四肢神经卡压征的微创手术治疗

目的 介绍应用微创手术对四肢神经卡压征作神经松解术的特点及疗效。方法 对84例患者，4种神经卡压征(臂丛神经血管受压征、腕管综合征、肘管综合征和腓总神经卡压)在神经卡压部位作长3～5cm的小切口，用小直角拉钩的牵拉，潜行切断腕掌侧支持带、肘管及腓管，并扩大受压神经的显露部分。在放大6倍头戴式放大镜下对受压神经作神经外膜松解术。结果 术后随访3至24个月。21例臂丛神经血管受压征，17例有明显改善，2例轻度改善，2例无改善。25例肘管综合征中5例完全恢复，18例明显改善，2例未恢复。27例腕管综合征中11例症状完全消失，16例症状明显改善。11例腓总神经卡压征，6例明显改善，3例部分改善；2例未恢复。结论 小切口及利用显微外科技术作神经外膜松解术是治疗四肢神经卡压征的一种好方法。     

腓总神经继发性卡压的治疗

目的　探讨坐骨神经损伤后腓总神经继发性卡压的发生机制、诊断及治疗。方法　对 5例坐骨神经损伤后患者的临床表现、腓管 Tinel征及治疗情况等进行综合分析 ,发现 5例患者均存在腓总神经继发性卡压 ,均行腓管切开减压松解。结果　术后随访 13～ 37个月 ,平均 2 5个月 ,4例足背伸肌力由术前 0～ 级恢复至 ～ 级 ,1例未恢复。结论　坐骨神经损伤后腓管处产生腓总神经继发性卡压 ,一旦诊断明确 ,须尽早行腓管切开减压 ,亦可在早期修复坐骨神经时行腓管松解术 ,预防继发性卡压发生     

显微外科手术治疗腓总神经卡压综合征26例

目的 评价应用显微外科手术治疗腓总神经卡压综合征的临床疗效. 方法 从2005年11月至201 1年12月,对腓总神经卡压综合征26例应用显微外科手术治疗,除全部行常规手术及神经外膜松解外,其中18例又进一步行神经束膜松解,术后辅以神经营养药物等治疗. 结果 术后随访时间为10个月～6年,平均3.5年.术前20例肌力下降的患者术后肌力恢复优良率为75.0％;术前感觉减退及消失者10例,术后感觉恢复率为80.0％;术前疼痛16例,术后缓解有效率为87.5％. 结论 应用显微外科手术行腓总神经松解治疗腓总神经卡压综合征较简便易行,其临床疗效可靠且副损伤小.     

踝关节外伤性腓总神经卡压综合征的治疗

目的探讨踝关节外伤性腓总神经卡压综合征的发生机制及治疗效果。方法对16例踝关节外伤性腓总神经卡压综合征进行综合治疗,其中11例保守治疗,5例进行手术治疗,术中发现腓总神经有不同程度的水肿、黏连,色泽苍白或暗淡,外膜增厚。结果本组均获随访,随访时间8个月～6年,平均4年。观察双下肢胫骨前肌、腓骨长短肌、伸足母长肌及伸趾长肌等肌力及小腿外侧、足背皮肤感觉恢复情况。16例患者腓总神经损伤的功能有不同程度恢复,其中优10例,良4例,可1例,差1例。结论对于踝关节损伤引起腓总神经卡压综合征予以保守治疗为主,但对于诊断完全性神经损伤保守治疗无效的患者及早行神经松解术,疗效比较满意。     

肘管综合征原位松解手术中关于尺神经卡压部位的探讨

目的探讨肘管综合征原位松解手术中尺神经的卡压部位并评估治疗效果。方法 2017年1月-2019年1月,采用尺神经原位松解术治疗肘管综合征22例,术前全部经神经肌电图证实,所有病例行尺神经原位松解术,根据术中探查情况,分析尺神经卡压部位。结果术中发现造成肘部尺神经卡压部位中Osborne韧带卡压10例,肘关节腱鞘囊肿卡压7例,被尺侧腕屈肌两头之间腱性组织卡压5例。尺神经功能(主要是感觉)在术后均有显著改善。结论肘管综合征行尺神经原位松解手术中,造成尺神经卡压的部位主要有Osborne韧带、腱鞘囊肿和尺侧腕屈肌两头之间腱性组织。找到尺神经卡压点并予以处理对尺神经原位松解手术的效果至关重要。     

痛风石致腕管综合征的病例分析

目的 探讨痛风石导致的腕管综合征的临床特点,以期指导其诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年10月收治的6例腕管综合征患者,病程1～6个月,平均(3.0±0.6)个月.6例均为单发,除腕部外的身体其他部位均未发现痛风石.在行腕管切开减压时,发现腕管内有痛风石生长,痛风石侵犯指屈肌腱和正中神经.术中刮除痛风石,切开腕横韧带,解除周围组织对正中神经的压迫,行正中神经外膜或束膜松解术.结果 6例患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,手指麻木症状减轻.术后发现5例患者血尿酸升高,1例患者血尿酸正常.随访10～ 25个月,平均(17.0±5.3)个月,腕管综合征症状消失4例,缓解2例,未见新的痛风石出现.结论 痛风石导致的腕管综合征好发于男性,多伴有血尿酸升高,腕部B超、CT或MRI检查对其有诊断意义;腕横韧带切开,痛风石清除和正中神经外膜松解术是治疗痛风石导致的腕管综合征的有效方法.     

显微技术在治疗腕管综合征中的应用

目的探讨显微技术在治疗腕管综合征中的应用价值。方法随机将62例腕管综合征患者分为A、B两组，A组在腕横韧带切开的基础上，应用手术显微镜行正中神经内松解术；B组单纯行腕横韧带切开减压术。比较两组术前、术后在症状、体征、肌电图方面的改变。结果随访8～18个月，平均12个月。按自拟疗效评估标准判定，A组优良率92．5％，B组优良率70．97％。结论在腕横韧带切开的基础上，采用显微技术行正中神经内减压治疗腕管综合征可显著提高手术效果。     

肘管综合征诊治研究进展

肘管综合征是常见的周围神经卡压性疾病,发病率仅次于腕管综合征,病因复杂,治疗方法尚不统一。肘管综合征早期可试行保守治疗,保守治疗无效或中重度患者需手术干预,手术方法包括尺神经原位松解术、肱骨内上髁切除术、尺神经前置术及微创治疗等。目前最佳术式以及术式选择标准仍存在争议。该文就相关应用解剖、发病机制、诊断、分型及治疗研究进展作一综述。     

透明外导管行Chow法内镜治疗腕管综合征

目的探讨内镜下采用透明外导管双入口Chow法施行腕横韧带松解术治疗腕管综合征的疗效及安全性。方法选取2008年7月至2013年3月在北京大学第一医院以透明外导管行双入口Chow法治疗腕管综合征的27例患者38个腕关节。其中男4例,女23例;年龄25~66岁,平均52.81岁;右腕12例,左腕4例,双腕11例。根据术前症状按滨田分类法分级,Ⅰ级9腕,Ⅱ级6腕,Ⅲ级23腕。手术采用局麻、止血带,腕部小切口引入透明导管,在透明外导管内可分辨出肌腱、韧带、神经的情况下切开腕横韧带,松解正中神经。结果术后随访2~47个月,平均17.67个月。失访6例,共随访32个腕关节。单腕平均手术时间15 min,出血0 mL。术后1例出现疼痛、麻木加重,无正中神经、血管、肌腱损伤及神经黏连等并发症,无二次手术者。无皮肤深浅感觉障碍、无切口瘢痕疼痛者。握力及捏力均不同程度改善。术后Kelly分级评定,优18腕,良9腕,一般4腕,差1腕,优良率为84.3%。分级为一般及差的5例均出现在术前滨田分类Ⅲ级的患者中。结论关节镜下用可视的透明外套管行"双孔道"Chow法腕横韧带松解术结合了Chow法与Okutsu法的优点,皮肤切口小,组织创伤轻,手术时间短,术后不需石膏外固定,不残留大的手术瘢痕。此方法是一种有效且操作安全性高的微创术式。     

肘部腱鞘囊肿致骨间背侧神经卡压综合征5例临床分析

目的：探讨肘部腱鞘囊肿致骨间背侧神经卡压综合征的发病原因及手术方法。方法：自2005年3月至2012年3月,采用手术切除腱鞘囊肿、骨间背侧神经松解术治疗5例肘部腱鞘囊肿致骨间背侧神经卡压综合征患者,男3例,女2例;年龄35～60岁,平均50．4岁;发病至手术时间为3-10个月,平均6.3个月。主要临床症状为前臂上段外侧处酸痛,掌指关节不能主动伸直,伸腕力弱,肌电图检查呈现神经源性损害或神经传导速度减慢。根据英国医学研究院神经外伤学会将神经损伤后按制订的标准结合临床进行运动、感觉功能评定。结果：5例患者均获随访,时间3～15个月,平均为8．5个月,术后患者切口愈合可,无明显并发症。术后疗效评价,优（M4S3＋及以上）3例,良（M3S3）2例。5例患者伸拇、伸掌指关节功能恢复良好,均达到正常生活要求。结论：手术切除腱鞘囊肿、骨间背侧神经松解术治疗肘部腱鞘囊肿致骨间背侧神经卡压综合征具有彻底解除骨间背侧神经卡压,促进该神经的功能恢复,疗效确切。     

Two cases of endoscopic management of carpal tunnel syndrome in macrodactyly patients.

Some cases of carpal tunnel syndrome in macrodactyly patients have been reported. We performed endoscopic carpal canal release on two unilateral macrodactyly patients suffering from bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. We measured carpal canal pressure before performing endoscopic surgery using the Universal Subcutaneous Endoscope system to confirm median nerve compression. We diagnosed median nerve compression in each patient due to the high preoperative carpal canal pressure. Carpal canal pressure immediately decreased to within normal range following release of both the flexor retinaculum and the distal holdfast fibres of the flexor retinaculum. One patient recovered to within normal in terms of sensory disturbances and abductor pollicis brevis muscle strength. The other patient showed improvement in terms of sensory disturbance, however, muscle power did not recover because this patient had suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome for ten years. Endoscopic carpal canal release and decompression surgery was effective for carpal tunnel syndrome in both macrodactyly patients.     

内窥镜治疗腕管综合征的疗效观察

目的：观察内窥镜治疗腕管综合征的临床疗效。方法2009年至今,利用内窥镜单切口入路,通过切开腕管、松解正中神经,治疗腕管综合征18例（30侧）。术前及术后3个月进行神经电生理测试,测定正中神经掌腕段感觉及运动传导速度。结果本组患者术后随访6个月,术后3个月正中神经感觉、运动神经传导速度明显较术前加快（P〈0.05）,患者肢体感觉基本恢复正常,未见复发。结论内窥镜治疗腕管综合征疗效确切,术后正中神经功能恢复明显。     

在内窥镜视下治疗腕管综合征45例报告

目的：介绍利用内窥镜从腕管内直接切断腕横韧带，解除其对正中神经压迫的手术方法。方法：应用ＵＳＥｓｙｓｔｅｍ（ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌｓｕｂｃｕｔａｎｅｏｕｓｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ＵＳＥ）３０度斜视镜电视录象系统、压力测定器，将外套管插入腕管内，在内视镜下切断腕横韧带。结果：临床应用４６例５２腕，４３例疗效满意，３例无改善。手术时间平均为１０分钟，出血少，能安全地达到腕管完全开放。结论：与常规手术相比，皮肤切口小，组织创伤轻，手术时间短，缩短了住院时间，降低了医疗费用     

内镜下两点单侧钩切法治疗腕管综合征的临床应用

目的：探讨应用内镜的两点单侧钩切法切断腕横韧带,解除正中神经压迫的手术方法和疗效。方法：临床治疗原发性11例13侧（左侧3例,右侧6例,双侧2例）43～68岁女性腕管综合征患者。全部患者均有桡侧3个半指的指端刺痛觉减退,腕部正中神经Tinel征阳性,11例大鱼际肌萎缩,同时4例存在拇指对掌功能减弱。术中局部麻醉,分别采取近侧腕横纹线处,掌长肌腱与桡侧屈腕肌腱之间1cm皮肤横切口（入口）和患者拇指最大桡侧外展位,拇指尺侧平行线与中环指间的长轴线交叉点向尺侧1cm处呈45°切口（出口）。预制隧道后入口处置入腕关节镜,由出口插入钩刀。钩刀钩住腕横韧带近段后,内镜随钩刀移动而远行,全程镜视下由近及远切断腕横韧带。结果：患者经随访4～20个月全部疗效满意,捏握功能明显改善。术后3个月时恢复至S3＋M3以上。无血管、神经或屈肌腱损伤等并发症。结论：两点单侧钩切法操作步骤简单,是一种有效的手术方法。     

内窥镜下松解腕管综合征的神经并发症

目的 报道内窥镜治疗腕管综合征时引起神经损伤的原因。方法 1997年至2003年，应用内窥镜治疗腕管综合征136例。对其中2例在内窥镜术后发生并发症的患者，在直视下再次进行手术探查，以明确神经损伤的部位及性质，并探讨引起神经损伤的原因。结果 1例正中神经在腕管内与腕横韧带粘连，在切断腕横韧带时同时损伤相连的正中神经外膜与部分束膜。经神经外膜松解后症状缓解。另1例正中神经掌皮支起始部发生变异，在内窥镜插入腕上切口处，直接损伤该皮支；经神经松解后症状缓解。结论 内窥镜治疗腕管综合征，通常是安全有效的。但在解剖变异及内窥镜下手术有困难时，易发生神经损伤，再次进行手术松解，症状缓解。     

Endoscopic decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow

PURPOSE: The ideal operative treatment for cubital tunnel syndrome, the second most common form of peripheral compression neuropathy, remains controversial. We therefore reviewed our series of endoscopically assisted ulnar nerve decompression at the elbow to determine the effectiveness of the procedure, which was intended to minimize perioperative morbidity and scar discomfort. METHODS: In 36 patients (ages 22-76 years) with clinical McGowan grade I (4 patients), II (21 patients), and III (11 patients) and electrophysiologic signs of cubital tunnel syndrome (35 primary, 1 recurrent), 20 cm of the ulnar nerve was released through a 3.5-cm-long skin incision above the medial epicondyle. A 4-mm, 30 degrees standard endoscope and custom-made guiding-dissecting tool were utilized during the procedure, and the mean postoperative follow-up examination was 14 months (range 6-19). RESULTS: No macroscopically visible nerves and vessels were injured during the procedure. The only postoperative complication was hematoma in one patient that resolved after conservative management. One case was converted from endoscopic to open because of a ganglion that surrounded the nerve in the forearm. There was no scar discomfort (ie, painful neuroma, impaired sensibility, or burning sensation) or elbow extension deficit after surgery, and surgical wounds all healed within a week. Outcomes were excellent in 21 of 36 cases and good in 12 of 36 cases. All patients improved electrophysiologically after surgery, were satisfied with the procedure, returned to full activities within 3 weeks, and would have the procedure again. CONCLUSIONS: By using a safe and reliable endoscopic technique characterized by a short incision, minimum soft tissue dissection, and early postoperative mobilization, we were able to preserve the benefits of conventional approaches (namely, complete release and good visualization), while avoiding problems such as painful scarring and elbow contracture.     

内窥镜下治疗腕管综合征89例报告

目的 :探讨应用内窥镜技术治疗腕管综合征 (ECTR) ,从腕管内切断腕管横韧带 ,解除其对正中神经压迫的手术方法及技巧。并对其术后疗效进行分析 ,介绍内窥镜下治疗腕管综合征的经验与疗效。方法 :局部麻醉 ,皮肤 1cm切口 ,在内窥镜下切断腕管横韧带。松解受压的正中神经。据Kelly疗效评定标准 ,对其术后疗效进行分析评价。结果 :临床应用 165例 192腕 ,手术时间平均 10min ,出血少 ,术后随访 89例 98腕 ,优 73腕 ;良 2 0腕 ;一般 3例 ;差 2例 ,其中 2例发生术后正中神经粘连 ,行 2次手术。结论 :内窥镜技术治疗腕管综合征 (ECTR)皮肤切口小 ,组织创伤轻 ,手术时间短 ,术后不需石膏外固定 ,不残留手术瘢痕。注意手术适应证 ,是一种安全有效的微创手术方法。     

Magnetic resonance neurography studies of the median nerve before and after carpal tunnel decompression

OBJECT: Recently developed novel MR protocols called MR neurography, which feature conspicuity for nerve, have been shown to demonstrate signal change and altered median nerve configuration in patients with median nerve compression. The postoperative course following median nerve decompression can be problematic, with persistent symptoms and abnormal results on electrophysiological studies for some months, despite successful surgical decompression. The authors undertook a prospective study in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, correlating the clinical, electrophysiological, and MR neurography findings before and 3 months after surgery. METHODS: Thirty patients and eight control volunteers were recruited to the study. The MR neurography consisted of axial and sagittal images (TR = 2000 msec, TE = 60 msec) obtained using a temporomandibular surface coil, fat saturation, and flow suppression. Maximum intensity projection images were used to follow the median nerve through the carpal tunnel in the sagittal plane. Magnetic resonance neurography in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome demonstrated proximal swelling (p < 0.001) and high signal change in the nerve, together with increased flattening ratios (p < 0.001) and loss of nerve signal in the distal carpal tunnel (p < 0.05). Sagittal images were very effective in precisely demonstrating the site and severity of nerve compression. After surgery, division of the flexor retinaculum could be demonstrated in all cases. Changes in nerve configuration, including increased cross-sectional area, and reduced flattening ratios (p < 0.001) were seen in all patients. In many cases restoration of the T. signal intensity toward that of controls was seen in the median nerve in the distal carpal tunnel. Sagittal images were excellent in demonstrating expansion of the nerve at the site of surgical decompression. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the authors suggest that MR neurography is an effective means of both confirming compression of the median nerve and its successful surgical decompression in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. This modality may prove useful in the assessment of unconfirmed or complex cases of carpal tunnel syndrome both before and after surgery.     

Endoscopic management of carpal tunnel syndrome

This article describes a subcutaneous endoscopic operative procedure for carpal tunnel syndrome and analyzes its effectiveness using electrophysiological data. Subcutaneous transverse carpal ligament release under universal subcutaneous endoscope (USE) was performed using local anesthesia without pneumotourniquet in 54 hands of 45 patients since June 1986. The mean follow-up period was 13.8 months. Sensory disturbances began to subside immediately after the operation and disappeared within 2 months in all cases. After the disappearance of sensory disturbances, we performed postoperative electrophysiological studies in 27 patients (33 hands). Postoperative electrophysiological data were significantly improved in all cases. Patients did not suffer from any serious complications such as motor branch injuries of the median nerve, hypesthesia of the palm, or injuries of the superficial palmar arch. From these results, we conclude that the transverse carpal ligament can be safely incised by this procedure.     

腕管综合征手术方式的选择和治疗效果分析

目的回顾性分析不同类型腕管综合征（carpal tunnel syndrome,CTS）的手术方式选择并初步分析其临床疗效。 方法84例（108侧）诊断为CTS并实施手术治疗的患者,术式为腕管切开减压神经松解术或内镜下腕横韧带切断术,随访时根据患者术前是否有夜间因麻木、疼痛而醒来的病史将患者分为滑膜型CTS和卡压型CTS,并根据Kelly标准对术后疗效进行评价。 结果滑膜型CTS患者45例（59侧）,卡压型CTS患者39例（49侧）,滑膜型CTS腕管切开减压术中可见大量滑膜增生及正中神经明显充血水肿,且滑膜组织病理检查可见大量淋巴细胞浸润,而卡压型CTS腕管切开减压术中见正中神经以机械性压迫改变为主,未见大量滑膜增生。74例（98侧）患者获得随访,随访时间平均（30±19.2）个月,疗效根据Kelly标准评估,所有行腕管切开减压术患者随访时的优良率（94.9%）明显高于内镜手术患者（75.0%）（P=0.016）,其中行腕管切开减压术的滑膜型CTS和卡压型CTS患者随访时优良率分别为95.6%和93.9%,两组相比差异无统计学意义（P=0.749）,滑膜型CTS患者中行腕管切开减压术组优良率（95.6%）明显高于内镜手术组（62.5%）（P=0.020）,而卡压型CTS患者行腕管切开减压术组优良率（93.9%）与内镜手术组（83.3%）相比差异无统计学意义（P=0.286）,行内镜手术的两种类型CTS病例数虽均较少,但卡压型CTS组患者的优良率（83.3%）大于滑膜型CTS组（62.5%）。 结论腕管切开减压神经松解术是手术治疗CTS确实有效的方法,内镜下腕横韧带切断术对于卡压型CTS患者可以达到和腕管切开减压手术相近的临床疗效,但对于滑膜型CTS患者则疗效不佳,应慎重选择。