后腹腔镜手术与开放肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术疗效的比较

目的:评价后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床效果。方法:对后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者19例(后腹腔镜手术组)与同期行开放手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者14例(开放手术组)进行疗效比较。结果:后腹腔镜手术组:19例均成功;肿瘤最大直径1.8~9.5(4.1±1.7)cm;手术时间40~180(90±35)min;出血量15~100(40±25)ml;术后止痛剂应用次数1次;术后下床活动时间2~4(2.1±0.4)天;术后住院时间4~8(6.0±1.5)天。开放手术组:14例均成功;肿瘤最大直径2.1~11.5(3.9±1.5)cm;手术时间95~260(140±41)min;出血量100~700(310±118)ml,6例输血;术后止痛剂应用次数5次;术后下床活动时间4~7(5.1±0.9)天;术后住院时间8~12(9.1±1.2)天。结论:对有较丰富腹腔镜手术经验的术者,后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术显著优于传统开放手术,具有安全、有效、创伤小、疼痛轻、康复快、住院时间短等优点,可作为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的首选方法。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的适应证及手术安全性. 方法采用后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者15例(双侧2例),腹主动脉旁嗜铬细胞瘤1例.对照组为开放手术治疗的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤16例,腹主动脉旁嗜铬细胞瘤1例.结果后腹腔镜手术组16例患者行后腹腔镜手术18例次,17例次取得成功,1例因术中出血改行开放手术.肿瘤最大径2.0～6.5(3.8±1.6)cm.手术时间45～150(85±31)min,出血量10～100(32±22)ml.术后吗啡用量0～40(12.5±7.8)mg;术后恢复进食时间1～3(1.8±0.7)d;下床活动时间2～3(2.3±0.5)d;术后住院时间4～9(6.5±1.3)d.开放手术组肿瘤最大径1.5～6.0(4.3±1.3)cm.手术时间90～240(155±39)min,出血量50～600(273±105)ml,9例输血.术后吗啡用量10～120(61±24)mg;术后恢复进食时间2～4(2.9±0.5)d;术后下床活动时间3～6(4.8±0.7)d;术后住院时间8～11(8.8±0.9)d.结论对于有一定腹腔镜手术经验者,后腹腔镜手术并不增加嗜铬细胞瘤手术的危险性,且具有手术时间短、出血少、创伤小、疼痛轻、康复快等优点.该法有望成为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的首选手术方法.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(附37例报告)

目的 评价腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性及临床价值.方法 对25例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者采用腹腔镜经腹腔途径手术治疗.结果 25例全部成功,无1例中转开放手术,无严重并发症发生.肿瘤最大径1.5～10.8 cm,平均4.8 cm;手术时间45～130 min,平均70 min;术中出血量30～180ml,平均65ml,均未输血;术后住院4～7天,平均6.1天;术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.全部病例获得随访6～72个月.患者血压正常,B超或CT复查均未见肿瘤复发.结论 腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤具有手术时间短、出血少、损伤小、恢复快、安全性高、并发症少等优点,可替代开放手术.     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性及临床价值.方法 对25例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者采用腹腔镜经腹腔途径手术治疗.结果 25例全部成功,无1例中转开放手术,无严重并发症发生.肿瘤最大径1.5～10.8 em,平均4.8 cm;手术时间45～130 min,平均70 min;术中出血量30～180 ml,平均65 ml,均未输血;术后住院4～7天,平均6.1天;术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.全部病例获得随访6～72个月,患者血压正常,B超或CT复查均未见肿瘤复发.结论 腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤具有手术时间短,出血少、损伤小、恢复快、安全性高、并发症少等优点,可替代开放手术.     

嗜铬细胞瘤182例手术治疗分析

目的提高嗜铬细胞瘤的治疗水平。方法回顾性分析2003年9月至2011年6月本院手术治疗182例嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料,并进行各项指标的统计分析。结果所有患者均成功手术切除肿瘤。嗜铬细胞瘤腹腔镜组（LA）15例无中转开放手术,切除肿瘤直径3.5～7cm,平均（5.2±1.58）cm;出血量20～700mL,平均（48±39）mL;手术时间70～180min平均（122.0±43.3）min;术后下床活动时间1～3d,平均（2.2±0.7）d;住院时间5～8d;平均（6.5±1.4）d。嗜铬细胞瘤开放手术组143例,切除肿瘤直径4.5～18.5cm,平均（6.2±3.1）cm;出血量60～2 200mL,平均（220±118）cm;手术时间80～240min,平均（122.0±43.3）min;术后下床活动时间2～5d,平均（4.1±0.8）d;住院时间7～15d,平均（9.3±1.7）d。副神经节瘤组24例,肿瘤直径5.0～9.5cm,恶性肿瘤15例。结论对有较丰富腹腔镜手术经验的术者,后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术手术时间短、出血量少、对患者的刨伤小,是治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效的方法;推荐开放手术治疗副神经节瘤。     

腹腔镜与开放手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性和疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜手术与开放手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析南京鼓楼医院2010年10月至2014年3月间住院确诊为嗜铬细胞瘤的58例患者临床资料,左侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤22例,右侧26例,双侧2例,异位嗜铬细胞瘤8例。按手术方式分为腹腔镜组和开放组,比较两组术中、术后及预后相关指标。结果两组58例手术均获得成功,术后病理均确诊为嗜铬细胞瘤。腹腔镜组和开放组的手术时间分别是(162±56)min和(213±44)min(t=3.30,P=0.001);术中出血量分别是(158±402)ml和(1081±825)ml(z=-3.44,P=0.000);术后住院时间分别是(9±2)d和(12±2)d(t=4.14,P=0.000);肿瘤估算体积分别是(34±53)cm3和(197±397)cm3(z=-3.46,P=0.000);腹腔镜组(41例)的术中输血、术中高血压、术后并发症的例数分别是7例、18例、1例,开放组(17例)则分别为12例、8例、4例,除术中高血压差异不明显外,两组的术中输血、术后并发症的例数均差异显著。两组58例均获随访,随访时间为5~42个月,两组疗效满意,均未出现肿瘤复发和转移。结论腹腔镜手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效;同样适用于异位嗜铬细胞瘤的手术治疗。     

腹腔镜嗜铬细胞瘤切除术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性及有效性评估

目的 探讨腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的手术疗效及安全性.方法 选取2004年1月至2009年11月在山东省立医院泌尿微创中心的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者65例,其中32例采用开放肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术,33例采用腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术;回顾性分析了相关指标,包括术中是否出现血压剧烈波动,设定≥50 mmHg为剧烈波动,手术时间、术中出血、输血例数、引流量、引流管留置时间、手术切口长度等指标,比较两组的手术疗效有无统计学差异并评价腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的有效性及安全性.结果 对于直径≤10 cm的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,腹腔镜组与开放组在手术疗效上无明显差异,但腹腔镜组的平均手术时间、平均出血量、平均输血例数、平均引流管留置时间、平均手术切口长度等指标均明显低于开放组.结论 腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术与开放手术比较.手术疗效无统计学差异,但是前者具有痛苦少、创伤小、手术时间短、术后恢复快等优点,采用腹腔镜切除肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤是一种非常有效的手术方法.尤其对于肿瘤偏小、黏连较轻的病例,腹腔镜手术优势越明显.     

腹腔镜与开放手术在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术中血流动力学变化的对比研究

目的探讨气腹和腹腔镜操作对肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤术中血流动力学的影响。方法回顾性分析2004年4月~2013年5月手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤101例的临床资料,腹腔镜组49例,开放组52例,记录2组在麻醉插管后、建立气腹/手术开始、游离肿瘤、肿瘤切除后、返回复苏室5个时点动脉收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、心率(HR)的变化,比较术中心动过速(HR100次/min)、高血压危象(血压180/100 mm Hg)、低血压(SP90 mm Hg)的发生率以及手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间。结果 2组5个时间点的SP、DP、HR以及术中血流动力学不稳定(发生高血压危象、心动过速或低血压3种情况中的至少1种)的发生率,心动过速、高血压危象、低血压发生率差异均无显著性(P0.05)。腹腔镜组手术时间短[(99.4±36.2)min vs.(154.5±75.0)min,t=-4.751,P=0.000],术中出血少[中位数50(10~1300)ml vs.300(50~10 000)ml,Z=-6.529,P=0.000],术后住院时间短[(5.8±1.9)d vs.(10.8±4.6)d,t=-7.188,P=0.000]。结论CO2气腹在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤术中能得到良好的耐受,腹腔镜手术与开放手术相比并不增加特别的风险。因为其损伤小、恢复快,腹腔镜可以作为嗜铬细胞瘤手术的首选。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床评价

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析了2006年10月～2010年10月在我院行后腹腔镜或开放手术治疗的46例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料，对两种手术方法的术中术后情况进行了分析。结果后腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血率、术中血压心率波动率均显著低于开放手术组，相比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；后腹腔镜组术后入ICu率和引流时间显著低于开放手术组，相比较有显著性差异（P〈O．05）；而两组大部分患者术后血压均获得改善，切口脂肪液化发生率低，两组相比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术前充分准备的基础上行后腹腔镜嗜铬细胞瘤切除术是安全有效的。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤9例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的可行性及疗效. 方法回顾性分析2002年10月～2004年11月9例后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的临床资料. 结果 9例手术均获成功,无严重并发症.术中3例出现血压骤升,幅度超过30 mm Hg,调整操作强度及阻断中央静脉后好转.手术时间90～210 min,平均150 min.术中出血量30～150 ml,平均50 ml,均未输血.术后住院4～9 d,平均5 d.术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.9例随访3～24个月,平均11个月,临床症状消失,B超或CT检查未见肿瘤复发. 结论后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术可行,损伤小,手术时间短,出血少,术后恢复快,并发症少,疗效好,临床应用前景广泛.     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: morbidity compared with adrenalectomy for tumors of other pathology

PURPOSE: We report our experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in nine patients with pheochromocytoma and compare the morbidity with that of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for tumors of other pathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and November 1999, nine patients underwent laparoscopic surgery for pheochromocytoma via a transperitoneal approach. Of the patients, eight had solitary tumors, and one presented with bilateral pheochromocytomas. The mean size of the tumors was 5.4 cm. The surgical outcomes of the 9 patients were compared with those of 28 patients with adrenal tumors of other pathology (primary aldosteronism in 15 patients, Cushing syndrome in 6, and nonfunctioning adenoma in 7) who underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy during the same period. The mean size of the adrenal tumors of other pathology was 2.4 cm. RESULTS: In eight of the nine patients with pheochromocytoma, laparoscopic adrenalectomy was successful. The procedure was converted to open surgery in the patient with bilateral tumors because of uncontrollable hemorrhage. A hypertensive crisis with the systolic blood pressure >200 mm Hg occurred in 6 patients (67%), but the episode could be controlled by temporary discontinuation of tumor manipulation, administration of drugs, or both. In adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, the mean operative time was longer (199 v 177 minutes) and the mean estimated blood loss was greater (360 v 54 mL) than for tumors of other pathology. Blood transfusion was given to two patients with pheochromocytoma but to no patient with tumors of other pathology. The patients with adrenal tumors of other pathology could resume normal activity earlier (mean 18 v 26 days) than those with pheochromocytoma. CONCLUSION: The operation is more difficult and the morbidity is higher in laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma than that for tumors of other pathology. An experienced team of surgeons with advanced laparoscopic skills and anesthesiologists is mandatory. In large tumors, great caution should be taken for intraoperative complications. Nevertheless, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is not contraindicated for pheochromocytoma and can be performed safely.     

后腹腔镜治疗12例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤回顾分析

目的评估后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的实用性。方法对12例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者行后腹腔镜手术治疗。平均直径3.6cm（2.5～6.2cm）,左侧5例,右侧7例。结果 12例手术均获成功、无手术并发症、术后临床症状和体征消失。平均手术时间为62±16min,平均出血量为58±13ml;瘤体直径为4.4±2.1cm。术后病理均证实为嗜铬细胞瘤。平均随访1.2年,除2例血压仍高外,其余患者临床症状和体征消失,生化检查24h尿儿茶酚胺（肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺）及香草扁桃酸（VMA）均恢复正常。结论后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤不失为一种可靠、安全的手术方法。术前充分的扩容和降压、术中熟练的操作及与麻醉师的良好配合是保证肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术顺利完成的必要条件。     

Indications for laparoscopic adrenalectomy for non-functional adrenal tumor with hypertension: Usefulness of adrenocortical scintigraphy

AIM: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is currently indicated for biochemically and clinically functional adrenal tumors and potentially malignant tumors of the adrenal glands. Non-functional adenomas greater than 5 cm in diameter of the adrenal gland are generally considered to represent potentially malignant tumors. The present study shows indications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for non-functional adrenal tumors with hypertension in a retrospective fashion. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2004, 110 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed at Tokushima University Hospital. All 110 patients underwent detailed endocrinological examination before surgery. Medical and operative records of these 110 patients (57 men, 53 women), including operative parameters, histopathological findings and pre- and postoperative hypertension, were reviewed. Forty-five patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for non-functional adrenal tumors, and [(131)I]6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (NP-59) scintigraphy was performed for patients with preoperative hypertension. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 55.0 years (range, 22-77 years). Mean maximum tumor diameter was 42 mm (range, 20-105 mm). All adrenal tumors were removed successfully by laparoscopic surgery. Hypertension was postoperatively improved in seven of the 11 patients with preoperative hypertension, without subclinical Cushing syndrome. Importantly, all patients who improved hypertension after adrenalectomy displayed strong accumulation in adrenal tumors with visualization of the contralateral gland on NP-59 scintigraphy. Conversely, blood pressure did not improve in four patients for whom scintigraphy yielded negative results. CONCLUSIONS: The indication of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for non-functional adrenal tumors is generally considered for lesions more than 5 cm diameter. However, the present study suggests that laparoscopic surgery should be considered even in patients with tumors less than 5 cm in diameter, if both hypertension and accumulation in tumors on NP-59 scintigraphy are present.     

腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术七例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的可行性及安全性。方法2003年10月至2007年4月，我院行腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术7例，肿瘤最大径为3．0～6．5cm，平均5．0cm。6例患者术前均有不同程度的高血压。术前常规行降压、扩容处理。采用后腹腔镜入路6例，经腹入路1例，术中术后严密监测血压变化并给予相应处理。结果5例腹腔镜手术成功，2例中转开放手术。手术时间为70-360min，平均163min，术中出血50-600ml，平均300ml。7例患者术中均出现血压波动，无围手术期患者死亡。病理报告证实为嗜铬细胞瘤。随访7～49个月，5例患者术后2个月内血压恢复正常，1例仍需服用降压药物。结论腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术可行，疗效确切，充分的术前准备和熟练的腹腔镜操作技术是手术安全的保证。     

腹腔镜手术切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤的临床探讨

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术切除巨大（直径≥8cm）肾上腺肿瘤的可行性。方法：采用经腹途径腹腔镜切除术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤患者6例,左侧4例,右侧2例,肿瘤最大径8．5～12cm。结果：6例腹腔镜手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间平均120min（90～185min）,术中出血量平均150ml（50～400m1）。术后胃肠功能恢复时间1～2天,术后2～3天拔除引流管,术后住院6～lO天。随访4～24个月,未发现异常。病理检查报告肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤2例,神经节细胞瘤1例,神经鞘瘤1例,髓性脂肪瘤2例。结论：肿瘤大小并不是选择腹腔镜手术的决定性因素。在技术娴熟的条件下,腹腔镜治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤是安全、可行的。     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤16例

目的评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值。方法对我科2000年1月～2006年10月16例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。左侧10例，右侧6例，瘤体直径2．5～4．6cm，平均3．1cm。结果术前准备时间6～28d，平均11d。除1例因肿瘤周围粘连严重和出血中转开放外，其余15例均成功切除肿瘤，手术时间平均110min（90～170min），手术出血量平均135ml（80～650ml）。3例嗜铬细胞瘤切除后血压正常，术后即刻未用去甲肾上腺素溶液，其中2例分别在术后4和6h收缩压由135mmHg降至80mmHg，1例56h后收缩压突然由140mmHg降至85mmHg，立即应用去甲肾上腺素溶液维持血压正常。术后病理诊断15例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤，1例开放者为低度恶性嗜铬细胞瘤，局部包膜浸润。术后平均住院12d（9～20d）。术后随访3～24个月，平均13个月，除1例需口服降压药外，其余血压均自然恢复正常，24h尿去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素及儿茶酚胺含量均正常。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺切除是治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的有效方法，具有创伤小、并发症少及恢复快等优点。术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有较重要的价值。     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Conn's syndrome, Cushing's disease, cortisol-producing adenomas, and nonfunctioning adenomas has been well established. This study was intended to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, and to assess the efficacy and safety of a minimally invasive approach. Methods: Data were collected prospectively on all patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma over a 5-year period. Results: In this study, 39 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic resection of a pheochromocytoma: 38 adrenal (23 left, 15 right) and 1 extraadrenal paraganglioma. There were no conversions to open surgery. The mean tumor size was 5.2 cm (range, 2-12.1 cm). Average operative time was 159 min (range, 100-265 min), and average estimated blood loss was 72 ml (range, 30-350 ml). Intraoperative hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 170 mmHg) occurred in 67% of the patients, and hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg) in 39% of the patients. The mean length of stay was 2.1 days (range, 1-4 days). There were three minor postoperative complications. During a mean follow-up period of 14 months, there were no mortalities or recurrences of endocrinopathy. Conclusions: Laparoscopic resection of pheochromocytomas can be accomplished safely despite frequent episodes of hemodynamic variability equal to those of historic open control subjects. A short hospital stay with expedient recovery,minimal wound complications, and lack of endocrinopathy recurrence makes a minimally invasive approach the procedure of choice for the management of pheochromoctyoma.     

Efficacy and safety of laparoscopic surgery for pheochromocytoma

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic surgery for primary aldosteronoma and Cushing's syndrome is well established. We report on our experiences with laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, and assess the efficacy and safety of the laparoscopic approach. METHODS: Between April 1998 and April 2003, a total of 23 patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma at Chiba University Hospital and Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan. We compared the surgical outcomes of these patients with those of 106 patients with adrenal tumors due to other pathologies who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy during the same period. RESULTS: The mean tumor size of pheochromocytoma was 4.96 cm. Mean operative time was 192.7 min, and mean estimated blood loss was 130 mL. Neither mean operative time nor mean estimated blood loss was greater for patients with pheochromocytoma. Intraoperative hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg) occurred in 39.1% (9/23) of patients with pheochromocytoma. During the follow-up period, there were no mortalities or recurrences of endocrinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is a safe and minimally invasive procedure.     

Laparoscopic curative resection of pheochromocytomas

PURPOSE: Pheochromocytomas are relatively uncommon tumors whose operative resection has clear medical and technical challenges. While the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy are relatively well documented, few studies with extended follow-up have been conducted to measure the success of the procedure for the most challenging of the adrenal tumors. In addition, several reports question the applicability of a minimally invasive approach for sizeable pheochromocytomas. The purpose of our investigation was to assess the outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytomas in the largest study to date when performed by experienced laparoscopic surgeons. METHODS: All pheochromocytomas removed by the authors from January 1995 to October 2004 were reviewed under an Institutional Review Board approved protocol. Eighty-five percent were documented in a prospective fashion. RESULTS: Eighty consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic resection of 81 pheochromocytomas. Seventy-nine were found in the adrenal (42 left, 35 right, 1 bilateral); 2 were extra-adrenal paragangliomas. Eight patients had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. Two lesions were malignant. There were 48 females and 32 males with a mean age of 45 years (range, 15-79 years). Mean tumor size was 5.0 cm (range, 2-12.1 cm); 41 of these lesions were 5 cm in size or larger. Average operative time and blood loss were 169 minutes (range, 69-375 minutes) and 97 mL (range, 20-500 mL), respectively. Intraoperative hypertension (systolic blood pressure, >170 mm Hg) was reported in 53% of patients and hypotension (systolic blood pressure, <90 mm Hg) in 28% of patients. There were no conversions to open surgery. Mean length of stay was 2.3 days (range, 1-10 days). There were 6 perioperative morbidities (7.5%) and no mortalities. No patient required a blood transfusion. No recurrence of endocrinopathy has been documented at a mean follow-up of 21.4 months. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic resection of pheochromocytomas, including large lesions, can be accomplished safely by experienced surgeons. A short hospital stay with minimal operative morbidity and eradication of endocrinopathy support the minimally invasive approach for adrenalectomy in the setting of pheochromocytoma.     

Effects of epidural-and-general anesthesia combined versus general anesthesia during laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Laparoscopic approach is increasingly performed for functional adrenal tumor resections. The aim of this study was to compare general anesthesia and general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. In our study, we planned to examine hemodynamic changes (heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures) and quantity of adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone in laparoscopic adrenalectomies under general anesthesia with or without epidural anesthesia. All patients were operated by the same surgical team. With increased experience of the surgical team, the duration of surgery decreased. In parallel with decreased duration of surgery, pneumoperitoneum and undesirable effects also decreased. Nine patients with Conn syndrome, 21 patients with Cushing syndrome, and 2 patients with pheochromocytoma were included in both groups. Thirty-two laparoscopic adrenalectomies for functional adrenal tumors were performed. Sixteen patients who received general anesthesia without epidural anesthesia were compared with 16 patients who received general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia. Hemodynamic data, arterial blood gases, and adrenal gland hormones were recorded. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were recorded before anesthesia induction, after insufflation, before adrenalectomy, and after adrenalectomy. Arterial blood gases, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline and aldosterone were recorded before anesthesia induction, after adrenalectomy, and after surgery. Heart rate varied between 68.5 and 84 bpm in general anesthesia group and between 63.5 and 87 bpm in general+epidural anesthesia group. Blood pressure measurements were 154 to 122.5/88.5 to 75 mm Hg in general anesthesia and 149 to 100/86 to 70 mm Hg in general+epidural anesthesia. ACTH was 10.3 to 106.25 in general anesthesia and 17.6 to 104.5 in general+epidural anesthesia. Cortisol was 16.1 to 23.2 μg/dL in general anesthesia and 16.4 to 24.3 μg/dL in general+epidural anesthesia. Aldosterone was 163.3 to 285.2 ng/dL in general anesthesia and 215 to 440 ng/dL in general+epidural anesthesia. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters, ACTH, cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline levels between the 2 groups. Aldosterone levels were higher in general+epidural anesthesia group. The results of our study suggest that epidural anesthesia in addition to general anesthesia in patients with functional adrenal tumors undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy might be an effective and safe method to prevent the fluctuations in hormone levels.