复杂肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术中肩袖重建的长期疗效观察

目的探讨Neer 3、4部分肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术中肩袖重建的远期临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2001-01—2012-12采用人工肱骨头置换术治疗的25例Neer 3、4部分肱骨近端骨折。术前测量健侧大结节最低点至肱骨头最高点的距离,术中尽量解剖复位肱骨大、小结节,合理控制假体高度及后倾角度,尽可能修复重建损伤肩袖,术后分阶段康复锻炼。结果本组22例获得有效随访,随访时间平均120(49~190)个月。末次随访时ASES评分为80~92(86.28±3.36)分,肩关节内旋至T10水平,患肢主动前屈上举125°~135°,外旋36°~42°。1例合并臂丛神经损伤者术后肩关节功能恢复满意。结论对于骨折端无法良好复位、肱骨头缺血性坏死可能性大的复杂肱骨近端骨折,人工肱骨头置换同时进行精细的肩袖重建可以获得无痛和良好运动范围的肩关节。     

人工肱骨头置换术治疗复杂性肱骨近端骨折

[目的]探讨人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端复杂性骨折的临床疗效.[方法]35例肱骨近端复杂性骨折患者施行人工肱骨头置换术,手术全部采用骨水泥型人工肱骨头假体.手术前后均对患者的肩关节功能进行UCLA评分.[结果]35例患者随访31～63个月(平均52个月),UCLA评分优(34～35分)10例,良(28～33分)21例,中(21～27分)4例,无差病例.术后肩关节活动范围上举(90.6±8.3)°,外旋(64.5±6.5)°,内旋(72.5±5.3)°.病人主观均较满意.所有病例大小结节均愈合,未发现假体松动、感染、脱位等并发症.[结论]严格掌握手术适应证,重建肱骨近端正常解剖和实现大、小结节骨折块的坚强固定,规范的肩关节功能康复锻炼,是人工肱骨头置换术获得满意疗效的关键.     

新改良McLaughlin技术治疗肩关节后脱位

目的探讨新改良McLaughlin技术治疗肩关节后脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2013-01—2014-06采用新改良McLaughlin技术治疗的7例肩关节后脱位。取肩关节前侧入路,将头静脉牵向内侧并保护,将胸大肌向内侧牵开,三角肌向外侧牵开显露肱骨近端;切开肩胛下肌,标记其两端。将肩胛下肌近侧牵向内侧,显露骨折,骨膜剥离子橇拨复位肱骨头;若合并肱骨近端骨折,复位骨折,选用接骨板系统或者空心钉固定骨折。结果 7例均获得随访12~24个月,平均18.28个月。骨折均一期愈合,愈合时间7~14周,平均10.14周。1例术后复查X线片显示患侧肱骨骨折对位良好,肱骨头向后半脱位;末次随访时肩关节活动度:前屈上举约70°,体侧外旋约20°,体侧内旋L_4水平;VAS评分4分,肩关节UCLA评分23分。其他6例术后复查X线片及CT均显示关节位置恢复正常,骨折对位对线良好;末次随访时肩关节活动度:前屈上举100°~165°,体侧外旋50°~70°,体侧内旋T_(10)~L_1水平;VAS评分0~2分,平均0.67分;肩关节UCLA评分25~33分,平均29.67分。结论新改良McLaughlin技术治疗肱骨头缺损40%且不伴有肱骨近端Neer 4部分骨折的肩关节后脱位可取得满意的临床结果,术后患者肩关节功能恢复良好。     

两种术式治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效

目的探讨切开复位内固定与人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期临床疗效。方法对65例肱骨近端骨折患者采用切开复位内固定(固定组,33例)和人工肱骨头置换(置换组,32例)治疗。比较两组术后3个月及末次随访时肩关节前屈上举、外展、外旋功能;应用疼痛VAS评分、ASES评分以及Constant评分系统对两组肩关节功能进行综合评价。结果患者均获得1年随访。术后3个月,肩关节前屈上举、外展、外旋功能以及VAS、ASES、Constant评分置换组均明显优于固定组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。末次随访时,肩关节前屈上举、外展、外旋功能以及VAS、ASES、Constant评分两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论切开复位内固定及人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端骨折均可获得较为理想的治疗效果,但人工肱骨头置换可更好地缓解疼痛,更早地获得较好的肩关节活动度。     

人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年肱骨近端四部分骨折

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换术在治疗老年肱骨近端四部分骨折中的作用。方法对7例老年肱骨近端四部分骨折行肱骨头假体置换术,术后按美国肩肘关节医师学会肩关节评分系统进行疗效评价。结果7例均获随访,时间为7~24个月。患肩无明显疼痛,患肩关节上举、内旋、外旋、完成五项日常生活能力,总体恢复满意。结论老年肱骨近端四部分骨折采取人工肱骨头置换术短期效果优良,远期效果需要进一步随访。     

经三角肌前外侧入路人工肱骨头置换治疗老年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨经三角肌前外侧入路人工肱骨头置换治疗老年Neer三、四部分骨折的可行性、方法及临床治疗效果。方法对12例60岁以上Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折患者采用经三角肌前外侧入路人工肱骨头置换术治疗。结果 12例均获随访,时间12～25(17±6.2)个月。ASES评分为77～91(87.1±5.8)分。肩关节活动度为:主动前屈上举95°～148°(130°±22.1°),主动体侧内旋角度T8～L5水平,主动体侧外旋角度25°～42°(35.2°±5.5°)。无神经损伤、异位骨化、大结节再次移位。1例伴肩关节前脱位者(Neer四部分骨折)游离脱位肱骨头取出困难,延长了手术时间并增加了术中出血。结论人工肱骨头置换是治疗老年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折有效方法,经三角肌前外侧入路具有暴露直接、组织损伤小、术中出血少等优点,但对于伴有肩关节脱位的骨折,利用此切口有一定局限性,不建议使用。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端骨折18例

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折的手术疗效。方法对18例肱骨近端骨折行人工肱骨头置换,三部分骨折2例,肱骨头劈裂性骨折1例,四部分骨折11例,四部分骨折伴肩关节脱位4例。全部采用骨水泥型假体。结果手术时间60~90min,平均75min,出血量300~400ml,平均350ml。18例随访6~24个月,平均14个月,疼痛明显解除,按半关节成形改良评分系统SSMH综合评分,优6例,良8例,可4例,优良率78%(14/18)。肩关节活动度平均前屈上举99°(62°~164°),外旋40°(24°~50°),内旋至L2水平。1例大结节上移,1例异位骨化,1例假体松动。结论人工肱骨头置换术是治疗肱骨近端骨折有效的办法,能获得满意的关节活动度,并发症发生率低。     

人工半肩关节置换治疗老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨人工半肩关节置换术在治疗老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折中的作用.方法 对12例老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折行半肩关节置换术,术后按美国肩肘关节医师学会(ASES)肩关节评分系统进行疗效评价.结果 10例获得随访,时间为6～28个月,平均14个月,患肩ASES评分平均84.6分(64～92分),肩关节活动度平均为:前屈上举118°,外旋380°术后1年7例肩关节周围各肌力基本恢复正常,日常生活能力恢复较为满意,3例肩袖肌力不足,外展、上举稍差,无一例出现假体松动、下沉及脱位.结论 老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折采取人工半肩关节置换术短期效果优良,远期效果需要进一步随访.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法对8例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折(NeerⅣ型)患者行人工肱骨头置换术,术中同时修复受损的肩袖和关节囊,术后患肩早期进行功能锻炼。结果术后随访6～34个月,病人主观满意度为86.5%,肩关节疼痛评分4.6分,主动活动度:平均外展91°、前屈95°、外旋35°、内旋至L2水平,术后三角肌、肩内旋肌、外旋肌力平均为4.5、4.1、4.2分,肩关节功能评分为3.5分。X线片示肱骨头位置良好,无假体松动或断裂。结论对肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,人工肱骨头置换是一种有效的治疗方法,能明显减少术后肩关节疼痛,最大限度恢复其运动功能。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端三、四部分骨折

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端骨折,术中应注意的关键问题. 方法采用Thompson入路行人工肱骨头置换术23例. 术后随访6～36个月,平均随访21.1个月.用ASES评分对患肩进行术后功能评估.结果医师客观评定:全部患者肩关节活动明显改善,肌力恢复良好,肩关节稳定,5例轻压痛,1例发生撞击.患者主观评定:疼痛平均102分,肩关节稳定平均106分,完成10个日常生活动作22例,完成7个日常生活动作1例.复查X线片显示人工肱骨头位置良好,无假体松动,肱骨大、小结节骨折愈合. 结论术中肩周软组织保护及修复,人工肱骨头假体安装和肱骨大、小结节解剖重建是提高人工肱骨头置换术疗效的关键技术.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.