80岁以上老年人心脏起搏器植入术及减少并发症的对策

目的 探讨80岁以上老年人起搏器植入手术方式的选择,旨在减少相关并发症及提高生活质量.方法 80岁以上老年人127例植入起搏器.其中双腔起搏（包括双室三腔起搏）95例（74.8%）;单腔心室起搏32例（25.2%）.所有患者首选经头静脉放置起搏电极导线,并对寻找头静脉及电极导线植入方式做了较大的改进.电极导线的头端应固定在心腔内,切口内起搏器囊袋处的固定也十分重要.在电极导线送入心内前制作起搏器囊袋,并放置纱布压迫止血,对少数渗血较多的患者,局部适当加凝血酶或用电凝刀止血.鼓励患者术后早期下床（手术当日或次日）.结果 经头静脉送入起搏导线的成功率,在单腔起搏器为92.0%,双腔起搏器81.5%.术中及术后早期发生并发症5例（3.9%）,分别是：囊袋血肿3例（2.4%）,电极导线与起搏器连接处松动1例（0.8%）,心肌穿孔1例（0.8%）.无血气胸、电极导线脱位及起搏器囊袋感染发生.结论 经头静脉送入起搏电极导线可避免锁骨下穿刺所导致的并发症,在老年人中尤其重要;电极导线脱位主要与手术操作有关,而与早期下床活动无关;应采用适当方法达到囊袋内彻底止血,减少术后囊袋血肿及感染.     

116例永久起搏器植入术后并发症的分析

目的分析116例永久起搏器植入术后并发症发生的原因,探讨处理方法和减少并发症的策略。方法对2003年1月~2006年10月本院安装的116例永久起搏器患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果发生起搏器并发症共18例,术中严重心律失常发生1例,术后并发症发生17例,其中囊袋内积血及血肿9例,囊袋皮肤溃破起搏器外露1例,电极导线脱位2例,电极导线断裂2例,起搏介导性心律失常(PMT)1例,起搏综合征2例。结论提高起搏器并发症早期识别能力并及时处理,完善术前准备,术中规范操作,术后定期随访及加强对患者的宣教,可降低并发症的发生率。     

256例永久起搏器植入术后并发症的分析

目的：分析256例永久起搏器植入术后并发症发生的原因及防治。方法：收集256例永久性起搏器植入患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：发生起搏器术后并发症共28例,其中囊袋血肿12例,囊袋破溃感染2例,电极导线脱位2例,起搏综合征4例,心外肌肉收缩2例,精神神经症状3例,起搏器介导心动过速3例。结论：提高起搏器并发症早期识别能力并及时处理,完善术前准备,术中规范操作,术后定期随访及加强对患者的宣教,可降低并发症的发生率。     

起搏器植入术后囊袋并发症的临床分析及处理: 1368例报告

目的观察植入永久性心脏起搏器后的囊袋并发症,寻找其原因,探讨处理对策,以减少其发生率。方法系统性回顾总结白求恩国际和平医院心血管内科26年中1368例缓慢性或快速性心律失常患者囊袋并发症。结果1368例中,囊袋积血80例,发生率5．8％,抽吸或切开27例（2．0％）,囊袋积血与高龄、营养状况差、术前未停用抗凝药物、血小板低、分离制作囊袋术中解剖层次不对及操作不细致等因素有关,而与起搏器重量、起搏器类型等无明显关系;及时发现,延长压迫时间,根据情况抽吸积血往往奏效,个别需切开引流。囊袋破溃6例,发生率0．4％,囊袋破溃主要与起搏器重量较大、囊袋深浅和（或）位置和（或）大小与起搏器不匹配、多余的电极导线盘绕有张力和（或）在起搏器浅面等有关,个别与排斥有关。囊袋感染3例,发生率0．2％,均为囊袋破溃后起搏器外露继发感染;局部彻底清创消毒后囊袋易位,配合全身抗感染、加强营养等处理部分病例有效,最终解决感染问题需电极导线拔除。结论囊袋并发症与患者体质有关,术前准备不充分、术中操作不细致、术后压迫或处理不当等也会增加囊袋并发症;术前充分准备,术中规范操作,及时发现并恰当处理,囊袋并发症可降低。     

老年人永久起搏器置入术并发症的发生原因及处理策略

目的探讨老年人永久起搏器置入术并发症的发生原因及处理策略。方法393例老年患者，男251例，女142例，年龄60～94（77．5±5．3）岁。病态窦房结综合征237例，高度房室传导阻滞144例，双束支阻滞12例。置入单腔起搏器255例；双腔起搏器135例；三腔起搏器1例；置入性心脏除颤器2例。结果各种并发症共29例，发生率7．4％。导线电极移位14例（3．56％），囊袋血肿6例（1．53％）、囊袋感染3例（0．76％），废弃电极脱入右室、起搏器综合征各2例（0．51％），电极导线不全断裂、心肌穿孔各1例（0．25％）。结论做好充分的术前准备工作．术中熟练的无菌操作技术以及术后的密切观察和随访，可减少老年人永久起博器置入术并发症的发生；及时有效地处理并发症．可避免严重后果。     

75岁以上老年糖尿病患者植入心脏永久起搏器近期及远期随访研究

目的观察年龄≥75岁老年糖尿病患者植入心脏永久起搏器的近期及远期疗效及并发症。方法入选2005年1月至2013年12月在北京军区总医院干四科植入永久心脏起搏器年龄≥75岁老年患者89例,根据是否合并糖尿病,分为糖尿病组(n=38)与非糖尿病组(n=51)。随访及记录两组患者起搏器植入术后并发症发生情况及远期疗效。结果两组患者手术成功率均为100%,平均随访5年以上。两组患者起搏器植入后电极脱位、囊袋感染等并发症发生率无统计学差异(P0.05),随访过程中均未再发生黑朦、晕厥等临床表现,偶有患者有心悸心动过速表现,98.9%的患者生活质量得到改善。结论老年糖尿病患者在严格控制血糖水平下可与非糖尿病患者一样接受植入心脏永久起搏器治疗。     

起搏器囊袋并发症的临床分析

目的 探讨永久心脏起搏器患者发生囊袋并发症的可能原因、与年龄的关系及处理策略.方法 选择2003年9月～2013年8月于我院置入永久起搏器患者182例,分析囊袋并发症发生的原因.结果 发生起搏器囊袋血肿12例,总发生率为6.6％,其中≥80岁6例,发生率为6.5％;＜ 80岁6例,发生率为6.7％.囊袋破溃及感染2例,总发生率为1.1％,其中≥80岁1例,发生率为1.1％;＜ 80岁1例,发生率为1.1％.并发症的发生与术前未及时停用抗凝药物、术中止血不彻底、囊袋大小不合适有关,与年龄无关.结论 年龄不增加囊袋并发症的发生率,积极术前准备、术中规范操作、术后严格管理,可降低并发症发生的风险.     

经腋静脉和锁骨下静脉途径植入或拔除心内膜电极的对比研究

目的 探讨经皮腋静脉穿刺植入与拔除心内膜电极导线的可行性与安全性.方法 538例具有起搏器或植入式心律转复除颤器（implantable cardioverter defibrillator,ICD）植入指征的患者分为实验组与对照组,分别经腋静脉途径和经锁骨下静脉途径植入心内膜电极导线.对比分析两种途径植入心内膜电极导线的穿刺成功率和并发症.对同期入院因起搏器囊袋感染拔除心内膜电极导线的47例患者和81例起搏器升级患者的手术情况进行回顾分析,对比不同植入途径心内膜电极导线拔除成功率和增加心内膜电极导线的成功率.结果 实验组与对照组穿刺成功率及并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义[98.5％（268/272） vs.98.9％（263/266）,P＞0.05; 13.2％（36/272） vs.13.9％ （37/266）,P＞0.05].其中,对照组发生锁骨下静脉挤压综合征1例,气胸5例,实验组无一例发生气胸和锁骨下静脉挤压综合征.经腋静脉途径植入心内膜电极导线的拔除成功率及新增电极导线的植入成功率均高于经锁骨下静脉途径,差异有统计学意义[94.4％（17/18）vs.86.2％（25/29）,P＜0.05;97.2％（35/36）vs.88.9％（40/45）,P＜0.05].结论 经腋静脉途径植入心内膜电极导线安全可行,并为可能的电极导线拔除和起搏器升级增加心内膜电极导线预留更大的解剖空间,值得在临床推广应用.     

永久性心脏起搏器植入术后并发症的分析

目的：比较＜70岁患者与≥70岁患者起搏器植入后并发症的发生率,评估起搏器植入术后的安全性。方法选择237例于2006年1月至2011年12月在我院行永久性心脏起搏器植入患者的临床资料,根据年龄分为＜70岁组178例,≥70岁组59例,随访2年比较两组并发症发生情况。结果发生起搏器并发症25例（10.55%）,其中囊袋出血/血肿11例,囊袋破溃/感染4例,起搏器介导心动过速5例,起搏综合征4例,电极脱位/断裂1例,两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论起搏器植入术后并发症并未随年龄增长而明显增加。     

解剖法制作囊袋在心脏起搏器植入中的应用

目的 比较解剖法与常规法制作囊袋对囊袋并发症的影响.方法 入选2019年1月至2020年12月行永久起搏器植入术的患者153例,分别用解剖法(解剖组n=92)及常规法(常规组n=61)制作囊袋,比较囊袋的制作时间,术中出血情况,及术后囊袋外青紫、囊袋淤斑、囊袋出血及囊袋感染等情况.结果 ①两组间年龄、性别、植入单双腔起...     

462例永久起搏器置入术并发症的相关因素分析及防治对策

分析 4 6 2例永久起搏器置入术发生的并发症原因 ,以利减少其发生率。选择 1995年 3月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月因缓慢或快速心律失常置入起搏器或自动复律器 (ICD)的患者 4 6 2例。其中男 2 2 4例 ,女 2 38例 ;缓慢性心律失常4 4 8例、快速性心律失常 (室性心动过速或心室颤动 ) 14例 ;4 6 2例起搏器中单腔起搏器 2 4 1例、双腔起搏器 2 0 7例(包括部分双室起搏 )、三腔起搏器及ICD 14例。术后常见的并发症分别是囊袋内积血及血肿 (6 .1% )、电极导线脱位 (1.5 % )、囊袋破溃及感染 (1.1% ) ,积血的发生与年龄偏大和术后使用阿司匹林有关 ,电极导线的脱位主要是固定的、结扎线松开 ,电极导线固定不良所致 ;感染的发生主要在慢性期 ,尤其是更换起搏器的患者 ,考虑囊袋制作偏小、或与原起搏器形状不相称引起皮肤受压缺血 ,激发无菌性炎症 ,破溃后发生细菌性感染是其主要原因。结论 :采取相应措施 ,可以减少此类并发症。     

心脏起搏器术后并发症的分析及处理

目的 分析永久性心脏起搏器置入术后并发症的原因及处理方法.方法 回顾性分析325例心脏起搏器置入术后出现并发症患者的临床资料.结果 发生起搏相关的并发症包括囊袋血肿8例,电极穿孔2例,电极导线脱位4例,起搏器综合征3例,深静脉血栓3例,BackupVVI起搏1例,导线断裂1例.结论 充分认识起搏相关的各种并发症,重视术...     

起搏器植入术常见并发症分析

目的探讨起搏器植入术常见的并发症及防治方法。方法男188例，女122例，年龄22～85岁。310例起搏器中单腔起搏器94例，双腔起搏器216例，分析并发症的发生原因。结果共发生起搏器相关并发症25例，术后常见的并发症分别是囊袋血肿7例、电极导线脱位4例、囊袋破溃及感染9例，起搏器综合征5例。囊袋血肿的发生与术前使用阿司匹林有关，电极导线脱位、囊袋破溃及感染等大部分与手术有关，起搏器综合征与VVI起搏模式有关。结论加深对起搏器常见并发症的了解、提高鉴别能力、重视术前预防，术中规范操作和加强术后随访，可将起搏器并发症降低到低限。     

人工心脏起搏术后并发症的临床分析

我院自１９７３～１９９５年８月共植入永久性心脏起搏器８００例，术后各种并发症１４９例，发生率为１８．６％。并发症的发生与起搏方式、术中操作、起搏系统质量及起搏器使用不当有关。与起搏方式有关的并发症８２例，占并发症发生率的５５．０％；与手术有关的并发症３０例，占２０．１％；起搏系统并发症３７例，占２４．８％。对患者危害较大的并发症有ＶＶＩ起搏后心力衰竭、起搏器综合征及术后皮囊感染。并发症处理不当会影响起搏功能，重者可能危及到患者生命。本组并发症经及时处理绝大部分对患者预后无影响。并发症防止的重点应放在“预防”上，即合理选用起搏器及严把手术操作关。     

Long term performance of dual chamber pacemakers

Records of 98 patients who had dual chamber pacemakers implanted at our institution and had a follow up for at least 6 months (range 6-90 months, mean 47.8 months) were analysed for long term performance of the pacemakers. There were 78 males and 20 females in the age range of 14 to 81 (mean 51.1 +/- 13.6) years. The mode of pacing was VDD in 12, DVI in 9 and DDD in 77 patients. Atrial malsensing was seen in 15 (16.7%) cases and generally occurred within the first week of implantation. Atrial lead dislodgement occurred in 4 cases (4.1%). Most of the problems related to atrial lead could be managed conservatively and re-operation was performed in only 4 cases. Other problems encountered on follow up included cross talk in one, endless loop tachycardia in 4, and pulse generator pocket erosion or infection in 4 (4.1%) patients. There were two instances of ventricular undersensing and one instance of insulation failure in the ventricular lead. A total of 16 patients underwent elective replacement of pulse generator 53-84 months (mean 66.3) following the initial implants. It is concluded that the incidence of pacemaker malfunction and other problems with dual chamber pacemaker implantation are not high; and most cases can be managed by conservative measures such as reprogramming.     

中美两家综合医院老年人心脏双腔起搏器安置资料比较

目的比较中美两个医学中心老年患者安置永久性心脏双腔起搏器的资料。方法对两个医学中心的两组老年起搏器安置手术病例进行分析,比较下列指标:①心房和心室导线类型和入路,②心房和心室导线固定方法和位置,③皮肤切口和囊袋的制作和止血方式,④皮肤切口的缝合方式,⑤术后观察处理方式和时间,⑥围术期起搏器功能和并发症,⑦随访1个月起搏器功能和并发症。结果两个医学中心各入选30例老年连续病例,基本临床资料两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),但VUMC组体重明显高于心研所组,以往接受冠状动脉搭桥和支架治疗的病例多于心研所组(P<0.05)。两组病例手术成功率均为100%,无死亡或严重并发症。心研所组采用被动固定导线、结扎压迫式止血、切口拆线式缝合。VUMC组采用主动固定导线、囊袋和切口电凝止血和抗生素液冲洗、非拆线式皮内缝合技术,其在囊袋并发症、住院时间和围术期适应性方面明显优于心研所组。结论对老年患者安置心脏永久起搏器时,采用主动固定导线、对囊袋和切口电凝止血和冲洗、对切口作非拆线式皮内缝合可以避免术后长时间卧床、明显缩短住院时间、减少围术期并发症、改善患者对围术期和起搏系统的适应性。     

INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL PACING

Fifty patients, aged 23 to 88 years, with permanent rate-responsive dual chamber pacemakers were studied prospectively for 14.1 ± 11.4 (S.D.) months after implantation to assess the benefits and complications associated with this technique. In 12 patients the device replaced a ventricular demand pacemaker. Minor complications associated with implantation occurred in one case. Atrial leads required repositioning because of increase in threshold and/or problems of sensing in five cases and ventricular leads in five. There were two patients with symptomatic pacemaker-related arrhythmias necessitating reprogramming; one patient with pacemaker-mediated tachycardia and one with pacemaker autoinhibition. Seven patients have died; one suddenly and possibly related to a pacemaker-triggered arrhythmia. Of 43 living patients, five are now programmed to the ventricular demand mode; two with atrial fibrillation, one with failed atrial lead repositioning, one with persistent sinus tachycardia, and one because of angina pectoris. Thirty-six of the 43 living patients are asymptomatic and a further six are symptomatically improved. All 12 patients changed from ventricular demand pacing have less symptoms. Rate-responsive dual chamber pacing is safe and appears to improve symptoms in most cases. Complications are infrequent and usually easily overcome. This mode of pacing should be considered in all patients with normal sinoatrial function in whom a permanent pacemaker is indicated.     

Pacemaker longevity. Replacement of the device

Life expectancy of patients implanted with cardiac pacemakers has largely increased, so that generator replacement is becoming an important part of the activity in most of the implanting centers. In more than 70% of the cases, the indication for pacemaker replacement is normal battery depletion. Since the new devices are more and more sophisticated and smaller, longevity optimization becomes a real challenge. The main determinant of pacemaker longevity is the output programmed for the pulse generator. It mainly depends on the output voltage and duration settings. The pacing impedance and the percentage of time with pacing are other major determinants of pacemaker longevity. Each manufacturer provides specific policy but the battery voltage and internal impedance are the more accurate and easy-to-obtain battery depletion parameters. The magnet rate is still frequently used but is less valuable since it can drop abruptly at the end of battery life. The complication rate of pacemaker replacement is three-fold higher than the one of first implant. Infections, skin erosions and lead related complications are not uncommon. The replacement should be systematically preceded by the checking of several points including the patient's pacemaker dependency, the necessity to replace or extract one or several leads, the venous system status, the compatibility between the new generator and the leads and the necessity to upgrade the pacing system or to change the pacemaker pocket.     

Permanent Cardiac Pacing in the Elderly Patient: Is Selection of the Pacing Mode Important?

Most pacemaker recipients are elderly, and advanced age does not constitute a contraindication to the implantation of a permanent pacemaker. However, pacing in the older patient should no longer be regarded simply as a way to prevent Stokes-Adams attacks or life-threatening bradyarrhythmia. A VVI pacemaker for everyone is now inappropriate, especially in active and otherwise healthy older patients. Selection of the optimal devise or pacing mode in older patients requires an understanding of how aging affects the cardiovascular system (left ventricular diastolic dysfunction) and the natural history of disease, especially sick sinus syndrome after pacemaker implantation. Many retrospective and nonrandomized studies focusing mostly on the sick sinus syndrome have indicated that atrial-based pacing improves the quality and duration of life when compared to single lead ventricle pacing. The lower incidence of chronic atrial fibrillation in patients with atrial-based pacemakers compared to VVI devices is of great importance in the elderly, in whom this arrhythmia is associated with greater morbidity and mortality than in younger individuals. The decreased mortality associated with atrial-based pacing compared to single lead ventricular pacing seems to favor patients older than 70 years. There is now a growing realization that implantation of dual chamber pacemakers in the elderly is cost-effective on a long-term basis by avoiding or reducing the complications associated with single lead ventricular pacing, thereby reducing the need for repeated hospitalizations and medical care.