嵌合染色体变异全基因组关联研究进展

嵌合染色体变异(mCA)指体细胞突变大规模发生在染色体上使体内有多种核型细胞系的现象, 被视为人类衰老表型之一。mCA与血液系统癌症、心脑血管疾病等多种慢性病存在关联, 但mCA自身的遗传基础(遗传易感位点等)尚在探索。本文对基于大型人群的常染色体mCA、性染色体mCA[Y染色体嵌合缺失(mLOY)和X染色体嵌合缺失(mLOX)]的全基因组关联研究进行综述。其中, 常染色体mCA研究发现的遗传易感位点多与拷贝数中性杂合性缺失类型关联;性染色体mCA的研究多聚焦于嵌合缺失突变, mLOY遗传易感位点数目较多(最多达156个), 而mLOX遗传易感位点数目则较少。     

中国10个地区成年人外周血嵌合染色体变异的流行病学分布特征

目的描述外周血嵌合染色体变异(mCA)在我国10个地区30～79岁自然人群的流行病学分布特征。方法纳入中国慢性病前瞻性研究(CKB)10个项目地区中已有基线数据(人口学特征、生活方式、体格检查等)和外周血基因分型数据的100 297名研究对象, 通过嵌合染色体变异工作流计算mCA表型检出率, 采用logistic回归比较mCA检出率在不同地区、不同特征人群间的分布差异。结果共检出5 810名mCA携带者, 检出率为5.8%, 标化后检出率为5.1%。mCA检出率随基线年龄增长逐渐升高, 30～、51～、>60岁人群检出率分别为3.4%、5.0%和9.4%(趋势检验P<0.001);男性检出率(8.0%)高于女性(4.0%), 城市检出率(6.4%)高于农村(5.3%), 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。调整年龄、性别和10个地区后, 当前吸烟或因病戒烟者、低体力活动水平者mCA检出率较高, 肥胖者mCA检出率(5.3%)低于正常体重者(5.9%), 差异有统计学意义(P=0.006)。结论我国10个地区30～79岁自然人群的mCA检出率存在地区和人群分布差异。相...     

临汾市直机关在职人员代谢综合征患病调查

<正>代谢综合征(MS)是多种心血管疾病危险因素在同一个体异常聚集的病理状态,其组分包括中心型肥胖、高血压、糖调节受损或糖尿病、血脂异常等多种代谢性症候。近年来,随着经济的增长、生活方式的改变以及人口老龄化进程的加快,MS已成为威胁人类心脑血管健康的重要因素,倍受国内外关注。为了解临汾市直机关干部人群MS及其相关疾病的流行现状,笔者进行了MS流行病学调查。     

《社会流行病学》的发展和未来

社会流行病学主要研究人群健康的社会分布和社会因素(家庭、工作环境、生活环境和政治经济)对人群健康的影响,是流行病学的一个分支学科,是一门交叉学科,但是有其自己独有的特点。社会流行病学在国际上早已受到广泛关注,但在中国,社会流行病学起步较晚,有待进一步的发展。     

镇江市农村献血员及相关人群HBV、HCV、HIV感染调查

为了解献血员及其周围人群中病毒性肝炎(肝炎)、HIV感染现状及其分布特征,更好地保护献血员及周围人群的身体健康,对镇江市农村献血员及其相关人群进行了肝炎、HIV感染流行病学调查,现将结果报告如下.     

镇江市农村献血员及相关人群HBV、HCV、HIV感染调相

为了解献血员及其周围人群中病毒性肝炎(肝炎)、HIV感染现状及其分布特征，更好地保护献血员及周围人群的身体健康，对镇江市农村献血员及其相关人群进行了肝炎、HIV感染流行病学调查，现将结果报告如下。     

社会流行病学及其应用

流行病学是"研究人群中疾病与健康状况的分布及其影响因素,并研究防制疾病及促进健康策略和措施的科学."[1].流行病学的研究内容包括疾病/健康结局及其影响因素,目的 是探索或明确导致疾病或促进健康的因素.根据研究侧重点不同,流行病学派生出很多分支.社会流行病学是一门新兴的侧重于研究"原因"的分支学科.本研究拟从历史、概念、理论、方法等方面简要介绍社会流行病学.     

名词解释

1流行病学（epidemiology） 流行病学是研究人群中疾病与健康状况的分布及其影响因素,并研究防制疾病及促进健康的策略和措施的科学。2流行过程（epidemic process）指病原体从已感染者排出,经过一定传播途径,又侵入易感者而形成新的感染,并不断发生,发展的过程。     

致突变物与遗传疾病

人类基因组（指染色体上蕴藏的全部基因）的遗传信息影响着人类的生殖、发育、衰老和疾病，尤其是生殖细胞的基因、染色体突变带来的遗传疾病，是遗传和环境因素共同作用的结果，具有家族性和遗传性特征，在现代人类疾病谱中占有重要的地位。     

后全基因组关联研究时代的基因组流行病学研究策略

人类基因组计划的完成预示着生命科学研究进入基因组时代,基因组流行病学是利用流行病学方法研究基因组遗传变异在疾病发生发展中的作用.随着国际人类单体型计划(HapMap)的推进和高通量基因型检测技术的成熟,全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study,GWAS)成为基因组流行病学高效的研究策略.GWAS利用高通量的基因型检测平台,在全基因组范围内同时研究几十万甚至上百万个SNP,在较大样本量的研究对象中筛选与疾病或性状相关的SNP位点,并利用一个或多个独立人群进行验证,最终确定与疾病或性状表型相关SNP位点.     

海南百岁老人主要健康指标及其与生存质量的关联研究

百岁老人作为研究健康老龄化的"模板人群", 探索其健康长寿特征及其相关影响因素, 有助于探讨我国人口老龄化背景下实现健康长寿的可能路径。近年来, 包括中国海南百岁老人队列研究(CHCCS)在内的长寿人群观察性研究报道了百岁老人主要健康特征与生存质量的关联。本文旨在综述CHCCS近年来发现的相关研究证据并结合国内同类研究结果进行分析。其中主要健康指标包括血压、血脂、血糖、血红蛋白、身体测量指标和肾功能等;生存质量及健康结局包括饮食、营养、健康相关生活质量、日常活动能力、老年综合征等。以期为制定健康老龄化政策提供相关人群流行病学证据。     

金华市婺城区城市老龄化居民视力现况调查

目的：了解城市老龄化居民视力现况,探讨其影响因素,提高他们生存质量。方法：以WHO全球老龄化与成人健康研究（SAGE）家庭及个人问卷调查资料为基础,采用SPSS13.0做统计学分析,相关影响因素用多因素Log istics回归分析。结果：婺城区城市居民远视力低下占72.4%,近视力低下占92.0%,白内障患病率为12.5%,这一比例随年龄增高而增加,眼盲为0.3%;影响视力的危险因素主要为男性、低文化程度、高血压和糖尿病。结论：视力低下是影响老年人生活质量的主要因素,需要加强中老年人视光和眼保健知识的宣传,通过对高血压、糖尿病、白内障等疾病的筛查和治疗,减少中老年人视力低下的患病率。     

金华市婺城区城市老龄化居民肥胖率调查

目的：了解城市老龄化居民肥胖现患率及控制情况,探讨其影响因素。方法：以WHO全球老龄化与成人健康研究（SAGE）家庭及个人问卷调查、体格测量资料为基础,采用SPSS13.0做统计学分析,相关影响因素用多因素Log istics回归分析。结果：婺城区城市老龄化居民超重与肥胖患病率为34.03%和8.54%;中心性肥胖率男性为55.26%,女性为49.02%,随年龄增大,中心性肥胖率下降;年龄、静坐时间是肥胖主要危险因素,超重与肥胖是高血压的危险因素,不同的BM I指数,高血压患病率不同。结论：婺城区城市老龄化居民超重与肥胖患病率处于较高的水平,而超重与肥胖是许多心脑血管疾病的主要危险因素,是最主要的公共卫生问题。在老龄化人群中,要创建生活规律、合理饮食、适当运动、心情舒畅的生活环境,增加老年人活动场所和文体活动机会,减少静坐时间,以控制老龄化人群超重与肥胖的患病率,减少其他疾病的发生。     

Making home-delivered meal programs relevant for today’s aging adult

Journal of Public Health - The growing aging population increases the need for community food programs like home-delivered meals. This study explored factors influencing aging adults’...     

Factors influencing participation among adults aging with long-term physical disability

BackgroundPeople aging with long-term physical disability (AwPD) experience barriers to participation and independent living. There are currently limited evidence-based interventions that address issues regarding participation for people AwPD.ObjectiveThis study examined factors influencing participation in personal and life activities among people AwPD to inform future interventions.MethodsA cross-sectional study within an ongoing, community-based cohort study of participation was conducted. A purposive sample of people AwPD aged 45–65, living with a physical disability for at least five years, and who speak English was recruited through disability organizations, aging organizations, and social media. Participants answered open-ended questions about what supports they needed to successfully participate in nine activity categories derived from the Health and Retirement Study participation items (e.g., employment, community leisure). A content analysis was conducted using NVivo to categorize responses, and member checking occurred with four additional people AwPD.ResultsA total of 215 participants completed the survey. Eight categories of factors emerged from the data: physical environment factors, social factors, symptoms, economic factors, policy factors, body structure and functions, mental and emotional state, and temporal factors. Participant responses illuminated a combination of environmental and individual factors. Physical effects of disability and accelerated aging, such as pain and fatigue, paired with environmental factors, such as accessibility of transportation, were reported as influencing participation.ConclusionsPeople AwPD experience a range of factors that substantially impact their ability to remain independent and participate in society. By identifying barriers to participation, new interventions addressing these barriers may be developed, resulting in more effective service provision, enhanced participation in personal and life activities, and improved health and well-being.     

Where they live, how they play: Neighborhood greenness and outdoor physical activity among preschoolers

Background

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a major public health problem caused by various factors. It is essential to systematically investigate the epidemiological and, in particular, the ecological factors of DR-TB for its prevention and control. Studies of the ecological factors can provide information on etiology, and assist in the effective prevention and control of disease. So it is of great significance for public health to explore the ecological factors of DR-TB, which can provide guidance for formulating regional prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Anti-TB drug resistance data were obtained from the World Health Organization/International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (WHO/UNION) Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, and data on ecological factors were collected to explore the ecological factors for DR-TB. Partial least square path modeling (PLS-PM), in combination with ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, as well as geographically weighted regression (GWR), were used to build a global and local spatial regression model between the latent synthetic DR-TB factor ("DR-TB") and latent synthetic risk factors.

Results

OLS regression and PLS-PM indicated a significant globally linear spatial association between "DR-TB" and its latent synthetic risk factors. However, the GWR model showed marked spatial variability across the study regions. The "TB Epidemic", "Health Service" and "DOTS (directly-observed treatment strategy) Effect" factors were all positively related to "DR-TB" in most regions of the world, while "Health Expenditure" and "Temperature" factors were negatively related in most areas of the world, and the "Humidity" factor had a negative influence on "DR-TB" in all regions of the world.

Conclusions

In summary, the influences of the latent synthetic risk factors on DR-TB presented spatial variability. We should formulate regional DR-TB monitoring planning and prevention and control strategies, based on the spatial characteristics of the latent synthetic risk factors and spatial variability of the local relationship between DR-TB and latent synthetic risk factors.     

成功老龄化影响因素及其不同理论模型预测效用研究

目的 探讨不同理论模型中成功老龄化（SA）的影响因素。方法 随机抽取某疗养院230名老年人,通过问卷调查和量表评估收集相关数据,并采用二元逻辑回归对不同理论模型的影响因素进行分析比较。结果 86名老年人满足 SA 三维（患病状况-身心功能-社会功能）模型标准,占37.39％;51名老年人满足 SA 四维模型标准（患病状况-身心功能-社会功能-主观幸福）,占22.17％。年龄和受教育程度2个因素在 SA 三维模型下预测效用达到显著性水平,可解释总变异的69.10％。年龄、心理韧性和主观支持3个因素在 SA 四维模型下预测效用达到显著性水平,可解释总变异的79.12％。结论 SA 影响因素分析受理论模型影响较大。     

基于积极老龄化背景下农村老年人老化期望现状及影响因素研究

目的 调查农村老年人老化期望现状与影响因素。方法 采取便利抽样法,选取湖南省6个农村共443名老年人作为调查对象,应用老化期望量表、感知年龄歧视调查表、老年人夫妻依恋问卷（修订版）、一般疏离感量表进行调查,并通过单因素、相关性与多因素分析,探讨影响农村老年人老化期望的相关因素。结果 农村老年人老化期望总分为67.00（61.00,74.00）分,依恋安全与老化期望呈正相关（r=0.587,P<0.01）,感知年龄歧视、依恋焦虑、依恋回避、疏离感与老化期望呈负相关（-0.477