术88例,胰体尾切除44例,胰十二指肠切除2例,活检1例.132例术后血糖恢复正常.术后血糖反跳性升高110例,多于术后2周内恢复正常;术后胰瘘20例,急性胰腺炎32例.结论 根据whipple三联征和胰岛素释放指数对胰岛素瘤作出定性诊断.手术探查联合术中B超是简单有效的定位诊断方法.手术是治愈胰岛素瘤的惟一方法.术中B超引导下切除肿瘤可有效避免主胰管和血管的损伤,降低手术并发症.     

胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊治经验--附19例报告

目的探讨胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊断与治疗.方法回顾分析近5年我院手术治疗胰岛细胞瘤的经验,总结胰岛细胞瘤临床特征、诊治方法及其效果.结果本组19例病例中,无功能性胰岛细胞瘤8例,胰岛素瘤11例,其中2例为多发性内分泌腺瘤.前者恶变率62.5%(5/8),平均年龄40岁;后者恶变率9.8%(1/11),平均年龄39岁.肿瘤位于胰头8例,胰体6例,胰尾5例.术前影像诊断明确肿瘤定位15例(78.9%),其余4例定位可疑或不能定位者经术中超声和触摸探查得到定位.对肿瘤行局部切除术11例,胰体尾切除+胰空肠吻合术5例,肿瘤+脾脏切除术2例,Whipple手术1例.术后胰瘘发生率为31.6%(6/19),是最常见的并发症,无手术死亡病例.结论无功能性胰岛细胞瘤恶变率显著高于胰岛素瘤(P<0.01).术前不能确定肿瘤位置的,应联合应用术中超声和术者触摸以探查肿瘤部位.胰岛素瘤手术方式多为单纯肿瘤切除;无功能性胰岛细胞瘤,术中常规冰冻切片检查,对可疑恶性者应尽量采取根治性手术.     

胰岛素瘤17例临床诊治分析

目的探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗方法.方法回顾性地分析我院自1966年～2000年收治的17例胰岛素瘤.结果胰腺B超、腹部CT、选择性腹腔动脉造影检查准确率分别为82.4%、72.7%、60%.2例未手术,15例肿瘤切除.肿瘤位于胰头钩突3例,胰颈1例,胰体尾11例;80%肿瘤直径＜3 cm;行单纯肿瘤摘除术8例,胰体尾切除术4例,胰体尾加脾脏切除者2例,胰腺节段性切除(捆绑式胰体尾空肠吻合空肠端侧吻合术)1例.结论血糖、血胰岛素水平测定结合胰腺B超、CT检查能有效提高功能性胰岛素瘤的诊断.治疗多为单纯性肿瘤切除,恶性肿瘤应行根治性切除,腹腔镜微创手术正处于尝试阶段,药物治疗仍然在探讨阶段.     

胰岛素瘤17例临床诊治分析

目的　探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗方法。　方法　回顾性地分析我院自 196 6年 ～ 2 0 0 0年收治的 17例胰岛素瘤。　结果　胰腺 B超、腹部 CT、选择性腹腔动脉造影检查准确率分别为 82 .4 %、72 .7%、6 0 %。2例未手术 ,15例肿瘤切除。肿瘤位于胰头钩突 3例 ,胰颈 1例 ,胰体尾 11例 ;80 %肿瘤直径 <3cm;行单纯肿瘤摘除术 8例 ,胰体尾切除术 4例 ,胰体尾加脾脏切除者 2例 ,胰腺节段性切除(捆绑式胰体尾空肠吻合空肠端侧吻合术 ) 1例。　结论　血糖、血胰岛素水平测定结合胰腺 B超、CT检查能有效提高功能性胰岛素瘤的诊断。治疗多为单纯性肿瘤切除 ,恶性肿瘤应行根治性切除 ,腹腔镜微创手术正处于尝试阶段 ,药物治疗仍然在探讨阶段。     

胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊治经验——附19例报告

目的：探讨胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊断与治疗。方法：回顾分析近5年我院手术的治疗胰岛细胞瘤的经验，总结胰岛细胞瘤临床特征，诊治方法及其效果。结果：本组19例病例中，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤8例，胰岛素瘤11例，其中2例为多发性内分泌瘤瘤，前恶变率62．5％（5／8），平均年龄40岁，后恶变率9．8％（1／11），平均年龄39岁，肿瘤位于胰头8例，胰体6例，胰尾5例，术前影像诊断明确肿瘤定位15例（78．9％），其余4例定位可疑或不能定位经术中超声和触摸探查到定位，对肿瘤行局部切除术11例，胰体尾切除＋胰空肠吻合术5例，肿瘤＋脾脏切除术2例，Whipple手术1例，术后胰瘘发生率为31．6％（6／19），是最常见的并发症，无手术死亡病例。结论：无功能性胰岛细胞瘤恶变率显高于胰岛素瘤（P＜0．01）。术前不能确定肿瘤位置的，应联合应用于中超声和术触摸以探查肿瘤部位。胰岛素瘤手术方式多为单纯肿瘤切除，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤，术中常规冰冻切片检查，对可疑恶性应尽量采取根治性手术。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.