缺血预处理对心肌缺血再灌注诱发凋亡的保护机制

目的：通过观察心肌细胞凋亡指数与心肌中Fas、C-fOS表达阳性率的变化,探讨缺血预处理对心肌缺血再灌注诱发细胞凋亡的保护作用及与心肌中Fas、c-fos基因表达的关系. 方法：将入选大鼠随机分为假手术对照组（A组）、缺血组（B组）、缺血再灌注组（C组）、缺血预处理组（D组）,每组15只,测定各组大鼠心肌中细胞凋亡和Fas、c-fos的表达,并分析三者之间的相关性. 结果：与A组比较,B、C及D组大鼠的心肌凋亡指数、心肌中Fas与c-fos的阳性率均升高（P＜0.01）;与C组比较,B组及D组大鼠的心肌凋亡指数、心肌中Fas与C-fOS的阳性率均降低（P＜0.01）.Pearson相关分析显示心肌凋亡指数、Fas、c-fos三者之间存在显著正相关. 结论：缺血预处理可能通过下调凋亡相关基因Fas、c-fos的表达,减少细胞凋亡而发挥心肌保护作用.     

人参皂甙Re对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及Fas基因表达的影响

目的 :观察人参皂甙Re(以下简称Re)对缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及Fas基因表达的影响 ,探讨Re抑制心肌细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法 :结扎Wistar大鼠左冠状动脉前降支 ,建立大鼠缺血再灌注动物模型 ;采用透射电镜、缺口末端标记法检测心肌凋亡细胞 ,利用光学显微镜进行细胞计数 ;原位杂交及免疫组化分别检测Fas基因mRNA及蛋白的表达 ,并利用图像分析系统测量阳性表达区域平均光密度值 ,进行定量分析。结果 :①透射电镜发现缺血再灌注组缺血区出现心肌凋亡细胞 ,假手术组未发现心肌凋亡细胞 ;②缺血再灌注组心肌细胞凋亡数为 (134.4 5± 4 5 .6 1)个 /视野 ,Re治疗组细胞凋亡数 (90 .6 6± 19.2 2 )个 /视野 ,两组间差异有非常显著性意义 (P<0 .0 1) ;③原位杂交及免疫组化检测均发现Fas基因的表达缺血再灌注组较假手术组明显增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,Re治疗组较缺血再灌注组明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :心肌缺血再灌注诱导心肌细胞凋亡 ,Re治疗则可以显著减少缺血再灌注心肌细胞的凋亡。Re通过抑制Fas基因的表达而抑制心肌细胞凋亡     

成年大鼠心肌缺血再灌注后X染色体连锁凋亡抑制蛋白的动态表达变化

目的 测定心肌缺血再灌注过程中X染色体连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（XIAP）动态表达变化,探讨其与缺血再灌注损伤所致心肌细胞凋亡的关系.方法 将健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为两组,手术组和伪手术组,每组根据再灌注时间再分为6组：缺血30min,再灌注0、1、2、3、12、24 h组.采用半胱天冬酶-3（Caapaae-3）活性检测判定大鼠心肌细胞凋亡发生情况;用Western Blot和实时定量PCR技术分别检测各组心肌组织中XIAP的蛋白和基因表达水平.结果 Caspase-3活性从心肌缺血再灌注1 h开始升高,再灌注12 h活性最大,再灌注24 h趋于正常.心肌缺血再灌注3 h,XIAP蛋白表达开始降低,再灌注12 h表达最低;而XIAP的mRNA水平表达各组差异无统计学意义.结论 成年大鼠心肌缺血再灌注后Caspase-3活性增高可能与XIAP表达降低有关,提示XIAP表达降低可能参与了心肌缺血再灌注诱导的细胞凋亡.     

慢性心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及Fas基因、FasL(Fas蛋白配体)的变化

目的本实验将探讨腹主动脉缩窄所致慢性心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞凋亡与Fas及Fas蛋白配体(Fas Ligand, FasL)基因表达的变化,揭示二者与心力衰竭发展过程的关系.方法以腹主动脉缩窄法建立大鼠慢性心力衰竭模型.30只大鼠随机分成假手术组、手术左室代偿性肥厚组(简称肥厚组)及手术心衰组.采用原位末端脱氧核糖核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)观察发生心衰的大鼠和同期仅左室肥厚而未发生心衰的大鼠的心肌细胞凋亡情况,同时以免疫组化ABC显色法分别检测Fas与FasL蛋白水平变化,以逆转录聚合酶链反应法检测Fas基因mRNA的表达改变,从而探讨心肌组织中Fas基因的蛋白与mRNA表达水平与心肌细胞凋亡的关系以及二者在心衰发展过程中的作用.结果假手术组心肌中仅有少许心肌细胞凋亡,实施手术的代偿性肥厚组与心衰组大鼠均有心肌细胞凋亡发生,但心衰组心肌细胞凋亡的数目明显高于对照组.大鼠经腹主动脉缩窄术后4周,左室肥厚而未发生心衰的大鼠其心肌组织Fas蛋白阳性染色指数明显高于假手术组,但Fas配体蛋白阳性染色指数与假手术组间无显著性差异;而发生心衰的大鼠其心肌组织Fas及Fas配体蛋白阳性染色指数明显高于肥厚组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).与假手术组和肥厚组相比较,心衰组心肌组织Fas基因的mRNA表达也上调(P＜0.05).结论实验性心衰大鼠心肌细胞凋亡、Fas基因的蛋白与mRNA表达水平及FasL蛋白表达均增加,心肌细胞出现凋亡可能是心脏由代偿性心肌肥厚向心衰转变过程中的重要机制,心肌组织Fas水平的升高可能与这一改变有关,并可能是其促进因素;心肌细胞凋亡与Fas/FasL系统参与了慢性心力衰竭的发生、发展过程.     

PRE-084预处理对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察Sigma-1受体激动剂PRE-084对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法将15只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、PRE-084组,每组5只。PRE-084组手术前1 h给予1 mg/kg PRE-084,假手术组和缺血再灌注组给予等体积的生理盐水,结扎前降支半小时再灌注24 h。应用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记测定法(TUNEL)检测心肌凋亡指数,反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测Sigma-1受体、Bcl-2、Bax mRNA表达情况。结果与缺血再灌注组比较,PRE-084组凋亡指数下降,Sigma-1受体、Bcl-2 mRNA上升,Bax mRNA表达下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论PRE-084预处理可减少大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤引起的细胞凋亡,其机制可能为通过Sigma-1受体增加Bcl-2表达、降低Bax表达。     

福辛普利对实验性心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞凋亡和Fas、Fas配体基因表达的影响

目的:探讨实验性心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞凋亡和心肌组织Fas、Fas配体(FasL)蛋白及其信使核糖核酸(mRNA)表达的变化及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)干预的影响及意义.方法:将30只健康Wistar大鼠,随机分为假手术组(n=10)、慢性心力衰竭组(n=10)和福辛普利组(n=10).通过缩窄Wistar大鼠腹主动脉建立慢性心力衰竭模型,以福辛普利进行干预,对照观察血流动力学、心肌细胞凋亡、心肌组织Fas、FasL蛋白及其mRNA表达的变化.结果:与假手术组相比,慢性心力衰竭组左心室舒张末压、心率显著升高(P＜0.01);收缩压、舒张压、平均压、左心室收缩压、左心室内压最大收缩率、左心室内压最大舒张率显著降低(P＜0.01).福辛普利组舒张压、左心室收缩压、左心室舒张末压、心率显著低于慢性心力衰竭组(P＜0.01),左心室内压最大收缩率、左心室内压最大舒张率显著高于慢性心力衰竭组(P＜0.01).慢性心力衰竭组心肌细胞凋亡指数、心肌组织Fas、FasL蛋白及其mRNA表达水平显著高于假手术组(P＜0.05),福辛普利组心肌细胞凋亡指数、心肌组织Fas、FasL蛋白及其mRNA表达水平显著低于慢性心力衰竭组(P＜0.05).结论:慢性心力衰竭的发生、发展过程中有心肌细胞凋亡的变化及Fas/FasL系统的参与;心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞凋亡指数、心肌组织Fas、FasL蛋白及其mRNA表达水平增高,福辛普利长期干预慢性心力衰竭,能够降低细胞凋亡及Fas、FasL基因的表达,可能与其减少Fas/FasL系统介导的细胞凋亡的发生、改善心肌功能有关.     

福辛普利对大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤心肌细胞Caspase-3表达的影响

目的观察福辛普利对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡关键酶Caspase-3表达的影响。方法结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支,30 m in后松开结扎线,假手术组只穿线不结扎,大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血/再灌注组、福辛普利组（20 mg/kg）。福辛普利组分别于术前24 h及术前2 h灌胃给药,观察24 h后心肌细胞电镜下的形态改变和Caspase-3 mRNA的表达。结果福辛普利组电镜下肌丝肌节清晰,而缺血再灌注组闰盘结构不清,肌丝断裂,大鼠心肌Caspase-3 mRNA表达灰度值福辛普利组为0.37±0.03,缺血/再灌注组为1.14±0.05（P<0.01）。结论福辛普利可以使心肌缺血/再灌注后的Caspase-3的表达下降。     

腺苷对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌IGF-1蛋白的影响

目的 观察腺苷对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡与胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)蛋白的关系.方法 取Wistar大鼠24只,随机分成3组,随机分为假手术组(iv组)、缺血再灌注模型组(1/R组)、缺血再灌注后腺苷处理组(AD组),每组8只.通过结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支(LAD) 30 min和灌注2h造成心肌缺血再灌注损伤.采用TUNEL法观察心肌细胞凋亡;利用免疫组化法检测IGF -1蛋白的表达.结果 I/R组心肌细胞凋亡指数和IGF-1蛋白表达较iv组升高(P＜0.05);与I/R组相比,AD组心肌细胞凋亡指教明显降低,而IGF-1蛋白表达明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 腺苷可抑制心肌细胞凋亡,明显提高IGF -1蛋白表达水平,对缺血再灌注损伤心肌有保护作用.提示腺苷可减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤,作用机制与提高IGF-1蛋白表达水平和抗心肌细胞凋亡作用有关.     

竹叶总黄酮抗大鼠心肌细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的研究竹叶总黄酮对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法用在体左冠状动脉前降支穿线结扎法制备心肌缺血再灌注模型。将60只SD大鼠分为6组：假手术组，缺血再灌注组，竹叶总黄酮高、中、低剂量组，阳性对照组每组10只。缺血30min，再灌注240min。采用缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）以及免疫组化法，检测心肌细胞凋亡千分率、Bcl-2、Bax、Cyt-c和caspase-3基因蛋白表达。结果TUNEL实验表明竹叶总黄酮能明显降低心肌组织凋亡的发生；与假手术组比较，缺血再灌注组Bax、Cyt-c、Bcl-2和caspase-3阳性表达增强（P〈0．01）；与缺血再灌注组比较，竹叶总黄酮明显抑制了Bax、Cyt-c和caspase-3表达但没有抑制Bcl-2表达。结论竹叶总黄酮对心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

脑缺血再灌注后bcl-2、caspase-3 mRNA水平表达与大脑皮质及纹状体区炎性细胞浸润

目的探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注后bcl-2蛋白、caspase-3 mRNA的表达及炎性细胞浸润与神经细胞凋亡的关系。方法将54只Wistar大鼠随机分为二组：假手术组，缺血再灌注组。采用原位末端标记(TUNEL)、免疫组化和原位杂交技术分别观察脑缺血再灌注后不同时间点神经细胞凋亡及损伤的变化与bcl-2、caspase-3 mRNA表达。结果bcl-2表达于缺血再灌注12～24h达高峰，再灌注2—4d呈下降趋势，至16d略高于假手术组；caspase-3 mRNA于缺血再灌注12—24h达高峰，2—4d呈降低趋势，至16d略高于假手术组。结论脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡介导神经细胞损伤、坏死是一个渐进的动态演变过程。bcl-2蛋白、caspase-3 mRNA表达在抑制细胞凋亡和介导神经细胞损伤等方面起非常重要的作用。     

妊娠时间与肺结核复发的相关性研究及诊治对策

目的 分析肺结核史患者妊娠时间和肺结核复发间相关性.方法 选取我院收治的有肺结核史的妊娠妇女576例作为研究对象,对其妊娠前肺结核治疗、治愈后妊娠时间、妊娠后复发肺结核等进行分析,总结有肺结核史育龄女性的妊娠时间和肺结核复发之间的关系.结果 肺结核治愈后不同时间段妊娠者的结核复发率比较,差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）,停药后间隔时间越久妊娠,肺结核复发的几率越小.结论 加强孕期痰菌检查,及早发现复发肺结核,提高母婴安全.     

我国骨关节结核诊治的回顾与展望

骨关节结核是危害人们健康的严重感染性疾病,近95％由他处结核病继发而来.罹患骨关节结核疾病后几乎均将致残,严重影响人们的健康、工作和生活.建国以来在党和国家的关心和支持下,骨关节结核的诊治水平取得了长足进步.时至今日,由于多种原因,学科发展和被重视程度受到一定的制约,同整个医疗行业的发展不相适应.回顾过去,展望未来,我们需要重新审视骨关节结核的诊治方法,努力推进骨关节结核诊疗技术的科学发展.     

Effect of phosphorylation of MAPK and Stat3 and expression of c-fos and c-jun proteins on hepatocarcinogenesis and their clinical significance

AIM To study the effect of phosphorylation ofMAPK and Stat3 and the expression of c-fos andc-jun proteins on hepatocellular carcinogenesisand their clinical significance.METHODS SP immunohistochemistry was usedto detect the expression of p42/44~(MAPK), p-Stat3,c-fos and c-jun proteins in 55 hepatocellularcarcinomas (HCC) and their surrounding livertissues.RESULTS The positive rates and expressionlevels of p42/44~(MAPK), p-Stat3, c-fos and c-junproteins in HCCs were significantly higher thanthose in pericarcinomatous liver tissues (PCLT).A positive correlation was observed between theexpression of p42/44~(MAPK) and c-fos proteins, andbetween p-Stat3 and c-jun, but there was nosignificant correlation between P42/44~(MAPK) and p-Stat3 in HCCs and their surrounding livertissues.CONCLUSION The abnormalities of Ras/Raf/MAPK and JAKs/ Stat3 cascade reaction maycontribute to malignant transformation ofhepatocytes. Hepatocytes which are positive forp42/ 44~(MAPK), c-fos or c-jun proteins may bepotential malignant pre-cancerous cells.Activation of MAPK and Stat3 proteins may be anearly event in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.     

Effect of phosphorylation of MAPK and Stat3 and expression of c-fas and c-jun proteins on hepatocarcinogenesis and their clinical significance

AIM To study the effect of phosphorylation ofMAPK and Stat3 and the expression of c-fos andc-jun proteins on hepatocellular carcinogenesisand their clinical significance.METHODS SP immunohistochemistry was usedto detect the expression of p42/44MAPK, p-Stat3,c-fos and c-jun proteins in 55 hepatocellularcarcinomas (HCC) and their surrounding livertissues.RESULTS The positive rates and expressionlevels of p42/44MAPK, p-Stat3, c-fos and c-junproteins in HCCs were significantly higher thanthose in pericarcinomatous liver tissues (PCLT).A positive correlation was observed between theexpression of p42/44MAPK and c-fos proteins, andbetween p-Stat3 and c-jun, but there was nosignificant correlation between p42/44MAPK and p-Stat3 in HCCs and their surrounding livertissues.CONCLUSION The abnormalities of Ras/Rat/MAPK and JAKs/ Stat3 cascade reaction maycontribute to malignant transformation ofhepatocytes. Hepatocytes which are positive forp42/ 44MAPK, c-fos or c-jun proteins may bepotential malignant pre-cancerous cells.Activation of MAPK and Stat3 proteins may be anearly event in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.     

Overweight and Obesity and Progression of ADPKD

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Replication and Inhibitors of Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses

The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.     

血清C-反应蛋白和红细胞分布宽度在AECOPD与稳定期的变化及意义

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者急性加重期入院、出院时血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)和红细胞分布宽度(RDW)与正常人的差异。方法分别检测健康老年组(年龄≥65岁)、COPD急性加重期患者入院、出院时CRP和RDW水平,比较组间各指标的差异。结果急性加重期患者入院、出院时CRP和RDW水平均高于健康老年组,入院时CRP水平高于出院时(P0.01),入院、出院时RDW水平无统计学差异。结论 CRP和RDW可一定程度评估COPD病情及反映病情变化。     

Effects of sex and time of day on metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice

Non-invasive techniques to monitor stress hormones in small animals like mice offer several advantages and are highly demanded in laboratory as well as in field research. Since knowledge about the species-specific metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoids is essential to develop such a technique, we conducted radiometabolism studies in mice (Mus musculus f. domesticus, strain C57BL/6J). Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 740 kBq of 3H-labelled corticosterone and all voided urine and fecal samples were collected for five days. In a first experiment 16 animals (eight of each sex) received the injection at 9 a.m., while eight mice (four of each sex) were injected at 9 p.m. in a second experiment. In both experiments radioactive metabolites were recovered predominantly in the feces, although males excreted significantly higher proportions via the feces (about 73%) than females (about 53%). Peak radioactivity in the urine was detected within about 2h after injection, while in the feces peak concentrations were observed later (depending on the time of injection: about 10h postinjection in experiment 1 and about 4h postinjection in experiment 2, thus proving an effect of the time of day). The number and relative abundance of fecal [3H]corticosterone metabolites was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC separations revealed that corticosterone was extensively metabolized mainly to more polar substances. Regarding the types of metabolites formed, significant differences were found between males and females, but not between the experiments. Additionally, the immunoreactivity of these metabolites was assessed by screening the HPLC fractions with four enzyme immunoassays (EIA). However, only a newly established EIA for 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,11beta,21-triol-20-one (measuring corticosterone metabolites with a 5alpha-3beta,11beta-diol structure) detected several peaks of radioactive metabolites with high intensity in both sexes, while the other EIAs showed only minor immunoreactivity. Thus, our study for the first time provides substantial information about metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice and is the first demonstrating a significant impact of the animals' sex and the time of day. Based on these data it should be possible to monitor adrenocortical activity non-invasively in this species by measuring fecal corticosterone metabolites with the newly developed EIA. Since mice are extensively used in research world-wide, this could open new perspectives in various fields from ecology to behavioral endocrinology.     

心电图、心电向量图与冠状动脉造影结果对比分析

目的:通过分析心电图(Electrocardiogram,ECG)和心电向量图(Vectorcardiogram,VCG)的改变与冠脉造影（CAG）结果进行对比,探讨ECG、VCG在冠状动脉病变中的诊断价值。方法: 选择2008年1月~2009年12月临床拟诊断为冠心病患者108例,行常规ECG、VCG检查,并于1周内进行CAG,对检查结果依据各自的诊断标准进行判定,以CAG为标准诊断法,利用四格表法,计算相关评价真实性的指标并进行比较。结果: ①VCG检测的灵敏度、特异度、准确度显著高于ECG(P<0.05,P<0．01)。②ECG、VCG阳性率与冠脉病变支数组间比较:在单支病变、双支病变中,VCG阳性率明显高于ECG(P<0.05),左主干或三支病变无统计学意义;组内比较:ECG组左主干或三支病变组较单支病变、双支病变阳性率高(P<0.05,P<0.01);VCG组左主干或三支病变组较单支病变阳性率高(P<0.05);与双支病变阳性率比较无统计学意义;③ECG、VCG阳性率与冠脉病变程度组间比较:冠脉病变狭窄50%～69%的VCG阳性率明显高于ECG (P<0.05),其他两组阳性率比较无统计学意义;组内比较:ECG组冠脉病变狭窄≥90%较50%～69%、70%～89%的阳性率高(P<0.05,P<0.01); VCG组狭窄≥90%较50%～69%阳性率高（P<0.01),其他无统计学意义。结论: VCG对冠心病检测价值显著高于ECG。     

Detection and characterization of the product of hydroethidine and intracellular superoxide by HPLC and limitations of fluorescence

Here we report the structural characterization of the product formed from the reaction between hydroethidine (HE) and superoxide (O(2)(.-)). By using mass spectral and NMR techniques, the chemical structure of this product was determined as 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)). By using an authentic standard, we developed an HPLC approach to detect and quantitate the reaction product of HE and O(2)(.-) formed in bovine aortic endothelial cells after treatment with menadione or antimycin A to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species. Concomitantly, we used a spin trap, 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO), to detect and identify the structure of reactive oxygen species formed. BMPO trapped the O(2)(.-) that formed extracellularly and was detected as the BMPO-OH adduct during use of the EPR technique. BMPO, being cell-permeable, inhibited the intracellular formation of 2-OH-E(+). However, the intracellular BMPO spin adduct was not detected. The definitive characterization of the reaction product of O(2)(.-) with HE described here forms the basis of an unambiguous assay for intracellular detection and quantitation of O(2)(.-). Analysis of the fluorescence characteristics of ethidium (E(+)) and 2-OH-E(+) strongly suggests that the currently available fluorescence methodology is not suitable for quantitating intracellular O(2)(.-). We conclude that the HPLC/fluorescence assay using HE as a probe is more suitable [corrected] for detecting intracellular O(2)(.-).