单边可延长外固定支架治疗GustiloⅢB/C型胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨应用单边可延长外固定支架治疗GustiloⅢB、C型开放性胫骨骨折并骨缺损的临床疗效。方法 2011年6月至2014年6月,应用单边可延长外固定支架治疗GustiloⅢB/C型开放性胫骨骨折并骨缺损21例。主要方法:一期清创清除游离碎骨及严重污染的骨组织,修整骨折端整齐后短缩患肢对合、修复血管神经肌腱,安装单边可延长外固定支架,并在胫骨近端截骨;术后2周开始骨搬运延长,逐渐延长恢复短缩部分胫骨,恢复肢体长度,骨折愈合后拆除外固定支架。结果〓本组21例随访时间10个月~3年,平均18个月。17例均通过一期短缩肢体修复创面,3例通过局部旋转皮瓣修复创面,1例局部皮瓣部分坏死后通过植皮修复创面。所有骨折端及截骨端最终全部愈合,骨折愈合时间为5~13个月,平均时间8个月。结论〓应用单边可延长外固定支架治疗GustiloⅢB/C型开放性胫骨骨折伴骨缺损,通过急诊短缩患肢消灭创面,同时胫骨干骺端截骨延长的治疗方案,最终肢体长度恢复、骨折愈合。     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨有限内固定结合Hybrid外固定支架治疗胫骨远端骨折的疗效。方法从2003年1月～2005年7月,使用Hybird外固定支架治疗胫骨远端骨折21例,按AO分类:A1型4例;A2型5例;A3型4例;C1型2例;C2型3例;C3型3例,其中开放性骨折8例,手术采用有限切开,骨片钉固定,Hybrid外固定支架不跨踝关节固定。结果术后21例均获随访,平均随访时间12.3个月,骨折平均愈合时间7.6个月。功能评定采用Bone的踝关节活动度进行评价,优良率达76%。结论Hybrid外固定支架设计合理并能维持骨干的轴线,骨片钉能很好的固定骨折块,同时避免了软组织的并发症,可使踝关节早期活动,防止踝关节僵硬,因而是治疗胫骨远端骨折有效的方法之一。     

Hybrid外固定支架治疗胫骨远近端重度开放性骨折的初步报告

目的 探讨应用Hybrid外固定支架治疗胫骨远、近端严重粉碎性、开放性骨折的疗效.方法 自2004年3月至2008年12月采用Hybrid外固定支架治疗27例严重粉碎性、开放性胫骨远、近端骨折患者,男16例,女11例;年龄13～80岁,平均56.2岁;胫骨近端骨折19例,远端骨折8例.按GustiloAnderson分型:Ⅱ型10例,ⅢA型12例,ⅢB型5例.22例患者采用Hybrid外固定支架同定,5例患者采用SheffieldHybrid外同定支架同定.必要时结合有限内固定:6例采用骨片钉固定,4例采用可吸收螺钉固定,3例采用钢丝固定.结果 27例患者术后获7～58个月(平均27个月)随访.外固定支架使用时间平均为6.0个月(4～8个月),骨折愈合时间平均为6.7个月(4～12个月).无伤口感染、神经及血管损伤等并发症发生.仅5例发生针道局部感染,经换药后治愈.患肢功能按JohnerWruhs方法评价:优17例,良8例,中2例,优良率为92.6%.结论 应用Hybrid外固定支架治疗严萝粉碎性、开放件胫骨远、近端骨折具有手术创伤小、固定可靠、可避免伤口并发症和骨小连的发生、能更好地恢复关节面的解剖关系、有利于关节早期活动及避免关节僵硬等优点,是一种较好的治疗方法.     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

目的　探讨有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法　采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折 14例。根据Ruedi Allgower骨折分型:Ⅰ型 3例,Ⅱ型 5例,Ⅲ型 6例。按Teeny踝关节功能评分标准进行疗效评价。结果　全部病例获得随访,随访时间 6个月 ~5年,平均 4 1年;骨折愈合时间 6~24周(平均 10 5周)。踝关节功能评分,优 9例、良 2例、可 2例、差 1例。结论　采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折,能减少并发症并获得较好疗效。     

交锁髓内钉与外支架治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的疗效分析

目的:评价交锁髓内钉与外支架治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的临床疗效。方法:严重胫骨开放性骨折患者39例,采用单侧外固定支架固定19例,男13例,女6例;年龄19~72岁,平均39岁;稳定性骨折7例,不稳定性骨折12例;合并其他部位骨折7例,颅脑损伤1例,腹部损伤2例。采用交锁髓内钉固定20例,男14例,女6例;年龄22~70岁,平均42岁;稳定性骨折8例,不稳定性骨折12例;合并其他部位骨折8例,颅脑伤2例,腹部伤1例。两组最初的伤口清创、软组织缺损的皮瓣移植修复是相同的。结果:随访时间平均为20个月(18~35个月),交锁髓内钉组骨折愈合时间(6·0±2·6)个月,外支架组骨折愈合时间为(7·0±2·5)个月。交锁髓内钉组膝关节的活动范围为115°±10°,踝关节为30°±5°,外支架组膝关节的活动范围为110°±5°,踝关节为27°±4°,髓内钉组功能恢复较好,成角畸形小。外支架组1例深部感染,4例钉道感染,髓内钉组1例深部感染。按功能评定标准,髓内钉组中优8例,良7例,中2例,差3例;外支架组中优4例,良5例,中3例,差7例。两组差异具有统计学意义(P<0·05)。比较骨折愈合时间、部分负重时间、踝膝关节的活动范围,两组之间无显著性差异。结论:在彻底清创,并且具备即刻或早期皮瓣修复的技术条件下,交锁髓内钉是治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的理想选择。     

有限内固定加动力型超踝关节外固定架治疗复杂Pilon骨折

目的 探讨应用有限内固定加动力型超踝关节外固定架治疗严重粉碎和开放性Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型Pilon骨折的价值.方法 采用有限内固定加动力型超踝关节外固定架治疗开放性和粉碎性Pilon骨折18例.结果 外固定架术后平均使用时间为3个月,骨折愈合平均时间约6个月,所有骨折均愈合.无一例发生伤口感染或皮肤坏死、内植物外露,仅有2例发生跟骨钉道感染.最后随访踝关节活动度为:优8例,良7例,中3例.结论 应用有限内固定加动力型超踝关节外固定架治疗复杂Pilon骨折,既能稳定骨折对位,又可以早期活动踝关节,还能对骨折进行动力加压,且手术创伤小,并发症少,是治疗复杂Pilon骨折的一种很好的方法 .     

混合环形外固定支架治疗老年人胫骨下端开放性骨折

目的胫骨远端骨折为高能量骨折,其治疗极为棘手,尤其对于开放性胫骨远端的治疗尤为困难。我们采用混合环形外固定支架治疗老年人胫骨下端未移位开放性骨折,评价其临床治疗效果及并发症的发生。方法本组共11例,骨折类型为局限于胫骨下端干骺端骨折或累及踝关节但关节面平整者,均采用混合环形外固定支架进行治疗。如患者存在腓骨骨折,则采用常规手术方法1/3管型钢板固定腓骨,之后作环形混合外固定支架进行固定。术后抬高患肢,鼓励做脚趾的活动和踝关节的活动。术后1个月随访复查,术后2两个月进行负重训练。结果11例患者均得到随访,随访时间为12～24个月(平均14.6个月)。开始负重时间为术后6周～12个月(平均3.9个月)。住院时间为14～60d(平均20.5d)。骨折愈合时间为术后4～10个月(平均7.3个月)。所有患者均未出现深部感染,没有骨外露。2例患者出现原伤口感染,经过换药治疗后感染控制,自行愈合。所有患者的踝关节主、被动活动均未受限。拆除外支架时间为术后8～14个月(平均10.5个月)。拆除外支架后没有病例出现再次骨折。结论环形混合外固定支架是治疗胫骨下端未移位开放性骨折的一种较为理想和可靠的方法。     

外固定支架结合胫骨近端锁定钢板治疗胫骨平台复杂骨折

目的：通过应用外固定支架结合胫骨近端锁定钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折,观察临床疗效,探讨胫骨平台复杂骨折的治疗方法。方法：2006年2月至2008年10月,采用外固定支架结合胫骨近端锁定钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折12例,男8例、女4例;年龄23～59岁,平均38岁。骨折按Sehazker分型：Ⅴ型7例,Ⅵ型5例。术中使用前内侧切口及前外侧切口,于胫骨外侧置入锁定钢板进行内固定。观察术前及术后X线片胫骨平台塌陷及高度丢失情况,对膝关节功能使用HSS评分法评分。结果：12例均获随访,时间4—18个月,平均9．79个月,骨折平均愈合时间3．1个月。骨折愈合11例,延迟愈合1例,无骨筋膜室综合征及下肢深静脉栓塞。术前、术后X线片对照检查未发生Ⅱ期胫骨平台塌陷及高度丢失,无对线不良,膝关节屈曲90°～110°。HSS评分术后平均（75．50±10．01）分,较术前平均（21．50±11．68）分有所提高。结论：外固定支架结合胫骨近端锁定钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折提供了持续稳定的固定,防止骨折的Ⅱ期移位和膝关节力线的畸形,可以保护膝关节周围软组织,减少手术并发症,膝关节功能满意。     

经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架治疗Pilon骨折不愈合

[目的]介绍经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架治疗Pilon骨折不愈合的方法并初步探讨其疗效。[方法]1999-2004年共收治Pilon骨折不愈合者6例，男4例，女2例；年龄21-53岁，平均34．7岁。所有骨折均累及胫骨关节面并腓骨骨折，胫骨骨折不愈合，踝关节畸形。通过后外侧入路显露腓骨胫骨，复位满意后选用重建钢板置于腓骨外侧，螺钉通过腓骨钻入胫骨固定。小腿内侧选用踝关节外固定架固定。取自体髂骨植骨于骨断端和胫腓骨间区域以获得骨性愈合和下胫腓融合。[结果]随访8个月-4年，平均22个月。5例获得骨性愈合，平均愈合时间3．5个月。1例因过早去除踝关节支架且负重，出现钢板断裂再折。[结论]对于Pilon骨折不愈合，采用小腿后外侧入路经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架，是提高复位质量，促进骨折愈合，纠正关节畸形，防止并发症的有效方法，且相对更简便可靠。     

微创手术结合中医辨证施治治疗复杂Pilon骨折

[目的]探讨有限内固定加外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折的临床疗效。[方法]自2000年以来，作者采用该方法治疗Pilon骨折78例，男51例，女27例，年龄20～79岁（平均36岁），按Ovadia、Beals分型，Ⅲ型27例，Ⅳ型35例，Ⅴ型16例，新鲜骨折53例，陈旧性骨折25例。闭合性损伤57例，开放性损伤21例。均行手术治疗，采用克氏针、螺丝钉内固定结合外固定支架超踝关节固定，术后1．5～2个月拆除外固定支架、小夹板固定活动踝关节。[结果]术后78例均获得随访，随访1～3年，平均20个月，所有骨折均骨性愈合，2例有约5。左右外翻，3例开放损伤患者因皮肤、软组织挫压明显缺血坏死需Ⅱ期行皮瓣移植修复治疗，4例出现创伤性关节炎症状，需服用非甾体类抗炎药，其中1例行踝关节融合术。功能评定按美国矫形外科足踝协会评分标准进行评分，优良率达87．2％。[结论]有限内固定结合外固定支架能有效、坚强固定骨折端，避免软组织感染和骨不连，是治疗Pilon骨折理想的方法之一。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.