皮下盲袢型胆肠吻合术治疗肝门部胆管狭窄合并肝内胆管结石

目的总结皮下自袢型胆肠吻合术治疗肝门部胆管狭窄合并肝内胆管结石的经验及治疗效果。方法肝门部胆管狭窄合并肝内胆管结石53例，采取皮下盲袢型胆肠吻合，其中皮下盲袢Roux—ell—Y型33例（62．3％）；皮下盲袢间置卒肠型5例（9．4％）；皮下奇袢间置窑肠胆道腹壁型15例（28．3％）．、结果术后发生近期并发症6例：胆漏2例，胆道出血1例，切口感染3例；远期并发症5例：反流性慢性胆管炎2例，胆肠吻合口狭窄2例，吻合口癌1例。残石率13．2％，优良率88．6％，结石复发率6．8％。术后经皮下盲袢行胆道镜取石10例（残余结石7例，复发结石3例），扩张吻合口狭窄2例，活检1例．结论皮下盲袢型胆肠吻合术是治疗肝门部胆管狭窄合并肝内胆管结石的有效手段。     

肝内胆管结石的手术治疗

为了解肝内胆管结石的手术治疗效果。方法：对手术治疗的１２０例肝内胆管结石及合并肝内胆管狭窄的病例进行随访研究。手术方法为：（１）肝门部大口径胆吻合术４４例，（２）胆管切开取石引流术３５例；（３）胆肠内引流术３７例；（４）肝脏部分切除术４例。结果：随访发现，肝门部大口径胆肠吻合术和肝脏部分切除术疗效好，优良率分别为８４％和７５％，而胆管切开取石引流术和胆肠内引流术疗效不理想。结论 肝门部大口径胆肠吻     

10年胆道再手术的临床分析

目的：对胆道再手术的原因，治疗方法及疗效进行综合评价。以避免或减少再手术的发生和次数。方法：总结南开医院1990－1999年收治的外科病人中各类胆道病人治疗后的再次胆道手术病例，从胆道疾病手术后再次手术的原因，处理方法及治疗效果等方面进行系统的分析比较，结果：10年间胆道再手术病人828例，胆道再手术原因以残余和（或）再生结石为多，占73．43％，其它依次为Oddi括约肌狭窄，胆管炎性狭窄，胆肠吻合口狭窄，损伤性狭窄和肿瘤等。多次再手术的主要原因是胆管和胆肠吻合口良性狭窄，再手术方式以不同形式的胆道成形及内引流为主，38．77％的病人因胆总管结石和（或）Oddi括约肌狭窄行单纯EST及网篮取石术，胆道再手术病死率3．87％。结论：（1）胆道再手术主要原因是胆管结石。（2）多次胆道再手术的原因则以胆管和胆肠吻合口狭窄为主。（3）胆道再手术以清除结石，纠正胆管狭窄和建立通畅引流为原则。     

联合手术治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石

本文报告了采用联合手术治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石１３７例的手术经验。其中８９例既往有１～４次胆道手术史，１１例为胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ─Ｙ术后再手术。全组行肝叶（段）切除６７例，胆管狭窄切开整形、大口径胆肠吻合１３４例，手术死亡率０．７３％，残石率５．１％，效果优良者为９４．８７％。文中讨论了影响手术疗效的原因；肝叶切除在治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石的地位和作用；高位胆管狭窄的矫正方法；胆肠吻合的要点。强调联合多种术式才能提高本病的远期疗效。     

损伤性高位胆管狭窄41例报告

目的 总结损伤性高位胆管狭窄外科治疗的经民教训。方法 性调查４１例损伤性高位胆管狭窄患者的治疗方法，并发症及远期疗效。结果 采用胆肠吻主３８例，无手术死亡。其中肝管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术２６例，随访２～１０年，优良率８３．３％；肝管十二指肠吻合１２例，随访３年以上，优良率７０％。结论 肝管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术是治疗损伤性高位胆管狭窄的最佳方式，肝管十二指肠吻合术对高危胆管狭窄患者仍然是有效方法之     

胆管良性疾病再手术原因与诊治分析(附91例报告)

目的探讨胆管良性疾病再次手术的原因及其诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析1991年1月至2005年12月期间我院收治的胆管良性疾病再次手术91例患者的临床资料。结果91例中接受2次手术者87例（95．60％），3次手术者4例（4．40％），无手术死亡。再次手术原因：结石残留或复发42例（46．15％），胆管损伤36例（39．56％），残留胆囊5例（5．49％），胆肠吻合口狭窄2例（2．20％），返流性胆管炎2例（2．20％），胆总管下端炎性狭窄2例（2．20％），肠瘘2例（2．20％）；再次手术方式：胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合、T管支撑56例（61．54％），肝叶切除13例（14．29％），肝门整形、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合10例（10．99％），残余胆囊切除5例（5．49％），胆总管切开取石、T管引流3例（3．29％），胆管修复、T管支撑2例（2．20％），胆管对端吻合、T管支撑2例（2．20％）。结论降低结石残留以及预防胆管损伤是防止再次胆道手术的关键。进行胆道再次手术时应积极术前准备，制定合理治疗方案，以避免多次手术。     

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目的 分析胆肠吻合术治疗肝内胆管结石并胆道狭窄的选择和疗效。方法 对１９９１年９月至１９９８年１２月６９例行胆肠吻合术的肝内胆管结石并胆道狭窄病例进行总结,包括临床表现、结石部位、狭窄情况、手术方式和治疗效果等。结果 胆管狭窄主要位于１￣２级胆管内。５１例（７３．９％）行肝胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术,１８例（２６．１％）采用胆总管十二指肠吻合术,随访结果表明,肝胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合     

损伤性胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 评价损伤性胆管狭窄的外科治疗效果。方法 总结了近8年来收治的56例医源性胆管狭窄病例，其中男性26例，女性30例。行开腹胆囊切除术致伤者36例，占64.29％．腹腔镜胆囊切除术损伤4例，胆总管探查术损伤14例。损伤后距来我院的时间以半年至2年为最多。治疗多已属后期，且胆管狭窄部位高。56例病人在我院进行了胆肠通路的重建手术或胆管狭窄的修复手术。结果 随访率(51／56)为91．07％．50例随访时间超过2年。3例因狭窄复发再次手术。疗效，优良率为90％。本组无手术死亡。结论 研究表明Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术是治疗胆管狭窄尤其部位较高。狭窄段较长的胆管狭窄的有效方法。利用带蒂胆囊瓣。空肠瓣和胃壁瓣修复胆管也取得了良好疗效。同时进行胆管内支撑有助于提高疗效，防止胆管再狭窄。     

肝门部胆管狭窄的外科治疗

作者报告了１９７５年～１９９２年治疗４７４例肝门部胆管狭窄的经验。４７４例中既往接受１～５次手术者７４．７％。狭窄的病因：原发性肝胆管结石者７１．７％；损伤性胆符狭窄者１０．９％；化脓性胆管炎者７．１％。其他少见。狭窄部位：左肝管３７．６％；小肝管＋右肝管＋肝总管１７．４％，右肝管９．６％；肝总管１４．７％；左肝管＋右肝管１１．５％。胆管下端狭窄与松弛者分别为２３．６％与４８．８％。治疗方式：狭窄切开整形５６．５％；扩张与支撑１５．２％；肝叶切除４８％；修补１０．４％；胆肠吻合６０．７６％。门静脉减压手术６．３％。文中讨论了引起狭窄的原发病的病理改变及与狭窄显露、治疗方法选择的关联，肝方叶处理的方法及选用。     

肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的治疗

为探讨肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗，对１０年来收治的１６８例肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的术前检查、结石及狭窄的部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症及残余结石的处理进行了分析。结果显示：１６８例中，左肝内胆管结石、全肝结石和右肝内胆管结石分别是８３，５９和２６例；左外叶及左半肝切除１１６例；右肝段切除２２例；高位胆管切开整形胆肠大口吻合９６例；残石率３％；１３例出现手术后并发症；随访１４２例，优良效果９６．５％。结果提示肝叶、肝段切除联合肝胆管空肠大口吻合是肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的最佳治疗选择。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.