轮状病毒腹泻的预防

轮状病毒是婴幼儿重型腹泻的首要病原。轮状病毒感染很广泛,单一地改善公共卫生环境并不能完全控制疾病的传播,而免疫预防是控制疾病流行的最佳措施。为预防轮状病毒重型腹泻,目前轮状病毒疫苗已在美国获准使用。首先使用的疫苗为四价恒河猴-人轮状病毒重组减毒活疫苗(RRV-TV),其保护效果好。深入了解轮状病毒感染的流行病学、流行株的多样性,有助于人们制定疫苗的发展策略以及推广疫苗的使用。     

乙型肝炎病毒转基因小鼠模型的研究现况

HBV转基因动物模型是研究HBV感染与致病机制的基础,同时也是筛选抗病毒药物的前提,所以理想动物模型的建立就显得尤为重要。近年来,作为最佳模型生物的小鼠成为这一转基因动物中的热点。此文就目前HBV转基因小鼠模型的制备方法及其特点进行综述。     

幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型的研究

幽门螺杆菌为一种感染率极高的病原菌,动物模型的建立对疫苗研制、临床治疗及致病机制的研究有着重要的作用。本文综述了近年来国外幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型的研究进展,并对几种成功的动物模型及存在的问题作了介绍。     

轮状病毒流行病学与疫苗研究进展

轮状病毒是全球5岁以下儿童严重腹泻的最常见病因,绝大部分3~5岁儿童均感染过该病毒。轮状病毒疫苗可预防该疾病,但服用疫苗后肠套叠危险性增加,曾经使轮状病毒疫苗的研发及使用陷入困境。21世纪以来新轮状病毒疫苗的相继问世给轮状病毒的防制带来了希望。本文就轮状病毒的流行病学、轮状病毒疫苗的安全性及有效性等方面进行综述。     

幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型的研究

幽门螺杆菌为一种感染率极高的病原菌,动物模型的建立对疫苗研制,临床治疗及致病机 的研究有着重要的作用。本文综述了近年来国外幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型的研究进展,并对几种成功的动物模型及存在的问题作了介绍。     

黄病毒DNA疫苗的实验研究进展

黄病毒科黄病毒属病毒种类繁多,其结构与功能特点相似。黄病毒所致疾病以其不同的病毒株而分布于世界诸多国家或地区,我国以流行性乙型脑炎与登革热为常见疾病。目前仍有一些黄病毒疾病(如登革热等)尚难采用灭活或减毒活疫苗方式进行有效控制,即使部分疾病(如流行性乙型脑炎等)得到了有效控制,但是上述疫苗所带来的诸多问题仍一直为人们所关注。近来,DNA疫苗的研究在黄病毒疫苗领域甚为活跃,许多黄病毒株可建立合适的感染动物模型,更为此方面研究带来了质的飞跃。本文以流行性乙型脑炎与登革热病毒为主要论述主体,对近年黄病毒DNA疫苗实验研究现状作了综述。     

铜绿假单胞菌动物感染模型的构建及研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌是一种致病机制和耐药机制复杂、发病率和死亡率高的机会致病菌, 可致免疫功能低下个体各种组织部位的急、慢性感染, 临床以肺部感染、伤口感染和血流感染最为常见。铜绿假单胞菌动物感染模型通过模拟人体细菌感染途径, 对深入研究铜绿假单胞菌致病性、耐药性及其防治措施具有重要的应用价值。本文就铜绿假单胞菌动物感染模型构建中实验动物的选择、麻醉和处置进行概述, 并对铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染、伤口感染和血流感染动物模型的构建方法、模型评估以及应用进行阐述, 以期为铜绿假单胞菌感染性疾病相关科学研究工作提供参考。     

实验感染戊型肝炎病毒动物模型的研究进展

根据国内外文献报道,多种动物（马、猪、牛、羊、鼠等）体内抗戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）抗体阳性,提示HEV是人兽共患病。为进一步探明HEV的动物宿主、传播方式及致病机制,本文对实验感染HEV动物模型的研究进展进行了综述。     

维尔博狂犬病疫苗安全性分析

中和抗体是反映疫苗效果的有效重要指标之一。因此 ,选择合适的敏感动物作为实验动物成为疫苗免疫效果检定方法中很重要的内容。目前各个国家用于出血热试验选用动物比较混乱 ,世界卫生组织也没有统一规定 ,即没有建立动物模型[1] 。研究出血热最早是韩国 ,目前采用豚鼠作为检测中和抗体的实验动物[2 ] 。中国药品生物制品检定所 (检定所 )暂规定用白色家兔作为实验动物。本实验的目的是在现有实验动物中筛选出一个对出血热敏感 ,个体差异小 ,能产生高滴度抗体的标准动物 ,为以后建立出血热动物模型作些先期工作。一、材料与方法1.疫苗 :选…     

中医药化学试验研究中实验动物的选择与动物模型的应用

动物实验在中医药化学实验研究中发挥着重要作用,当今,中医药的现代化离不开动物实验研究.因此我们要特别注意实验动物的选择,实验动物选择的正确与否,不仅影响到实验结果的准确性和精确度,而且还关系到整个实验的经费支出以及整个实验过程.中医化学实验中的动物模型是以中医理论为指导,选择与人体机能相似的某些动物作为实验载体,对人类疾病原型的某些特征进行模拟复制,创造出的具有人工疾病和证的实验动物.本文主要来讲中医药化学实验研究中实验动物的选择与动物模型的应用.     

2017年泰州市重点职业病危害因素接触人员职业健康风险评估分析

依据《江苏省重点职业病监测与职业健康风险评估工作实施方案》要求，分析泰州市职业健康检查、职业病诊断与鉴定、职业病患者工伤保险待遇落实及职业病报告信息。结果显示，2017年职业健康检查共16759人，检出职业病10例，疑似职业病23例，职业禁忌证22人。职业病患者均已享受工伤保险待遇。泰州市重点职业病危害因素为电焊烟尘、矽尘和噪声，应进一步加强职业健康监护工作。     

Impact of maternal and pre-existing antibodies on immunogenicity of inactivated rotavirus vaccines

Rotavirus (RV) is a major pathogen causing severe diarrhea in infants and children aged less than 5 years. Vaccination is an economically feasible and effective strategy to prevent rotavirus infections. However, immune efficacy of live vaccines could be interfered by maternal antibodies and pre-existing antibodies of children. To develop an inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV), we had previously isolated a wild-type human rotavirus strain ZTR-68-A (G1P[8]) from the fecal samples of infants having severe diarrhea in a region endemic for the presence of this pathogen. In our present study, we assessed whether the presence of maternal and pre-existing antibodies in newborn BALB/c mice affected the immunogenicity of IRV administered to these animals. Our results indicate that maternal antibodies, generated from either vaccine immunization or rotavirus infection, showed partial influence with the immune responses generated by two doses of IRV vaccination. Increasing the number of immunizations can significantly improve the titer of serum neutralizing antibody and a seroconversion rate of up to 100%. In newborn mice, single-virus infection did not elicit detectable levels of serum neutralizing antibodies. After an IRV vaccination, the immune responses of these mice remained unaffected, with no significant differences in titers compared with those of control-group mice. In summary, choosing a suitable immunization dose and dosing frequency is essential for the immune effectiveness of IRV. The results of this study will provide animal experimental support for the IRV clinical research in future.     

Animal models to study neonatal nutrition in humans

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The impact of neonatal nutrition on the health status of the newborn and incidence of disease in later life is a topic of intense interest. Animal models are an invaluable tool to identify mechanisms that mediate the effect of nutrition on neonatal development and metabolic function. This review highlights recently developed animal models that are being used to study neonatal human nutrition. RECENT FINDINGS: In recent years, mice, rats, and pigs have become the most frequently used animal models to study human neonatal nutrition. Techniques for rearing newborn mice, preterm rats, and preterm pigs have been developed. Neonatal mice have great potential for mechanistic and genomic research in postnatal nutrition and related diseases. The neonatal pig model is valuable to study acute and chronic effects of parenteral and enteral nutrition on whole-body metabolism as well as specific tissues. To date, a wealth of information from studies with neonatal pigs has been applied to humans. SUMMARY: Further development of neonatal animal models related to nutrition is required for the advancement of research in early postnatal nutrition. Improvement of nutritional support during this critical period of development will enhance immediate clinical outcomes and possibly prevent diseases later in life.     

Immunity and correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. The tremendous global incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis, especially in developing countries, emphasizes the need for vaccines to prevent associated morbidity and mortality. However, immunity to rotavirus is not completely understood. At this time, total serum RV IgA, measured shortly after infection, appears to be the best marker of protection against rotavirus. This review describes the current understanding of rotavirus immunity, including mechanisms of protection against rotavirus from selected animal models, and correlates of protection associated with natural infection or vaccination from humans.     

HBV小鼠动物模型的研发进展

HBV是导致肝硬化和肝细胞癌的主要原因。目前全球约有2.4亿HBV感染者,其中每年约100万人死于HBV所引起的肝脏疾病,是全球主要的公共卫生问题之一。然而HBV是宿主种属特异性极强的嗜肝病毒,只能在几种特定的动物中感染复制。因此,研究支持HBV感染的动物模型,对HBV感染和致病机制的认识,以及有效治疗方案的快速研发具有重要的作用。当前,HBV感染模型的不断升级有力推动了HBV的病毒学研究,特别是HBV小鼠模型的不断开发为HBV研究提供了便捷的研究工具,本文将对这一领域的研究作一综述。     

Experimental infection of non-human primates with a human rotavirus isolate

Several rotavirus candidate vaccines have been developed and are at various stages of evaluation. In order to assess the safety and efficacy of these candidate vaccines, an appropriate non-human primate model is desirable. In earlier studies, we reported the presence of naturally occurring anti-rotavirus antibodies in monkeys and demonstrated that parenteral vaccination of baboons led to production of specific rotavirus antibodies in their milk. In the present study, we assessed the possibility of developing the baboon and the vervet monkey as an animal model for rotavirus studies by inoculating them with a pathogenic human rotavirus isolate prepared from the fresh faeces obtained from a child suffering from rotavirus diarrhoea. Preliminary studies have showed excretion of rotavirus in the faeces of 5 of 5 vervets monkeys and 1 of 2 baboons, by antigen ELISA and SDS-PAGE. These results were confirmed by RT-PCR and electron microscopy. The animals also showed elevation of IgG and high titres of virus neutralising antibodies. These data indicate that baboon and vervet monkeys may be useful models for human rotavirus infection and for pre-clinical evaluation of rotavirus candidate vaccines.     

Inactivated rotavirus vaccines: a priority for accelerated vaccine development

Live oral rotavirus vaccines have proven to be generally safe and effective to prevent severe dehydrating diarrhea among children in high and some middle income countries. However, concerns linger about rare but severe adverse events, such as intussusception and their efficacy against the full range of rotavirus serotypes. More importantly, live oral vaccines have been less immunogenic and results of trials to assess their efficacy in poor children of both Africa and Asia will not be available for 2-3 years. This review describes the rationale for developing an inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) as an alternative approach should live oral vaccines not work well in these challenging populations. Studies have demonstrated the protective role of serum antibody in animals and children and the robust serum antibody response and protection against rotavirus infection in animal models following parenteral immunization with IRV. Four years after licensing the first new generation of rotavirus vaccine, we still remain several years away from knowing how well they work in the target populations. Research to develop alternative approaches should be fostered as an insurance policy to protect against suboptimal efficacy or unanticipated adverse events that could hinder global immunization and protection of all children.     

Science-based assessment of animal welfare: laboratory animals

The use of animals in experimental research parallels the development of medicine, which had its roots in ancient Greece. The increasing demand for high-standard animal models, together with a critical view of the way animals are used, has led to the development of a multidisciplinary branch of science we now know as 'laboratory animal science'. The guiding principles are replacement, reduction and refinement (the Three Rs), first proposed by Russell and Burch in 1959. When animals are used, the people involved have an obligation to safeguard their welfare and minimise discomfort; this will also generally be beneficial for both the animal and the experimental outcome. The ability of an animal to cope with the environment and exert control over its life seems to be crucial for animal welfare. In this paper, attention is paid to the assessment of welfare, environmental factors affecting welfare, legislative requirements and future trends such as the production and use of genetically modified animals.     

Epidemiology of selected mycobacteria that infect humans and other animals

This paper provides a summary of salient clinical and epidemiological features of selected mycobacterial diseases that are common to humans and other animals. Clinical and diagnostic issues are discussed and related to estimates of the incidence and prevalence of these diseases among humans. Source of infection, route of transmission and control measures are also presented. The mycobacteria discussed in this paper are Mycobacterium bovis, M. ulcerans, M. leprae and M. avium complex, although this is by no means a complete list of the mycobacteria common to humans and other animals. Certain generalities can be made regarding these species of mycobacteria and their occurrence in humans and other animals; firstly, current understanding of the epidemiology and control of many of the resultant diseases is incomplete; secondly, environmental sources other than animal reservoirs may play a role in transmission (with M. leprae perhaps being the exception); and thirdly, the incidence and prevalence of these diseases in many countries of the world are unclear, principally because of the complexity of diagnosis and lack of reporting systems.