经后腹腔自制单孔通道腹腔镜根治性肾切除术29例报告

目的总结经后腹腔自制单孔通道腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的安全性和可行性。方法2011年10月～2012年10月,采用自制通道行后腹腔单孔腹腔镜根治性肾切除术29例,肿瘤最大径3～6．8cm,平均4．3cm。健侧卧位,在腋后线第12肋下向前做5～6cm切口,从自制单孔多通道置入常规腹腔镜操作器械进行后腹腔镜根治性切除,由操作通道切口取出标本。结果手术均成功完成,无中转标准腹腔镜或开放手术。手术时间70～120min,平均90min。术中出血量20～100ml,平均50m1。术后病理：肾透明细胞癌27例,肾乳头状腺癌1例,肾嫌色细胞癌1例。29例随访3～12个月,平均7个月,无肿瘤复发。结论经后腹腔自制单孔通道腹腔镜根治性肾切除术安全、可行。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术8例分析

目的观察经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂癌或输尿管癌的安全性及可行性。方法回顾性分析2011年4～10月在本院入住的肾盂癌或输尿管癌行经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术8例患者的临床资料。术中先行经尿道电切法分离壁内段输尿管。后采用脐周患侧弧形切口,用自制＂两环一套法＂建立单孔腹腔镜通道,行经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术。结果全部手术顺利,手术平均时间（179±18）min,单孔腹腔镜部分平均手术时间（146±17）min,术中平均出血量为（80±51）mL。全部患者术中未输血、无术中并发症发生、无中转开放手术。患者术后72h内排气。3～5d拔除引流管。术后1周拔除导尿管。术后住院天数为8～11d。随访3～9月,均未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论经脐单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术安全可行,美容效果比传统腹腔镜更好。自制＂两环一套法＂建立单孔腹腔镜通道制作简单,操作方便,成本低,能够完成单孔腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术。     

尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术的临床研究

目的:探讨尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术的可行性及意义。方法:5例前列腺癌患者采用多通道套管,在经尿道途径辅助下,实施经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术。对围手术期相关资料进行分析。结果:5例患者手术均获得成功,无1例中转开放或增加通道。平均手术时间168 min;术中平均出血量120 ml;术后平均留置尿管时间15 d;无直肠等周围组织损伤并发症,术后病理示5例患者手术标本切缘均为阴性,术后病理分期2例为T2cN0M0,3例为T2bN0M0。结论:尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术是安全可行的,并且可以降低手术难度。     

囊性肾癌27例诊治分析

目的:探讨囊性肾癌(CRCC)的临床特点,提高其诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析27例CRCC患者的症状与体征、影像学表现、手术方式、病理检查及随访结果。结果:综合B超、CT、MRI、超声造影等检查诊断CRCC 24例,疑似肾癌2例,误诊为肾囊肿1例。行保留肾单位手术15例,根治性肾切除11例,肾囊肿去顶减压后再行根治性肾切除1例。病理检查报告为透明细胞癌26例,乳头状肾细胞癌1例;临床分期T1aN0M08例,T1bN0M012例,T2aN0M05例,T2bN0M02例;组织分级G16例,G221例。27例随访6~78个月,平均21个月,除1例术后3个月局部复发外,其余26例均无复发和转移。结论:综合多种影像学检查能提高CRCC的诊断率,部分患者保留肾单位手术能达到与根治性肾切除术同样的治疗效果。除肾癌囊性坏死型外,其余类型预后较好。     

单孔腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗肾细胞癌

目的探讨应用单孔腹腔镜手术(laparo endoscopic single-site surgery,LESS)行根治性肾脏切除术治疗肾脏肿瘤的临床安全性及可行性。方法 2010年11月至2011年4月,我们应用单孔4通道(Quadport)单孔腹腔镜根治性肾脏切除术技术治疗3例肾脏肿瘤,1例为右侧中央型4.2cm肾肿瘤,另两例分别为左侧肾下极7.4cm和肾中部4.5cm肾肿瘤。经脐部切口将Quadport置入腹腔,采用5mm头部可弯腹腔镜和标准腹腔镜直器械实施标准经腹腔途径腹腔镜根治性肾脏切除术。记录患者手术时间、估计术中出血量、术中并发症、留置引流管时间、术后住院时间和术后病理等临床资料,并对结果进行分析。结果本组3例手术均由LESS完成,无加辅助通道、无转标准腹腔镜手术或开放手术完成病例。仔细实施手术步骤,避免过度钝性分离组织造成术中出血是手术顺利进行的基础。采用Quadport减少了器械间的相互干扰。根治性肾脏切除术手术操作时间分别为215、230、170min,估计术中出血量分别为100、100、150ml。本组手术无术中严重并发症。术后留置引流时间分别为4、3、2d,术后住院时间分别为8、10、8d。本组术后无继发性出血和切口感染病例。病理结果示肾透明细胞癌2例,肾嫌色细胞癌1例,无淋巴结转移,病理分期分别为pT1bN0M02例,pT2aN0M01例。本组未见肿瘤侵及肾周围组织。结论 LESS根治性肾脏切除术治疗肾脏肿瘤是安全可行的,但需要更多的研究来进一步验证。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜肾切除术2例报告

目的：初步探讨经脐单孔腹腔镜肾切除术的临床可行性和安全性。方法：2009年6～7月,对2例患者行经脐入路单孔腹腔镜肾切除术,1例右肾癌患者行单孔腹腔镜右肾根治性切除术,1例左侧积水性无功能肾患者行单孔腹腔镜单纯左肾切除术。患者取45。健侧卧位,作2．5cm绕脐“Z”形皮肤小切VI,Hasson法制备经腹腔入路单孔腹腔镜工作通道切口,置入单孔三通道腹腔镜操作通道。从单孔通道分别置人5mm腹腔镜和手术器械,按照标准的腹腔镜根治性肾切除术和单纯。肾切除术的手术操作步骤完成手术,切除标本均从脐部切口取出。结果：2例手术均顺利完成,手术时间分别为210min和90min,估计出血量分别为100ml和20ml,无中转开放及标准三孔腹腔镜手术,术中无并发症发生,短期随访无术后并发症发生。结论：小样本的临床研究结果初步显示了单孔腹腔镜。肾切除术良好的安全性和可行性。然而,该术式的临床治疗效果尚需大样本中远期随访和对照研究予以证实。     

腹膜后单孔腹腔镜肾部分切除术6例报告

目的探讨腹膜后单孔腹腔镜肾部分切除术的可行性。方法 2010年5月～2011年4月,采用单孔腹腔镜对6例肾肿瘤（4例T1N0M0,2例T2N1M0）行肾部分切除术。侧卧位、经腹膜后途径,4例使用Olympus单通道腹腔镜穿刺器,2例使用自制单通道穿刺器进行手术。结果 6例手术均顺利完成,手术时间65～210 min,平均130 min;肾动脉阻断时间20～40 min,平均28 min;术中出血量30～280 ml,平均110 ml,均无输血;无术后并发症。术后病理：局限性透明细胞癌4例,肿瘤直径平均22 mm（14～35 mm）,切缘均为阴性;肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤2例,肿瘤直径均为30 mm。术后住院时间5～11 d,平均8 d。6例随访1～11个月,平均6个月,肿瘤无复发。结论单孔腹腔镜经腹膜后肾部分切除术治疗小体积肾肿瘤可行,远期效果有待增加样本量进一步研究。     

小切口后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术17例报告

目的总结小切口后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术的治疗经验。方法采用第12肋尖部向前下方5—6cm切口后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术治疗肾及肾盂输尿管肿瘤患者17例。男10例，女7例，平均年龄56岁。5例因无痛性肉眼血尿就诊，余12例为B超体检发现，腹部均未扪及肿块。左侧5例，右侧12例。肾肿瘤13例直径3～10cm，平均5cm。UICC临床分期；T1N0M0 10例，T2N0M0 2例，T3aN0M0 1例；分级：G1 1例、G3 12例。肾盂输尿管肿瘤4例：T1N0M0和T2N0M0各2例，G2 3例、G3 1例．结果17例手术均顺利，其中1例肿瘤直径10cm者扩大手术切口取出标本。手术时间平均111min，平均出血90ml。未出现并发症。病理报告：肾透明细胞癌10例，嗜色细胞癌2例，血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例；肾盂移行细胞癌3例，原发性输尿管移行细胞癌1例。17例随访2—21个月，平均12．8个月，均健在，未见肿瘤复发。结论该手术具有手术时间短，安全可靠，患者恢复快，操作简单等优点，是一种实用的手术方法。     

单孔后腹腔镜根治性肾切除手术研究

目的：验证单孔后腹腔镜肾根治切除的可行性、安全性,减少手术切口和瘢痕。方法：2011年4～6月对15例肾肿瘤患者行自制单孔后腹腔镜肾根治性切除术,肿瘤最大径3．0～10．1cm,平均4．88Cn3。患者体重指数21．48～33．33,平均25．52。在腋后线12肋下向前作5～6cm切171,应用自制单孔多通道操作器械,放入常规腹腔镜操作器械进行后腹腔镜根治性切除,由操作通道切口取出标本。结果：本组15例手术均获成功,术中出血20~80ml,手术时间2～3h,平均145min。标本重量290～632g,平均409．09g。所有病理结果均为‘肾透明细胞癌。结论：该术式安全可行,手术时间随着手术例数的增加和经验的积累而逐渐缩短。手术操作通道和取标本切口为同一个切口,减少创伤和瘢痕。     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的可行性、安全性及临床疗效。方法2003年3月至2008年2月行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术52例。男29例,女23例。年龄24～78岁,平均年龄57岁。右侧27例,左侧25例。无痛性全程肉眼血尿8例,其余44例为超声体检发现。肿瘤的大小1.5cm×1.8cm～8.7cm×9.2cm,平均3.6cm×4.3cm。肿瘤位于肾上极19例,肾中部15例,肾下极18例。52例均行CT检查,19例行MRI检查。术前临床分期：T1N0M05例,T2N0M045例,T3aN0M02例。结果52例均获成功,无中转开放手术患者,有13例腹膜破裂,有6例术后肩部隐痛,有4例切口皮下气肿,患者均在短期恢复。术后均无使用镇痛剂。手术时间90～230min,平均152min;出血量50～200ml,平均120ml;术后住院时间6～9d,平均7.5d。术后病理报告：肾透明细胞癌49例,囊性肾细胞癌2例,肾颗粒细胞癌1例。随访6～36个月,平均15个月,未见肿瘤复发。结论后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术安全可行、疗效肯定。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.