耳郭再造术中颅耳角成形的体会

目的探讨耳郭再造术中颅耳角成形的一种有效方法.方法在颅耳沟处设计两个相对的三角形任意皮瓣,互相推进后交叉或对位缝合,加深颅耳沟,再造颅耳角.结果本组患者共62例,皮瓣全部成活,术后颅耳角维持于20～40°,形态稳定自然,效果满意.结论该术式简单易行,安全可靠,是再造颅耳角的一种较为理想的手术方法.     

两瓣法复合植皮颅耳角成形术

目的 探讨耳廓再造术中颅耳角成形的一种方法.方法 于再造耳的耳轮外缘外侧0.5 cm设计切口,掀起再造耳,并于耳支架深面携带较厚的筋膜;将一期手术预留埋植的肋软骨作为耳后支撑支架,调节支架位置与角度,使再造耳的形态、位置、轴向接近于健耳,并使颅耳角较对侧稍大;在再造耳廓的上方及下方乳突区各设计1个皮瓣,分别向颅耳沟旋转,将两皮瓣对位缝合,覆盖支撑软骨;皮瓣两侧创面分别植皮.结果 本组患者共72例,皮瓣全部成活.51例患者得到随访,随访时间3 ～ 24个月,术后颅耳角维持于约20 ～30度,形态稳定,效果满意.结论 两瓣法复合植皮颅耳角成形术式简单易行,安全可靠,是再造颅耳角的一种可行方法.     

全耳再造中改良颅耳角成形术的临床应用研究

目的探讨并评价改良颅耳角成形术在全耳再造中的应用及临床效果。方法 2012年9月至2014年6月,对161例先天性小耳畸形患者进行全耳再造。一期术后6个月行二期手术,采用改良颅耳角成形术完成颅耳角重建:人工骨材料作为支撑支架,耳后筋膜包裹支架,耳后枕部刃厚皮片植皮。结果本组患者术后随访6~18个月(平均12个月),151例患者术后颅耳角形态满意;10患者术后颅耳角瘢痕挛缩较明显,影响颅耳角角度。9例患者颅耳角植皮区下部色泽变深或出现表皮坏死,经换药处理后愈合良好。结论改良颅耳角成形术能较好地呈现满意的颅耳角结构。     

颞浅筋膜蒂耳后扩张皮瓣全耳再造术

目的　探索使再造耳轮廓清晰、耳轮缘无毛发生长 ,又可同期处理残耳的全耳再造方法。方法　应用经皮肤扩张的颞蒂耳后筋膜皮瓣 ,向前上方旋转包裹整个耳支架进行全耳再造。结果　 1999年 2月至 2 0 0 0年 10月共完成全耳再造 18例 ,术后随访期平均 9个月 ,均取得满意效果。结论　颞蒂耳后筋膜皮瓣厚薄适中 ,无发区皮肤面积较大 ,应用该皮瓣再造的耳廓肤色均匀一致 ,耳轮缘无毛发 ,外耳轮及耳甲腔等细微结构清晰 ,颅耳角保持较稳定 ,其不失为一种较为理想的全耳再造方法 ,尤其适用于发际较低者及耳上部组织残缺较多者的全耳再造     

耳畸形整形术

目的探讨和评价不同耳畸形的手术方法、效果及其影响因素.方法根据耳畸形的不同情况,利用自体肋软骨,对379例（401耳）采用双叶皮瓣法、29例（29耳）采用耳后沟皮瓣行耳廓再造及耳道成形术.对84例（84耳）气化型乳突患者同时行耳道成形术和鼓室成形术.结果335例（82%）术后随访3个月以上,其中273例（67%）随访0.5～5年,手术效果满意,再造耳形态逼真,颅耳角满意;358例（380耳）先天性小耳畸形术后复查听力,335耳术后听力有不同程度提高,其中84耳同时行耳道成形术和鼓室成形术,听力改善更明显;45耳术后听力无明显改善（＜10 dB）.结论自体肋软骨是耳再造的理想材料,双叶皮瓣及耳后沟皮瓣行耳再造效果满意,听力有所提高.     

上下耳轮角皮瓣在Nagata二期耳廓再造术中的应用

目的:探讨上下耳轮角皮瓣在Nagata二期耳廓再造颅耳角成形术中的应用及其临床效果。方法:2016年6月-2017年6月,对5例Nagata一期术后3～6个月的先天性单侧小耳畸形患者进行了二期耳廓成形及颅耳角重建:将耳廓支架掀起,软骨支架置入颅耳沟,耳后筋膜包裹,在乳突区设计两长条形上下耳轮角皮瓣,于贴近颅耳沟处相互拉拢,交叉间断缝合,余创面植皮。结果:本组5例患者,随访6～12个月,5例患者上下耳轮角皮瓣均全部成活,耳廓与头颅侧壁约成30°夹角,形成清晰明显的颅耳沟,临床效果满意。结论:Nagata二期耳廓再造术中应用肋软骨支架联合上下耳轮角皮瓣进行颅耳角重建可呈现满意的颅耳角结构,且操作相对简单,不增加手术次数,术后耳后皮片瘢痕挛缩率低,使其更具立体感,术后效果满意,值得临床推广应用。     

颞浅筋膜蒂耳后扩张皮瓣全耳再造术

目的 探索使再造耳轮廓清晰、耳轮缘无毛发生长，又可同期处理残耳的全耳再造方法。方法应用经皮肤扩张的颞蒂耳后筋膜皮瓣，向前上方旋转包裹整个耳支架进行全耳再造。结果 1999年2月至2000年10月共完成全耳再造18例，术后随访期平均9个月，均取得满意效果。结论 颞蒂耳后筋膜皮瓣厚薄适中，无发区皮肤面积较大，应用该皮瓣再造的耳廓肤色均匀一致，耳轮缘无毛发，外耳轮及耳甲腔等细微结构清晰，颅耳角保持较稳定，其不失为一种较为理想的全耳再造方法，尤其适用于发际较低者及耳上部组织残缺较多的全耳再造。     

颞浅筋膜蒂耳后扩张皮瓣全耳再造术

目的探索使再造耳轮廓清晰、耳轮缘无毛发生长,又可同期处理残耳的全耳再造方法.方法应用经皮肤扩张的颞蒂耳后筋膜皮瓣,向前上方旋转包裹整个耳支架进行全耳再造.结果1999年2月至2000年10月共完成全耳再造18例,术后随访期平均9个月,均取得满意效果.[HT5”H结论颞蒂耳后筋膜皮瓣厚薄适中,无发区皮肤面积较大,应用该皮瓣再造的耳廓肤色均匀一致,耳轮缘无毛发,外耳轮及耳甲腔等细微结构清晰,颅耳角保持较稳定,其不失为一种较为理想的全耳再造方法,尤其适用于发际较低者及耳上部组织残缺较多者的全耳再造.     

带蒂残耳复合组织瓣在再造耳修整中的作用

目的:探讨如何合理有效地利用残耳组织,对再造耳进行局部修整的方法.方法:对12例单侧小耳畸形患者再造耳进行修整.患耳按耳廓发育情况分为:Ⅰ度3例,Ⅱ度9例.所有患者在三期再造耳修整时,残耳组织量充足,残耳软骨及皮肤量较多,再造耳外形尚可,存在狭小耳甲腔,再造耳的颅耳沟瘢痕粘连变浅.在粘连的颅耳沟区切开松解,并在原支架底部切开包裹支架的筋膜,使之与软骨皮瓣基底部相通,形成一颅耳沟区创面,再在残耳组织上设计比创面略大的梭形切口,在其两侧皮下剥离,保留软骨表面的软组织,形成蒂在底部的残耳复合组织瓣,将之通过支架下方的隧道转移至耳后区创面,缝合组织瓣与耳后创面边缘,供瓣区皮瓣适当改形后覆盖耳甲腔创面,以扩大耳甲腔.结果:转移至颅耳沟区的残耳复合组织瓣成活良好,耳支架高度明显增高,颅耳沟明显加深,耳甲腔明显扩大,随访3～6个月,再造耳无明显挛缩变形.结论:残耳组织在再造耳修整中是良好的材料,将其通过带蒂移植的方法转移至需要部位,不仅可明显改善再造耳的外观,而且可合理利用原有组织,而无需另取组织游离移植.     

耳后推进皮瓣结合同侧耳甲腔软骨移植修复耳轮全层缺损

目的探讨应用耳后推进皮瓣结合同侧耳甲腔软骨移植修复单侧部分耳全层缺损的方法和效果。方法本组10例单侧耳轮缺损患者,其中9例为外伤性耳缺损,1例为冻伤后耳缺损。手术行耳甲腔软骨游离移植,耳后推进皮瓣I期修复,耳轮、耳舟成形术。4例患者行Ⅱ期耳颅角成形术：耳颅沟松解、取对侧耳后皮片植皮术。结果10例患者切口均I期愈合。术后随访3—20个月,耳轮、耳舟形态良好,颜色质地接近,无瘢痕增生。结论对于部分耳轮缺损,应用耳后推进皮瓣结合同侧耳甲腔软骨移植安全、有效。部分患者需要通过Ⅱ期手术来改善双侧耳颅角对称性。     

全耳廓再造中的颅耳沟成形术

全耳廓再造中形成一个角度满意而稳定的颅耳沟至关重要。１９８５年以来，我们为此设计应用耳廓支架后另以软骨块支撑的颅耳沟成形术已为３１例手术，取得了较为满意的效果。手术方法为在第Ⅰ期手术时将雕刻剩余的软骨块埋回胸部供软骨区的皮下，第Ⅱ期手术时取出，垫植于软骨支架后以耳后局部颞浅筋膜瓣覆盖，最后，所有创面植以全厚或中厚皮片。     

招风耳畸形整形治疗的体会

招风耳畸形主要表现为对耳轮形态缺陷和耳颅角过大,虽不影响功能但不美观。作者对16例严重招风耳畸形进行整形治疗,并着重探讨了手术的改进和体会。     

应用三维重建结合快速成型技术实现个性化颅耳角重建

目的探索应用计算机三维重建结合快速成型技术,设计并制造个性化颅耳角支撑物的可行性。方法对1例拟行颅耳角重建的先天性小耳畸形患者,进行全头颅CT扫描,获取CT数据,在PC机上进行三维重建和设计,通过快速成型技术打印出实体模型。结果获得了个性化的骨水泥颅耳角支撑物。结论应用计算机三维重建和快速成型技术可实现个性化颅耳角支撑物的设计和制造。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.