急性颈髓损伤并低钠血症的临床分析

目的:探讨急性颈髓损伤并低钠血症患者血钠浓度与颈髓损伤平面、程度的关系,观察低钠血症治疗效果.方法:回顾分析2002年1月～2007年12月我院收治的256例急性颈髓损伤并低钠血症患者资料,伤后第1天入院179例,第2天入院77例.高位颈髓(C4及C4以上)损伤101例,其中完全性颈髓损伤者59例,不完全性颈髓损伤者42例;低位颈髓(C4以下)损伤155例,其中完全性颈髓损伤者67例,不完全性颈髓损伤者88例.均于入院后第1、3、5天清晨空腹抽取静脉血查血钠,取其平均值,统计分析低血钠程度与颈髓损伤平面、程度的关系,观察低钠血症的治疗效果.结果:130mmol/L≤血钠＜135mmol/L者(轻度)96例,120mmol/L≤血钠＜130m01/L者(中度)122例,＜120mmol/L者(重度)38例.高位颈髓损伤者中,完全性损伤者血钠为117.33±4.52mm01/L.不完全性损伤者为125.49±3.74mmol/L;低位颈髓损伤者中,完全性损伤者血钠为123.67±3.81mmol/L,不完全性损伤者为131.9±4.85mmol/L,同一损伤部位完全性损伤者的血钠浓度与不完全性损伤者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),同一损伤程度高位损伤者与低位损伤者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).218例轻、中度低钠血症患者经治疗血钠完全恢复正常,38例重度低钠血症患者中9例因合并高热、感染、呼吸衰竭死亡.结论:急性颈髓损伤患者低钠血症的程度与颈髓损伤平面、程度有关,且血钠浓度越低,患者预后越差,病死率越高.     

急性完全性颈髓损伤患者的水电解质紊乱及相关内分泌变化

目的：研究急性完全性颈髓损伤患者继发的水电解质紊乱及有关内分泌的变化,探讨其发生机制。方法：颈髓损伤组28例,对照组18例,观测其水电解质代谢及血压,心率等变化,放免检测血浆肾素活性（PRA）,血管紧张素Ⅱ（AⅡ）,醛固酮（ALD）及抗利尿激素（ADH）的浓度。结果：颈髓损伤组92．9％可出现低钠血症,此外还有多尿,尿钠排出增多,血压降低,心率减慢以及液体入量低于尿量（P＜0．05）,体 液代谢呈负平衡等表现,颈髓损伤组PRA和血浆ALD及ADH浓度均低于对照组,结论：低钠血症是急性完全性颈髓损伤常见的并发症,其发生机制可能与颈髓损伤后交感神经系统抑制,使肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统功能低下,继而肾脏排钠增多有关。     

急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症的发病机制、治疗与预防

目的探讨急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症的发病机制、治疗方法及预防措施。方法自2002—01—2012～12诊治急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症179例。结果治疗1个月后各项指标与住院时相比较,血压、心率升高;24h尿量减少不明显（P〉0．05）;血钠、血浆渗透压、尿渗透压值升高;尿钠减少（P〈0．05）。出院时较治疗1个月时各项指标相比较,心率升高,血压无明显变化（P〉0．05）;尿量明显减少,血钠值升高,尿钠明显减少（P〈0．05）;血浆渗透压、尿渗透压值升高。结论急性颈脊髓损伤合并低钠血症的影响因素较多,发病机制为SIADH及CSWS,治疗时要鉴别,并可针对各种因素桌预防．减少低钠血症发毕率．     

急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症的机制及治疗分析

目的 :探讨急性颈脊髓损伤患者并发低钠血症的病因、发病机制和治疗方法。方法 :自2005年1月至2010年7月收治严重创伤导致急性颈脊髓损伤伴高位截瘫并发低钠血症患者57例,男46例,女11例;年龄26～69岁,平均39.5岁;颈椎骨折或脱位55例,无骨折或脱位型脊髓损伤2例;完全性损伤28例,不完全性损伤29例。神经功能损害按ASIA分级:A级28例,B级25例,C级4例。每日监测心率、血压、尿量、血钠,诊断低钠血症后即开始静脉补液、补钠,每隔2 d检测尿钠、血浆渗透压、尿渗透压,根据监测结果及治疗反应判断低钠原因是由脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)还是由抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征(SIADH)引起,前者继续静脉补液、补钠,后者严格限水同时静脉补钠直至低钠纠正。对治疗前后血钠等指标进行统计学分析。结果:57例中诊断CSWS者42例,SIADH者15例。治疗3周后所有患者的心率、血钠、血渗透压有明显回升(P<0.01),血压、尿渗透压升高,尿钠减少(均P<0.05),尿量未见明显减少(P>0.05)。出院时与治疗3周比较,心率、血浆渗透压、尿渗透压进一步回升,尿量减少,尿钠进一步减少(P<0.05),血压无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:急性颈脊髓损伤后并发低钠血症受多因素影响,发病机制主要为脑性盐耗综合征(SCWS)及抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征(SIADH),治疗时应注意鉴别,根据不同病因采取补液或限液治疗。     

急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症发生机制及相关因素

[目的]探讨急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症的发生机制、相关因素及临床诊治原则.[方法]检测52例急性颈椎损伤后连续10 d的空腹电解质、血压、出入量的情况,根据Frankel评分标准,利用统计学方法,比较分析损伤平面、损伤程度等因素对低钠血症的影响,分析平均动脉压及24 h出入量的变化情况及与低钠血症的关系.[结果] 52例患者中,颈髓损伤38例,其空腹血钠值为(134.7±5.13)mmol/L,血压为(101.4±5.21/78.6±4.81) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),24 h入量为(5 810 ±493.18) ml,出量为(5 450±497.21) ml.无颈髓损伤的14例,其空腹血钠值为(139.8±2.18) mmol/L,血压为(127.2 ±2.81/84.6 ±3.42) mmHg,24 h入量为(2 890±255.82) ml,出量为(2 580±214.99) ml.伤后低钠血症的出现时间是5.2～8.3 d.[结论]低钠血症的严重程度与颈髓损伤的严重程度呈正相关,而与颈椎损伤节段无明显相关性.颈髓损伤越严重的患者,往往伴随严重的低血压,同时低钠血症也非常严重.在颈髓损伤患者的24 h出量和入量明显增加.     

急性颈髓损伤后的低钠血症

[目的]探讨急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症的病因、发病机制、诊断和治疗。[方法]回顾性分析2004年-2006年收治的急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症患者15例的临床资料。[结果]全组患者入院24—72h内血钠低于130mmol／L，其中5例低于120mmol／L。14例尿钠40—68mmol／L，1例尿钠为148mmol／L；尿渗透压420～980mmol／L，12例患者经适当的补盐和限制水摄入量治疗，低钠症状2～3周内改善；2例发热患者因发热不能严格限制水摄入，其中1例2个月后恢复，另1例失访；1例患者补盐限水后病情加重，调整治疗方案后恢复。[结论]颈髓损伤越重，损伤后低钠血症发生率越高；颈髓损伤后低钠血症多由抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征引起；血钠浓度，血、尿渗透压等是诊断依据；适当补充钠盐和液体量是有效的治疗方法。     

急性完全性颈髓损伤并发低钠血症的早期有效防治

目的探讨急性完全性颈髓损伤后并发低钠血症的有效预防与治疗。方法采用前瞻性方法,选择自2013-01—2015-05诊治的急性完全性颈髓损伤81例,入院后随机分为2组,A组40例入院后根据体重(以kg为单位)每日需钠量立即给予1/3~1/2量口服补钠,发现低钠血症后给予静脉补钠,以30 ml/h的速度静脉滴注,并根据尿量限制液体入量。B组41例入院后不口服补钠,在发现低钠血症后再行静脉补钠。结果 42例(51.9%)发生低钠血症,其中A组15例(37.5%),B组27例(65.9%);A组低钠血症发生率明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.520,P=0.011)。发生低钠血症时间距伤后3~15 d,平均9 d;低钠血症持续时间11~25 d,平均18 d。A组意识障碍发生率(χ2=4.419,P=0.036)、血氧饱和度降低发生率(χ2=4.125,P=0.042)、非心源性肺水肿水泡痰发生率(χ2=5.239,P=0.022)明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性完全性颈髓损伤可并发严重低钠血症,在颈髓损伤后早期采取预防性干预措施,早期发现及时纠正低钠血症对于改善预后具有极其重要的意义。     

完全性颈脊髓损伤患者早期发生低钠血症的多因素分析

目的探讨导致急性完全性颈脊髓损伤患者早期出现低钠血症的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月~2015年12月完全性颈脊髓损伤患者49例临床资料。以连续2次(间隔24 h)血钠135 mmol/L为低钠血症的诊断标准,合并低钠血症的26例为低钠血症组,未合并低钠血症的23例为对照组。对年龄,性别,颈脊髓损伤最高节段、损伤程度,是否使用糖皮质激素治疗,是否合并神经源性休克,平均每日尿量,平均每日液体平衡量,转入危重医学科时血钠水平和血浆白蛋白水平共10项指标进行单因素分析,单因素分析有统计学意义(P0.05)的指标再进行logistic逐步回归分析。计量资料单因素分析有统计学意义的指标通过绘制ROC曲线确定其最佳临界点。结果单因素分析中,2项指标在2组间有统计学差异(P0.05),低钠血症组患者低钠血症发生前神经源性休克发生率为57.7%(15/26),对照组为26.1%(6/23)(χ~2=6.516,P=0.011);低钠血症组患者平均每日尿量(2225±389)ml,对照组(1936±289)ml(t=2.924,P=0.005)。logistic逐步回归分析显示这两项因素均为完全性颈脊髓损伤患者早期发生低钠血症的独立影响因素(OR=13.708、0.996,P=0.004、0.002)。ROC曲线显示平均每日尿量的最佳临界点为2331 ml。结论并发神经源性休克与平均每日尿量2331 ml为完全性颈脊髓损伤患者早期发生低钠血症的独立影响因素。     

颈髓损伤患者低渗血症的原因及治疗

目的：探讨急性颈髓损伤后低渗血症的相关因素及治疗方法.方法：1998年10月～2002年2月共收治114例急性颈髓损伤患者,其中完全性颈髓损伤患者42例（A组）;不完全性颈髓损伤72例（B组）;同期收治的不伴颈髓损伤的其它损伤患者41例（C组）.测定各组患者的血浆渗透压、Na^＋、K^＋、Cl^-、Ca^2＋、二氧化碳结合力（CO2CP）、血糖（Glu）、血尿素氮（Bun）、血浆蛋白质总量（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）及球蛋白（GLB）含量.对42例完全性颈髓损伤患者中35例严重低钠血症患者（血钠=120～125mmol/L）20例每天采用3%氯化钠盐水400ml静脉点滴（D组）,15例每天采用3%氯化钠盐水400ml加血浆200ml静脉点滴（E组）进行1周治疗.结果：A、B、C三组间血浆渗透压、Na^＋、Cl^-、TP及ALB、GLB含量存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）.D、E组间治疗效果存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,E组优于D组.结论：急性颈髓损伤易并发低渗血症,其发生率与损伤的程度、低钠及低蛋白有关.同时补充盐和血浆治疗效果较好.     

不同程度颈脊髓损伤后低钠血症的临床分析

 目的回顾性总结急性颈脊髓损伤后低钠血症的发生特点,并分析其可能的发生原因,以及脊髓损伤严重程度、性别、年龄等因素对血钠变化的影响。方法研究对象为2005年6月至2011年3月急诊收治的一组颈椎外伤患者,排除合并颅脑外伤及慢性疾病的患者,入选病例分为完全性脊髓损伤组、不完全性脊髓损伤组及无神经功能障碍组,回顾性分析各组病例的血钠变化情况。结果入选病例共102例,男83例,女19例;年龄17~68岁,平均45.6岁。完全性脊髓损伤组23例,不完全性脊髓损伤组60例,无神经功能障碍组19例。共发生低钠血症共39例,完全性脊髓损伤组15例(65%),不完全性脊髓损伤组23例(38%),无神经功能障碍组1例(5%)。低钠血症发生率在三组间两两比较,差异有统计学意义,完全性脊髓损伤组低钠血症的发生率明显高于不完全性脊髓损伤组和无神经功能障碍组。Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示低钠血症与患者脊髓损伤程度有明确相关关系,而与患者的年龄、性别、脊髓损伤节段无相关关系。结论急性颈脊髓损伤后具有较高的低钠血症发生率,虽然影响钠盐平衡的因素及相互作用非常复杂,但颈脊髓损伤致自主神经功能障碍、神经内分泌功能异常以及血液动力学改变可能是导致颈脊髓损伤后电解质系统异常的重要原因。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.