肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜特征与肝静脉压力梯度相关性研究

目的探讨肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜特征和分型与肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient,HVPG)的相关性。方法 45例肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者,通过颈静脉或股静脉途径插管球囊测压法进行HVPG测定。分别采用LDRf分型、Mc Cormick分度、丰永分型评估内镜下食管胃静脉曲张严重程度。同时收集患者人口学资料、临床表现、肝功能分级等。应用单因素和多因素统计方法分析临床和内镜特征与HVPG的相关性。结果单因素分析显示,食管胃静脉曲张的直径、危险度分级、丰永分型、Child-Pugh评分和分级与HVPG呈正相关(P0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,仅有丰永分型(β=0.537)和LDRf分型中的危险度分级(Rf,β=0.368)是HVPG的独立预测因素(P0.05),其预测模型为HVPG=丰永分型(Grade1,2,3)×3.97+Rf(0,1,2)×4.51+4.19。结论内镜下门脉高压性胃病严重程度和食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血危险度能较好地预测肝硬化门脉高压严重程度。     

肝静脉压力梯度预测内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术后早期再出血的临床应用

目的 探讨肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)预测内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术(EVL)后早期再出血的应用价值.方法 研究有肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血史、EVL前行HVPG测定患者105例.收集其住院期间HVPG值、内镜下表现及EVL术后2周内是否出血及其他严重并发症等.应用x2检验、秩和检验、logiStic回归模型的假设检验及受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析进行统计学处理. 结果 经统计学分析,只有HVPG是EVL术后早期再出血的独立危险因素.对HVPG关于EVL术后早期再出血行ROC分析,得出曲线下面积(AUC)为0.866,当HVPG≥16 mmHg时,AUC为0.838,有一定准确性,其敏感性为90.9％,特异性为76.6％.结论 HVPG是影响EVL术后早期再出血的独立危险因素.HVPG≥16 mmHg作为预测EVL术后早期再出血的阈值,具有一定准确性、敏感性及特异性.     

肝静脉压力梯度指导下食管静脉曲张再出血预防方法选择

目的肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)是肝硬化病情评估、判断预后的重要指标,本研究探索依据患者不同HVPG值采取不同术式降低肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者再出血率的价值。 方法收集2010年4月至2019年10月既往有消化道出血病史、行HVPG测定的270例肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者为观察对象。其中130例患者(HVPG指导组)根据HVPG值选择不同术式进行个体化治疗：10 mmHg≤HVPG≤16 mmHg的患者采用内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术(EVL)联合非选择性β受体阻断剂(NSBB)治疗;16 mmHg20 mmHg的患者则使用经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗。另外140例患者(非HVPG指导组)均采用EVL联合NSBB治疗。观察主要终点为门脉高压相关再出血,次要终点为死亡。 结果中位随访时间为26个月。HVPG指导组再出血率低于非HVPG指导组(12.31%比30.00%,P＝0.000 88),但两组生存率无明显差异(93.08%比91.43%,P＝0.71)。进一步亚组分析显示,对于16 mmHg20 mmHg的患者,TIPS治疗的再出血率低于EVL＋NSBB治疗(6.12%比36.36%,P＝0.000 88),两组生存率仍无明显差异。 结论基于HVPG的个体化治疗具有重要理论和临床意义,根据HVPG的风险分层,个体化选择食管静脉曲张出血二级预防治疗方案(EVL＋NSBB、PTVE或TIPS)可降低静脉再出血率,为肝硬化患者的个体化治疗提供新的研究思路。     

肝静脉压力梯度对内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术后早期再出血的评估价值

目的探讨肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)对内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术(EVL)后早期再出血的评估价值及其阈值。方法选取我院2013年5月至2015年7月期间收治的91例肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者参与研究,在对患者实行EVL前测定患者的HVPG,在患者住院期间监测内镜下表现、并发症发生情况、HVPG值以及术后两周内再出血情况等。结果 91例患者中术后再出血率为13.2%(12例),并且出现早期再出血的患者HVPG均处于16~20 mmHg之间,显著高于未出血患者,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对影响患者术后再出血的各种因素进行分析,结果表明,HVPG是唯一影响患者出现早期再出血的独立危险因素。结论 HVPG对EVL后出现早期再出血有较好的评估价值,且能够较准确预测患者经EVL后出现早期再出血情况的HVPG阈值为≥16 mmHg。     

肝静脉压力梯度与经颈静脉肝内门体分流术

肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)是临床上监测肝硬化门静脉高压重要的指标,以肝静脉楔入压(WHVP)减去肝静脉游离压(FHVP)而获得。正常值为3~5mmHg。当HVPG≥10mmHg时,称为有意义的门脉高压,即可导致静脉曲张;当HVPG≥12mmHg时,可致使曲张静脉破裂出血。近年来,HVPG的临床价值再次受到研究者的关注。HVPG在预测肝硬化门静脉高压并发的食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(EGVB)风险,筛选对非选择性β受体阻滞剂应答患者,预估活动性EGVB患者药物和内镜治疗效果,以及指导经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗的潜在价值等方面有较深入的研究,在不同版本的肝硬化门静脉高压诊治指南中被推荐应用。     

肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者血清中胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3的水平变化及临床意义

目的探究胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)在肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者血清中的表达水平及临床意义。方法选择2017年2月至2018年6月在苏州市中西医结合医院就诊的242例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者作为研究对象。根据治疗后是否发生再出血将患者分为未出血组(n=160)和再出血组(n=82)。采用ELISA法检测患者血清IGFBP-3的表达水平,并分析其与患者发生再出血的关系。结果再出血组血清IGFBP-3的表达水平高于未出血组,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,Child-Pugh分级为C级、门静脉内径、白细胞计数和IGFBP-3是肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血后发生再出血的独立危险因素(P均0.05),血钠是肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血后发生再出血的独立保护因素(P0.05)。IGFBP-3预测肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血后发生再出血的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度和特异度分别为0.894、97.56%和70.00%。构建预测肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血后发生再出血的logistic回归模型(由Child-Pugh分级、门静脉内径、白细胞计数、血钠和IGFBP-3组成)列线图,其拟合曲线与理想曲线的重合度较高,一致性指数(C指数)为0.962。结论 IGFBP-3在肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者血清中的表达水平越高,提示患者发生再出血的风险越高。由Child-Pugh分级、门静脉内径、白细胞计数、血钠和IGFBP-3构建的logistic回归模型列线图可以有效评估肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血后发生再出血的风险。     

循证案例:重度食管胃静脉曲张出血二级预防的治疗选择

食管胃静脉曲张出血是肝硬化的严重并发症。尽管诊断和治疗方式不断改善,静脉曲张出血的死亡率仍然较高。对于未进行适当二级预防的患者,1年内再出血的发生率及死亡率更高。根据指南进行二级预防可能存在一些问题,因此我们对1例重度食管胃静脉曲张出血的案例,就其循证医学背景下的二级预防治疗的选择进行探讨。总结该患者首次治疗失败的经验及临床研究结果,我们建议:对食管胃静脉曲张再出血的高危人群应详细评估其危险因素,包括Child分级、HVPG水平、内镜检查食管胃静脉曲张程度、CTA检查,并基于此进行危险分层。除指南推荐的TIPs治疗选择之外,对存在胃壁、食管壁外巨大血管池患者,内镜治疗不宜作为首选推荐,包括TIPs在内的其他方法应优先考虑。     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血后肝静脉压力梯度测定指导二级预防的临床应用

目的探讨食管胃静脉曲张出血后行内镜二级预防或TIPS二级预防的选择依据,评估肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)协助临床决策的价值。方法回顾性分析了2016年1月-2018年2月解放军总医院第五医学中心食管胃静脉曲张出血后测得HVPG在12mm Hg以上并接受内镜或TIPS二级预防的患者148例,依据指南意见,HVPG>18 mm Hg是食管胃静脉曲张再出血的高危因素,将148例患者分为中压力组(HVPG 12~18 mm Hg)78例和高压力组(HVPG>18 mm Hg)70例,归纳两组的临床特点和内镜表现。再细化为12~16 mm Hg、>16~18 mm Hg、>18~20 mm Hg和>20 mm Hg 4组,对比各组行不同二级预防方式的安全性和有效性,重点关注再出血及预后情况。计量资料2组间比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料2组间比较采用χ^2检验,等级资料多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。结果二级预防前中压力组和高压力组的血红蛋白、血小板、白蛋白、胆红素、肌酐、血氨和凝血酶原时间、Child-Pugh评分和MELD评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),中压力组有67.95%的患者存在侧支循环开放,显著多于高压力组的50.00%(χ^2=11.250,P=0.004)。中压力组和高压力组的食管胃静脉曲张LDRf分型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高压力组选择TIPS的患者比例(28.57%)较中压力组患者(10.26%)显著增多(χ^2=8.067,P=0.005)。二级预防后,平均随访(28.66±11.20)个月,未发生严重并发症,各组各预防方式患者肝硬化病程没有明显进展,腹水情况好转。随着HVPG值的增高,内镜二级预防后的1年内再出血率呈现增高趋势,HVPG>20 mm Hg的患者中有41.03%在1年内追加预防治疗。HVPG 12~16 mm Hg的患者,内镜预防疗效好,一年内再出血率为14.63%。HVPG>20 mm Hg组内镜预防1年内再出血率为34.48%,TIPS预防1年内再出血率为10%。结论建议基于HVPG值指导静脉曲张出血二级预防方式的选择,制订不同HVPG值患者二级预防后的随访计划,开展个体化治疗。     

治疗胃静脉曲张出血的经皮经肝栓塞术和内镜下组织胶注射术比较及预测影响再出血和死亡的风险因素

目的:比较经皮经肝胃静脉曲张栓塞术(percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization,PTVE)和内镜下组织胶注射术(gastric variceal obturation,GVO)治疗胃静脉曲张出血的安全性和远期疗效以及预测影响再出血和死亡的风险因素.方法:纳入肝硬化胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行PTVE或GVO患者118例,比较两种手术治疗后患者再出血率、生存率和并发症的情况,采用COX回归分析模型探讨影响再出血和死亡的独立预测因素.结果:PTVE组(n=51例)随访25.86 mo±7.67 mo,8例(15.7%)发生再出血,6例(11.8%)死亡;GOV组(n=67例)随访19.85 mo±13.12 mo,25(37.3%)例发生再出血,9例(13.4%)死亡.两组再出血率差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.723,P=0.013);PTVE组患者1年、2年、3年累计未出血发生率分别为91%、81.3%、76.7%,而GOV组患者1年、2年、3年累计未出血发生率分别为68.6%、49.5%、42.4%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004).两组死亡率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.073,P=0.788);PTVE组患者1年、2年、3年累计生存率分别为93.4%、89.6%、73.6%,而GOV组患者1年、2年、3年累计生存率分别为91.3%、84.9%、68.9%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.46).影响再出血发生率的因素有:治疗方式(P=0.006)、Child分级(P=0.022)、HVPG16 mmHg(P=0.039)、脾栓或脾切(P=0.000)和红色征(P=0.003);Child分级是影响生存率唯一预测因子(P=0.001).两组并发症发生率无统计学差异(χ2=0.249,P=0.705).结论:从远期疗效看,PTVE优于内镜下组织胶注射,是安全且有效治疗胃静脉曲张的方法.     

食管胃底静脉曲张出血内镜下套扎及组织胶注射术后再出血的危险因素探讨

目的探讨食管胃底静脉曲张出血内镜下套扎及组织胶注射手术的临床效果及术后再出血的危险因素。方法选取食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者145例为本次研究对象,所有患者均采用内镜下套扎及组织胶注射术,分别记录有效止血和再出血患者的临床资料,分析再出血的危险因素。结果145例患者均手术成功,治疗后24 h至14 d内有26例患者发生早期再出血,再出血率为17.93%(26/145);单因素分析结果显示,有效止血患者Child-Pugh分级、肝功能生化指标AST、腹水、曲张静脉内径增宽、静脉曲张血管数量(2支)及脾切除术并分流术与再出血患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistics回归分析结果显示,Child-Pugh B级和C级、腹水、曲张静脉内径、静脉曲张血管数量2支及脾切除术并分流术为食管胃底静脉曲张患者早期再出血的危险因素(P0.05)。结论内镜下套扎及组织胶注射术可有效治疗食管胃底静脉曲张,但早期易发生出血,应密切注意影响再出血的发生因素。     

Correlation of hepatic venous pressure gradient with variceal bleeding, size of esophageal varices, etiology, ascites and degree of liver dysfunction in cirrhosis of liver

An elevated hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) has been associated with risk of variceal bleeding, and outcome and survival after variceal bleeding. In this pilot study, we measured HVPG in 40 patients with liver cirrhosis and studied its relationship with etiology of liver disease, esophageal variceal size, history of variceal bleeding or ascites, biochemical liver tests and Child-Pugh class. There was no procedurerelated complication. The mean (SD) HVPG was similar in patients who had history of variceal bleeding as compared to those who did not (15.4 [2.8] mmHg vs. 13.9 [2.7] mmHg, p=0.1); HVPG had no significant association with etiology of cirrhosis (p=0.4). HVPG levels were significantly higher in patients with larger esophageal varices (grade III/IV vs. I/II: 15.2 [2.7] mmHg vs.13.1 [2.8] mmHg, p=0.04), poorer Child-Pugh class (B or C versus A), and presence of ascites (p=0.04). Thus, HVPG correlated with variceal size, Child-Pugh class, and presence of ascites, but not with variceal bleeding status.     

糖尿病对肝硬化食管静脉曲张内镜治疗后再出血影响的临床研究

目的探讨合并糖尿病是否影响肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者内镜治疗后的再出血。方法2015年6月至2018年3月,因肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血在安徽医科大学第一附属医院接受内镜下静脉曲张套扎术或内镜下硬化剂注射术初次治疗的207例病例纳入回顾性分析,以术后6个月作为观察结束点统计再出血情况,根据有无出血分为出血组(n=54)和未出血组(n=153),对于可能导致术后再出血的影响因素先行单因素分析,发现差异性后再行Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析发现,性别构成、年龄、有无门静脉血栓、有无吸烟史、有无饮酒史(P=0.05)、有无高血压、血小板计数、总胆红素水平、白蛋白水平、谷丙转氨酶水平、凝血酶原时间、食管静脉曲张程度构成、手术方式构成在出血组和未出血组间差异均无统计学意义(P均≥0.05),是否合并糖尿病、血红蛋白水平、血糖水平、腹水程度构成、肝功能分级构成在出血组和未出血组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。将合并糖尿病(是/否)、血红蛋白水平、血糖水平、腹水程度(无-轻度/中-重度)、肝功能Child-Pugh分级(A级/B-C级)以及饮酒史(有/无)纳入多因素分析,结果显示合并糖尿病是肝硬化食管静脉曲张内镜治疗后再出血的独立危险因素(P=0.008,OR=2.973,95%CI:1.322~6.689)。结论合并糖尿病的肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者内镜治疗后易发生再出血。     

内镜下套扎联合硬化剂注射治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者疗效及其再出血危险因素分析*

目的 研究内镜下套扎联合硬化剂注射治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血（EGVB）患者的疗效,并分析引起治疗后再出血的危险因素。 方法 2012年2月~2016年2月收治的120例乙型肝炎肝硬化并发EGVB患者,采用内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）联合内镜下静脉曲张硬化剂注射术（EIS）治疗,对胃底静脉曲张出血患者采用组织黏胶内镜下注射联合EIS治疗,术后给予心得安治疗。采用Logistic回归分析再出血的危险因素。 结果 在手术过程中止血成功率为100.0%,33例EGVB1型患者治疗后静脉曲张消失率明显高于而静脉曲张复发率显著低于2型或1型/2型患者（P<0.05）;不同类型静脉曲张患者治疗后再出血率比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）;35例再出血患者男性占（85.7%）,明显高于85例未再出血组的49.4%（P<0.05）,年龄明显大于未出血患者（P<0.05）,门静脉内径和Child-Pugh评分分别为（1.5±0.5）cm和（10.3±2.1）分,显著高于未出血患者[分别为（1.1±0.2） cm和（7.3±1.3） 分,P<0.05],而血清白蛋白和血钠浓度分别为（23.4±5.5） g/L和（124.67±31.47） mmol/L,显著低于未出血患者[（33.6±6.7）g/L和（137.5±36.2） mmol/L,P<0.05];经Logistic回归分析,发现门静脉内径和Child-Pugh评分是诱发再出血的危险因素[OR=3.713（1.253~10.999）、OR=4.267（1.311~13.886）],而白蛋白水平和血钠浓度是再出血发生的保护因素[OR=0.236（0.062~0.902）、OR=0.143（0.026~0.785）]。 结论 内镜下套扎联合硬化剂注射治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发EGVB患者临床疗效显著,并且对EGVB1型患者疗效最好。门静脉内径宽或Child-Pugh评分高说明肝储备功能差,发生再出血的风险就大。因此,针对这样的患者,更应该做好防治再出血治疗。     

经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞治疗断流术后食管胃底静脉破裂出血的疗效

目的 研究以组织胶为主要栓塞材料,采用经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)治疗和预防门奇静脉断流术后食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效.方法 2006年11月至2008年9月,对22例曾行断流术再发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者行PTVE组织胶栓塞(n=10)或内镜下硬化剂(EIS,n=12)治疗,随访两组患者治疗后再出血率、死亡率、治疗前后静脉曲张和肝功能以及PTVE治疗组患者在曲张侧支静脉栓塞前后门静脉压力的变化.结果 ①在平均12.5个月的随访期内,PTVE治疗组患者再出血率和死亡率分别为1/10和0;EIS治疗组随访13.4个月,患者再出血率和死亡率分别为7/12和3/12,两组问差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).②PTVE和EIS治疗均可显著减轻食管和胃底静脉曲张程度.③对有门静脉血栓患者,PTVE联合门静脉球囊成形术,可以改善肝脏门静脉血供.④PTVE和EIS治疗均未加重肝功能损伤.结论 对门奇静脉断流术后食管胃底静脉破裂出血的患者,采用以组织胶为主要栓塞材料的PTVE治疗的疗效优于EIS治疗.     

Management of acute bleeding from portal hypertension

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a frequent and severe complication of portal hypertension. The most frequent cause of the bleeding is variceal rupture. Despite improvements in prognosis after variceal bleeding over the past two decades, the 6-week mortality rate remains high, ranging from 15 to 30%. Patients die from uncontrolled bleeding, early rebleeding, infection, or renal failure within the first weeks of a bleeding episode. Poor hepatic function, severe portal hypertension with a hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) >20 mmHg, and active bleeding at endoscopy are independently associated with poor prognosis. First-line treatment includes resuscitation, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, the combined use of vasoactive drugs (started as soon as possible), and an endoscopic procedure. Reconstitution of blood volume should be done cautiously to maintain the haematocrit between 25 and 30%. Terlipressin, somatostatin, or octreotide can be used, and drug therapy is maintained from 48 h to 5 days. Ligation is the endoscopic treatment of choice in bleeding oesophageal varices; in gastric varices, obturation with cyanoacrylate is preferable. Uncontrolled bleeding should be an indication for a salvage transjugular portosystemic shunt (TIPS). In patients with Child-Pugh score A, shunt surgery might be an alternative to TIPS. Trials are currently ongoing into the precise indications of early TIPS in selected patients with an HVPG >20 mmHg, and into the usefulness of administration of recombinant activated factor VII when there is an active bleeding at endoscopy.     

Perendoscopic variceal pressure measurement: A reliable estimation of portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis?

OBJECTIVES: In patients with cirrhosis, the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the reference method for the assessment of portal hypertension (PHT). Variceal pressure (VP) may be measured at endoscopy, but its relationship to the HVPG remains controversial. The aim of the study was to retrospectively compare HVPG and VP values obtained in a cohort of patients with cirrhosis and PHT. METHODS: Within 8 days (range: 6-10 days), 64 patients in a stable condition with biopsy-proven cirrhosis [alcoholic: 47; other 17; mean age: 56.5 yrs (35-70); mean Child-Pugh's score: 9.4 +/- 1.9; ascites: 37/64; previous variceal bleeding (="bleeders"): 24/64) and oesophageal varices (grade 2: 49; grade 3: 15)] underwent both measurement of the HVPG during transjugular liver biopsy and VP at endoscopy using a "home made" pressure sensitive gauge in the absence of needle puncture of the varix. Alcoholic hepatitis was present in 28 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. RESULTS: The pressure sensitive gauge was well tolerated. The mean HVPG and VP values were 18.5 +/- 3.4 mmHg and 19 +/- 3.7 mmHg, respectively. A significant difference was observed between "bleeders" (n=24) and non "bleeders" (n=40) in terms of VP values (21.4 +/- 3.3 vs 17.2 +/- 3.2 mmHg, P<0.001), but not for HVPG values (19.4 +/- 4.1 vs 17.9 +/- 2.8 mmHg, P=0.075). A positive correlation was observed between VP and HVPG values (r=0.62, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In this group of patients with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices, a "home-made" pressure sensitive gauge allowed a non invasive perendoscopic measurement of VP. The positive correlation between VP and HVPG values suggests that measurement of VP may be a reliable estimate of portal pressure in these patients.     

A cost-effectiveness study of hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement in the secondary prevention of variceal bleeding

OBJECTIVE: variceal rebleeding is common following a first episode of hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of monitoring hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) to guide secondary prophylaxis. METHODS: we created a Markov decision model to calculate cost-effectiveness for two strategies: Group 1: HVPG monitoring to decide treatment -when portal pressure was reduced by at least 20 percent or HVPG was less than 12 mmHg after beta-blocker administration, patients received beta-blockers; when portal pressure did not meet these criteria therapy was endoscopic band ligation. Group 2: in this group there was no monitoring of HVPG. Patients with large varices received treatment with beta-blockers combined with EBL; patients with small varices received beta-blockers plus isosorbide mononitrate. RESULTS: there was no recurrent variceal bleeding in group 1 for good responders, and for 17% of poor responders. In group 2 a 25% rebleeding rate was detected in patients with small varices and 13% for those with big varices. Overall cost in group 1 was 14,100.49 euros, and 14,677.16 in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: HVPG measurement is cost-effective for the secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding.     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血内镜治疗后早期再出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨内镜治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)后早期再出血的危险因素。 方法回顾分析2016年8月至2018年8月因肝硬化食管静脉曲张(EV)首次出血就诊于包头医学院二附院并采用内镜下治疗的患者资料,依据术后6周内是否再出血分再出血组和未出血组,对两组患者的一般资料、肝功能、血常规、凝血、门静脉血栓、门静脉异常分流等情况进行单因素分析,探讨内镜治疗EV术后早期再出血的危险因素。 结果(1)入组患者共450例,治疗后6周内出血27例,止血成功率94%;(2)单因素分析AST、GGT、TBIL、ALB、PTA、TG、肝功能、Child-Pugh分级、EV程度、门静脉血栓、门静脉异常分流在出血和未出血组之间的差异具有统计学意义;(3)多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示AST等是影响EV术后再出血的危险因素;ALB、门静脉异常分流是影响EV术后再出血的保护因素(P<0.05)。 结论AST、GGT、PTA、TG、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、EV程度、门静脉血栓是影响EV术再出血的危险因素;ALB、门静脉异常分流是影响EV术后早期再出血的保护因素。     

Use of portal pressure studies in the management of variceal haemorrhage

Portal hypertension occurs as a complication of liver cirrhosis and complications such as variceal bleeding lead to significant demands on resources. Endoscopy is the gold standard method for screening cirrhotic patients however universal endoscopic screening may mean a lot of unnecessary procedures as the presence of oesophageal varices is variable hence a large time and cost burden on endoscopy units to carry out both screening and subsequent follow up of variceal bleeds. A less invasive method to identify those at high risk of bleeding would allow earlier prophylactic measures to be applied. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is an acceptable indirect measurement of portal hypertension and predictor of the complications of portal hypertension in adult cirrhotics. Varices develop at a HVPG of 10-12 mmHg with the appearance of other complications with HPVG > 12 mmHg. Variceal bleeding does not occur in pressures under 12 mmHg. HPVG > 20 mmHg measured early after admission is a significant prognostic indicator of failure to control bleeding varices, indeed early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in such circumstances reduces mortality significantly. HVPG can be used to identify responders to medical therapy. Patients who do not achieve the suggested reduction targets in HVPG have a high risk of rebleeding despite endoscopic ligation and may not derive significant overall mortality benefit from endoscopic intervention alone, ultimately requiring TIPS or liver transplantation. Early HVPG measurements following a variceal bleed can help to identify those at risk of treatment failure who may benefit from early intervention with TIPS. Therefore, we suggest using HVPG measurement as the investigation of choice in those with confirmed cirrhosis in place of endoscopy for intitial variceal screening and, where indicated, a trial of B-blockade, either intravenously during the initial pressure study with assessment of response or oral therapy with repeat HVPG six weeks later. In those with elevated pressures, primary medical prophylaxis could be commenced with subsequent close monitoring of HVPG thus negating the need for endoscopy at this point. All patients presenting with variceal haemorrhage should undergo HVPG measurement and those with a gradient greater than 20 mmHg should be considered for early TIPS. By introducing portal pressure studies into a management algorithm for variceal bleeding, the number of endoscopies required for further intervention and follow up can be reduced leading to significant savings in terms of cost and demand on resources.