丙炔菊酯的毒性研究

目的 了解丙炔菊酯的急性与亚慢万籁 毒辣性、刺激性、突变性和致敏性。方法 按国家标准GB15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》进行大鼠急性经口、经皮与吸入毒性试验。小鼠急性皮下、腹腔注射试验。皮肤致敏试验,Ames试验和亚慢性经口试验,结果 大鼠急性经口LD50;雌性为501mg/kg,雄性为926mg/dkg;经皮LD50;雌性为2610mg/kg,雄性大于2150mg/kg;急性吸入LC50为471.5dmg/dm^3;小鼠急性皮下注射LD50;雌性为2710mg/kg,雄性为2370mg/kg;急性腹腔注射KL50;雌、雄鼠均为316mg/kg;眼、皮肤刺激为轻度刺激性;Ames试验为阴性;皮肤致敏率为6.7%;亚慢性经口毒性试验最大无作用剂量为每天2.340mg/kg。结论 丙炔菊酯的急性经口、经皮毒性为低毒级,急性吸入毒性为中毒级;为弱致敏物,无致突变性。     

溴氰菊酯毒性和致突变性的研究

目的　了解溴氰菊酯的毒性、刺激性、蓄积毒性、致敏性和致突变性。方法　按标准方法分别作大小鼠急性经口毒性 ;大鼠经皮、吸入毒性 ;皮肤、眼刺激性 ;大鼠蓄积毒性和亚慢性经口毒性试验 ;豚鼠致敏试验 ;致突变试验包括Ames、小鼠骨髓微核和睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验。结果　大小鼠急性LD50 分别为 2 78mg/kg和 5 6 2mg/kg ;大鼠经皮LD50 >2 0 0 0mg/kg ;急性吸入LC50 >3 0 0 0mg/m3 ;无皮肤刺激性 ,轻度眼刺激性 ;蓄积系数 2 3 ;致敏率为 0 ;Ames试验结果阴性 ;微核和染色体在高剂量组 ( 11 2 4mg/kg)与阴性对照组相比有高度显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;大鼠 90天亚慢性经口的最大无作用剂量为 2 82 5mg/kg。结论　溴氰菊酯有明显的蓄积作用 ,为弱致敏物 ,一定剂量下可引起骨髓微核和睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变率增加 ,提示它是一种可能致突变物     

10％联苯菊酯水乳剂的急性毒性研究

目的研究10%联苯菊酯水乳剂的急性毒性,为其毒理安全性评价和农药的登记提供依据。方法按《农药登记毒理学试验方法(》GB15670-1995)及《农药登记资料规定(农业部2007)》进行急性经口、经皮、吸入毒性、皮肤及眼刺激试验、皮肤致敏试验。结果 10%联苯菊酯水乳剂对雌雄性SD的大鼠急性经口LD50雌、雄性均为271mg/kg b.wt.属中等毒类;对雌雄性SD大鼠急性经皮的LD50雌、雄性均为4 300mg/kg b.wt.,属低等毒类;对雌雄性SD大鼠的急性吸入LC50(2h)雌、雄性均大于5 000mg/m3,属微毒类;对雌雄性家兔的急性眼刺激性,未冲洗时急性眼刺激积分指数为6.0,平均指数为2.5,属轻度刺激性。对雌雄性家兔的急性皮肤刺激性,积分为0.0,属无刺激性。受试物原药致豚鼠致敏率为0.0%,属弱致敏物。结论 10%联苯菊酯水乳剂经口、经皮、吸入毒性分别为中低、微毒类,轻度眼刺激性、无皮肤刺激性、弱致敏性的农药。     

溴氰菊酯原药的毒性研究

目的 :研究国产溴氰菊酯原药使用的安全性。方法 :按GB1 5 6 70 - 1 995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》进行二阶段毒性测试。结果 :溴氰菊酯原药对雌雄小鼠急性经口LD50 分别为 2 3.31mg/kg .bw和 2 7.1mg/kg .bw ,雌雄大鼠急性经口LD50 均为 5 8.4mg/kg.bw。雌雄大鼠急性吸入LC50 分别为 794mg/m3和92 6mg/m3。雌雄大鼠急性经皮LD50 均大于 2 1 5 0mg/kg.bw。急性皮肤及眼刺激试验均属无刺激性。皮肤致敏试验、小鼠睾丸染色体试验、微核试验及Ames试验结果均为阴性。结论 :在本实验剂量下观察到溴氰菊酯原药对小鼠的毒性明显高于大鼠     

除草剂噻磺隆原药的毒性及致突变性研究

目的　了解噻磺隆原药的毒性及致突变性。方法　选择大鼠、豚鼠及家兔 ,采用经口、经皮肤、黏膜染毒途径 ,研究其急性毒性。同时用Ames实验、微核实验、小鼠睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变实验进行致突变性研究。结果　噻磺隆原药的大鼠经口LD50 大于 464 0mg/kg ;家兔皮肤及眼刺激强度为轻度刺激性 ;豚鼠皮肤变态反应实验为弱致敏性 ;Ames实验阴性 ,在 10 0 0～ 5 0 0 0mg/kg剂量范围小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率无显著增高 ;噻磺隆原药各剂量组染色体畸变细胞率与阴性对照组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　噻磺隆原药属于低毒、弱致敏性农药 ,在本实验条件下 ,噻磺隆原药无致突变作用     

重质芳烃的毒性及致突变性

目的　了解重质芳烃的毒性及致突变性。方法　选用大鼠、豚鼠及家兔 ,采用经口、呼吸道及皮肤、粘膜染毒途径 ,研究其急性毒性和蓄积性。同时用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、人体外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换 (SCE)试验及小鼠精子畸形试验进行致突变性研究。结果　重质芳烃的大鼠经口LD50 为 3 160mg/kg ,急性中毒表现为发抖、嗜睡、活动减少、腹泻、食欲不振直至死亡 ;家兔皮肤及眼刺激强度为轻度刺激性 ;豚鼠皮肤变态反应试验为中等致敏性 ;大鼠蓄积系数 2 2 4为强蓄积性 ,病理呈现以肺出血为主要致死原因的多器官损害。Ames试验阴性 ;在 3 16～ 15 80mg/kg剂量范围小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率显著增高 (P <0 0 1) ;在S9存在下 ,人外周血SCE频率较对照组显著增高 (P <0 0 1) ;小鼠精子畸形率在 15 80mg/kg下显著增高 (P <0 0 1)。结论　重质芳烃不仅是强蓄积、中等致敏性物质 ,且 3种遗传毒性试验呈阳性反应 ,具有间接致突变性 ,对其职业性接触及应用的安全性应予高度重视。     

2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-六硝基二苯基乙烯的急性毒性评价

目的研究不敏感含能材料2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-六硝基二苯基乙烯(HNS)的急性经口毒性、急性眼刺激性、皮肤刺激性、皮肤致敏毒性,为HNS的职业健康防护提供理论指导。方法根据《化学品毒性鉴定技术规范》,采用SD大鼠、豚鼠、日本大耳白兔进行急性经口毒性、皮肤致敏毒性、急性眼刺激性和皮肤刺激性试验。结果急性经口毒性采用最大限量法一次性染毒,14 d观察期内大鼠无死亡,大体解剖无异常;急性眼刺激性试验,兔染毒0.1 g HNS后,眼刺激性总积分平均值为0分,未发现损伤作用;皮肤刺激性试验,兔染毒0.5 g HNS后,皮肤刺激性总积分平均值为0分,未观察到腐蚀性和刺激性;皮肤致敏试验,20只豚鼠染毒0.4 ml HNS,诱导浓度为1 000 mg/ml,激发浓度为500 mg/ml,激发接触24 h后共有5只豚鼠皮肤出现轻微红斑或水肿,48 h后染毒组皮肤反应恢复正常。染毒组阳性致敏率与阴性对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论根据毒性分级标准进行判定,HNS低毒,无眼刺激性和皮肤刺激性,具有轻度致敏性。     

蟑螂细小病毒杀虫剂安全性毒理学实验研究

目的　为对蟑螂细小病毒杀虫剂 (简称ssDNA)进行毒理学评价。方法　进行大鼠急性经口LD50 、经皮LD50 、5周致病性试验 ,豚鼠皮肤致敏、小鼠骨髓微核以及兔眼刺激试验。结果　ssDNA对大鼠急性经口LD50 大于 5 0 0 0mg/kg ,经皮LD50 大于40 0 0mg/kg ,均属低毒。经 5周致病性观察 ,个别指标在个别时间与对照组有差异 ,但无明显特异性和剂量 -反应关系 ,无明显致病性依据。 3 0h给药法经腹腔注射的小鼠骨髓微核为阴性。对豚鼠致敏率为 0。对兔眼无刺激性。结论　ssDNA不失为无毒性、无致病性、无诱变性、无致敏反应的安全天然生物杀虫剂     

环庚三烯的急性毒性研究

目的　了解环庚三烯的急性经口、经皮、吸入毒性及急性皮肤刺激和眼刺激作用。方法　按国家标准GB15 670 -1995进行。结果　NIH小鼠经口LD50 为 13 4 9mg/kg ,SD大鼠经皮LD50 大于 5 0 0 0mg/kg ,NIH小鼠吸入LC50 为162 7 7mg/m3 ,新西兰白兔的皮肤刺激强度平均分值为 3 5 ,急性眼刺激积分指数 (I .A .O .I .)最高数为 2 7;平均指数 (M .I .O .I .) 4d后为 3 5。结论　环庚三烯经口和吸入毒性属中毒级 ,经皮毒性属低毒性 ,皮肤刺激属中等刺激性物质 ,对眼属轻度至中度刺激性。     

三唑磷原药的急性毒性试验研究

目的了解三唑磷的急性经口、经皮吸入毒性及急性眼刺激,皮肤刺激作用。方法按国家标准GB15670—1995进行。结果三唑磷对雌雄大鼠的急性经口LD50分别为58.4、68.1mg/kg;急性经皮LD50分别为316、430mg/kg;急性吸入LC50>2000mg/kg;急性眼刺激积分指数(I.A.O.I.)最高值为25;眼刺激平均指数(M.I.O.I.)4d为3.5;皮肤刺激强度平均分值为0.75。结论三唑磷经口和经皮毒性属于中等毒,吸入毒性属于低毒,对眼睛有轻度至中度刺激性,对皮肤有轻度刺激性。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.