第二跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复Mu甲瓣切除后的创面

Objective　To introduce a new surgical procedure for coverage of the donor area of wrap - around flap using the reverse second dorsal metatarsal artery island flap.Methods　From June 1992 to December 1998,the reverse second dorsal metatarsal artery flap was used to cover the defect after harvesting of wrap - around flap in 12 cases.The size of the flaps ranged from 3 cm × 2 cm to 6 cm × 4 cm.The cutaneous nerve included in the flap was sutured with the proper digital nerve.The donor site on the dorsum of the foot was repaired by split thickness skin graft.All the patients were followed for 4 months to 6 years.Results　The flaps survived with good consistency,texture,and near normal sensation.No compressive ulcer and phalangeal necrosis was noted.There was no obvious impairment of the walking function of the foot.Conclusion　The reverse second dorsal metatarsal artery flap is a new and effective option for repair of the defects of the toes.     

小切口治疗腕管综合征14例报告

Objective　To introduce the technique of carpal tunnel release by small incision,and evaluate its outcome in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.Methods　This method was applied in the operations of 14 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome.An incision 1.5 cm in length was made at the level of the proximal transverse wrist crease ulnar to the palmaris longus tendon.The proximal margin of the transverse carpal ligament was visualized and the ligament was cut subcutaneously under direct vision.The flexor digitorum tendons were retracted and the edematous synovium excised.Results　Follow - up of the patients 2 weeks postoperatively showed that the symptoms of numbess and pain disappeared in all 14 cases.Normal 2 - PD in the pulp of the thumb,index finger and long finger was ＜ 4 mm.One year after the operation,muscle atrophy in 5 patients who sustained preoperative thenar muscle atrophy was greatly improved with recovery of normal opponens function of the thumb.No pillar pain and injury of the ulnar nerve and superficial palmar arch was found.Conclusion　Carpal tunnel release under direct vision through a small incision is a new and effective surgical procedure.     

新型外固定在鹰嘴骨折治疗中的应用

Objective　To introduce a new device of external fixator for olecranon fracture,and evaluate its clinical treatment outcome.Methods　After close reduction under the supervision of the image intensifier,15 cases of olecranon fracture have been treated by the external fixator of self-design.The patients were followed for 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively.Results　Clinical observation and follow-up revealed that all these fractures healed up well with full recovery of elbow joint function.The average period for bony union was 7 weeks,ranging from 6 to 8 weeks.Normal range of motion of the elbow joint was regained,without any complications.Conclusions　This kind of external fixator used for olecranon fractures showed the advantages of minimal invasiveness,simple manipulation, reliable fixation,early post-operative joint movement,and no need for implant removal procedures.The author believes it is worth introduction and using clinically.     

The Protective Effect of α-Tocopherol and GdCl3 Against Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Purpose To evaluate the combined effect of α-tocopherol and gadolinium chloride (GdCl₃) in reducing lipid peroxidation after severe hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Methods Sixty male Wistar rats, 200–250 g, were randomly divided into six equal groups. There were two sham operation (SHAM) groups, two untreated IR groups, and two IR groups treated with GdCl₃ and α-tocopherol (IRGT). After 60 min of total hepatic ischemia and 120 min reperfusion, one of each group was killed, liver samples were taken for malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) analysis and light microscopy examination, and blood samples were analyzed for aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and α-tocopherol content. The remaining groups were monitored for survival rate determination. Results The mean MDA and MPO values in the SHAM, IR, and IRGT groups, respectively, were 1.117, 1.476, and 0.978 nmol/g wet tissue and 1.49, 6.26, and 1.78 (U/g). The mean α-tocopherol values in the SHAM, IR, and IRGT groups, respectively, were 10.4, 1.9, and 12 μmol/l. The mean serum AST, ALT, and LDH values were significantly higher in the IR group than in the SHAM group (P < 0.001), and significantly lower in the IRGT group than in the IR group (P < 0.001). Light microscopy examination revealed more severe congestion and vacuolization in the IR group than in the SHAM group, and minimal congestion and vacuolization in the IRGT group. Survival was significantly higher in the IRGT group than in the IR group. Conclusion The administration of GdCl₃ and α-tocopherol is likely to protect the liver against lipid peroxidation by suppressing Kupffer cell and polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and enhancing endogenous antioxidant activity.     

肝细胞低密度脂蛋白受体活性对胆汁中 胆汁酸影响的实验研究△

To study the mechanism of cholesterol gallstone formation, rabbit models were induced by feeding with high cholesterol diet. Bile acids were tested with bi-wavelengh thin layer scan and low density lipoprotein receptor activity of hepatocytes binding to ¹²⁵　I-LDL were tested with radio immunoassay in different feeding phases as 1,2,3 and 4-week groups, as well as the control group. The results showed that cholesterol gallstones in 2,3 and 4-week groups were induced in respectively. The contents of glucocholic acid (GCA) in bile were decreased significantly (vs control group, P＜0.05). The Bmax values of LDL receptor of hepatocytes binding to ¹²⁵　I-LDL were decreased significantly (P＜0.05). Kd values of those gradually increased (P＜0.05). These suggest that the decreased activity of LDL receptor of hepatocytes would reduce the synthesis of GCA, thus resulting in the formation of cholesterol gallstones.     

iNOS在瑞芬太尼预处理对大鼠产生延迟性心肌保护效应中的作用

Objective To evaluate the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the delayed cardioprotection induced by remifentanil preconditioning in rots. Methods Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats,weighing 250-300 g, were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 6 each). Myocardial ischemia was induced by 5 min, repeating 3 times at 5 min intervals. In greup Ⅱ rots were treated with iv SMT (a selective iNOS inhibitor)10 mg/kg at 10 min before myocardial ischemia. In group Ⅲ iv SMT 10 mg/kg was injected following the infusion with iv SMT 10 mg/kg at 10 min before myocardial isehemia. In group Ⅵ iv SMT 10 mg/kg was injected following the infusion of remifentanil. HR and MAP were recorded before ischemia and every 15 min during ischemia period and every 30 min during reperfasion period. The rote-pressure product (RPP) was calculated. The blood samples from right internal carotid artery were obtained for determination of plasma activity of CK-MB immediately before ischemia, at 30 min of ischemia and at 120 min of reperfusion. The animals were then killed and heart,s removed to measure the left ventricle area (LVA), the myocardial infarct area (IA) and the area at risk (AAR), and AAR/LVA, IA/LVA and IA/AAR were calculated. Results There were no significant differences in HR, MAP,RPP and AAR/LVA at every measurement point during the experiment among all groups. As compared to group Ⅰ ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ, plasma activity of CK-MB, IA/LVA and IA/KAR were significantly decreased at 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion in group Ⅳ and Ⅵ . There were no significant differences in plasma activity of CK-MB,IAJLVA and IA/AAR between group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ . Plasma activity of CK-MB, IA/LVA and IA/AAR were significantly higher at 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion in group Ⅴ than in group Ⅳ . Plasma activity of CK-MB, IA/LVA and IA/AAR were significantly lower at 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion in group Ⅵ than in group Ⅴ . Conclusion iNOS is involved in the delayed cardioproteetion induced by remifentanil preconditioning in rats, and it is a mediator but not a trigger.     

缺血预处理-后处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning on the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Forty healthy male SD weighing 225-275 g were randomly assigned into 5 groups ( n = 8 each): group I sham operation (group S) ; group II intestinal IR (group IIR); group Ⅲ ischemic preconditioning (group Ipr); group IV ischemic postconditioning (group Ipo); group V Ipr+ Ipo. The rats were anesthetized with intraperitonel 20% urethane 5 ml/kg. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 60 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. In group S, SMA was isolated but not occluded. In group Ipr, SMA was occluded for 10 min followed by 10 min reperfusion, and the rest procedures were performed using the method described in group IIR. In group Ipo, 60 min ischemia was followed by three 30 s episodes of ischemia at 30 s intervals for reperfusion. In group Ipr+ Ipo, Ipr was performed followed by Ipo and the procedures were performed using the methods described in group Ipr and Ipo. The animals were killed at 60 min of reperfusion. The intestinal tissues were immediately removed for determination of MDA content, SOD and MPO activities and the degree of damage to intestinal mucous membrane was scored according to Chiu score. Arterial blood samples were taken for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α and 1L-6. Results Compared with group S, Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased, whereas SOD activity decreased in the other 4 groups ( P < 0.05). Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly decreased, whereas SOD activity increased in group Ipr, Ipo and Ipr + Ipo as compared with group IIR ( P < 0.05). Chiu score and MDA content were significantly lower, whereas SOD activity higher in group Ipr + Ipo than in group Ipr and Ipo ( P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the indices between group Ipr and group Ipo ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning can attenuate the intestinal IR injury in rats, and the efficacy is better than that of either Ipr or Ipo alone.     

缺血预处理-后处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning on the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Forty healthy male SD weighing 225-275 g were randomly assigned into 5 groups ( n = 8 each): group I sham operation (group S) ; group II intestinal IR (group IIR); group Ⅲ ischemic preconditioning (group Ipr); group IV ischemic postconditioning (group Ipo); group V Ipr+ Ipo. The rats were anesthetized with intraperitonel 20% urethane 5 ml/kg. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 60 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. In group S, SMA was isolated but not occluded. In group Ipr, SMA was occluded for 10 min followed by 10 min reperfusion, and the rest procedures were performed using the method described in group IIR. In group Ipo, 60 min ischemia was followed by three 30 s episodes of ischemia at 30 s intervals for reperfusion. In group Ipr+ Ipo, Ipr was performed followed by Ipo and the procedures were performed using the methods described in group Ipr and Ipo. The animals were killed at 60 min of reperfusion. The intestinal tissues were immediately removed for determination of MDA content, SOD and MPO activities and the degree of damage to intestinal mucous membrane was scored according to Chiu score. Arterial blood samples were taken for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α and 1L-6. Results Compared with group S, Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased, whereas SOD activity decreased in the other 4 groups ( P < 0.05). Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly decreased, whereas SOD activity increased in group Ipr, Ipo and Ipr + Ipo as compared with group IIR ( P < 0.05). Chiu score and MDA content were significantly lower, whereas SOD activity higher in group Ipr + Ipo than in group Ipr and Ipo ( P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the indices between group Ipr and group Ipo ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning can attenuate the intestinal IR injury in rats, and the efficacy is better than that of either Ipr or Ipo alone.     

热应激预处理对皮瓣缺血再灌注损伤的影响及机制

OBJECTIVE: This study was to develop a new method that can lessen ischemia reperfusion injury and improve the survival of the island flap. METHOD: A right lower abdominal island flap was created in the SD rat according to the protocol of Harashina. Animals were divided into 2 groups (heat-shock pretreatment and control groups). The island flap viability and electronic microscopical appearance of flap tissue were evaluated following ischemia reperfusion injury. In order to explore the mechanism of this phenomenon, we examined the contents of HSP70 and measured the levels of SOD and MDA of the flap at various times. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, SOD activities of the flap were higher, and MDA content was lower. Survival rate of the island flap with heat-shock pretreatment was significantly increased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The heat-shock pretreatment can lessen ischemia reperfusion injury and improve the survival of the island flap. It is suggested that the mechanism be related to following aspects: 1. The heat-shock pretreatment maintains stability of cell's function and structure. 2. It may increase the ability to catabolize free radicals by antioxidative enzymes.     

Protective role of methylprednisolone and heparin in ischaemic‐reperfusion injury of the rat testicle

This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of heparin and methylprednisolone in the treatment of ischaemic reperfusion (IR) injury of the testis. Twenty‐four male Sprague‐Dawley rats were allocated equally into three groups of eight animals each. The left testes were rotated 720° for 2 h in the rats in the torsion–detorsion group. Rats in the treatment groups underwent the same surgical procedure as the torsion–detorsion group but were also given methylprednisolone (group II) or heparin (group III) by an intraperitoneal route 30 min prior to detorsion. Left orchiectomy was performed in all rats from each experimental animal at 2 h after detorsion, and the tissue was harvested for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and nitric oxide (NO) and the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and catalase. Additional tissue was evaluated using histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. PC and MDA levels were significantly reduced in the treated groups compared to the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in NO level or SOD, GSH‐Px and catalase activity among the treatment groups. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings supported biochemical changes. It is concluded that pre‐treatment with methylprednisolone or heparin protects the testis in ischaemic reperfusion injury caused by testicular torsion–detorsion.     

缺血后处理对减轻骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤作用的实验研究

目的：研究缺血后处理对鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护影响,组织中凋亡和胀亡的存在情况。方法将54只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组,持续缺血4 h,再灌注6 h,24 h,48 h。检测血浆乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸磷酸激酶（CPK）活性、肌肉内丙二醛（MDA）含量及总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,进行组织学、免疫组化、超微结构分析。结果相比缺血再灌注组,后处理组在再灌注6 h时,只SOD活性明显升高,而再灌注24 h,48 h时,在MDA含量下降、SOD活性升高、W/D值下降、组织学改变范围及免疫组化阳性范围方面,均较缺血再灌注组有明显差异。结论再灌注开始时应用后处理对于缺血再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用,主要体现在再灌注的稍后期阶段（再灌注24 h,48 h）。缺血再灌注过程中,凋亡和胀亡是并存的。     

山茛菪碱对大鼠移植肝脏保护作用的实验研究

目的 利用山莨菪碱具有稳定细胞膜和抗氧自由基损伤的作用,在低温保存期间用山茛菪碱对移植肝脏进行保护,从百改善移植肝脏的质量。方法 建立大鼠下腔静脉内分流法自体原位肝移植动物模型。动态观察肝脏氧自由基及酶学的变化。结果 实验组用山茛菪碱可减少再灌注后脂质过氧化物酶（ＬＰＯ０的增加,超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的下降,丙氨酸转氨酶乳酸脱氢酶的升高,与对照组比较,Ｐ〈０．０１。     

Effects of carbon dioxide pneumoretroperitoneum on free radical formation in remote organs and use of verapamil as an antioxidant

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pneumoretroperitoneum (Prp) acts as an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury causes production of reactive oxygen species, which affect organs remote from the sites of I/R. The aim of this study was to assess the remote organ changes after Prp and to explore the effects of antioxidants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen adult rabbits were randomized to three groups, each consisting of six rabbits. Group I (control) underwent balloon dissection of the left retroperitoneal space without gas insufflation. In group II (Prp), carbon dioxide at 10 mm Hg was applied for 2 hours after the balloon dissection (ischemia period) and for 1 hour after desufflation (reperfusion period). In group III (Prp + antioxidant), 5 minutes before the experiment, verapamil at 0.2 mg/kg was given intravenously and the same procedure was employed as in group II. Hepatic, pulmonary, opposite kidney, and treated kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated to show response to Prp. RESULTS: Pneumoretroperitoneum exerted oxidative stress on all tissues with an increase of MDA (P < 0.05) and a decrease of GSH (P < 0.05). The verapamil-treated group showed lower values of MDA (P < 0.05) and higher values of GSH (P < 0.05) than group II. CONCLUSION: Pneumoretroperitoneum increased oxidative stress in all remote organs tested. Verapamil reduced the oxidative stress. We concluded that Prp should be employed carefully in patients with limited vital organ capacity. Verapamil administration may be considered for protection against tissue injury attributable to oxidative stress in these patients.     

胆道梗阻后肝脏自由基损伤及粉防己碱保护作用的实验研究

目的　观察胆道梗阻后肝脏的自由基损伤和粉防己碱（ Ｔｅｔ） 的保护作用。方法　复制大鼠胆道梗阻模型,每日给予 Ｔｅｔ ３０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ 体重灌胃,动态观测肝组织丙二醛（ Ｍ Ｄ Ａ） 和超氧化物歧化酶（ Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ） 含量及血清 Ｔ Ｂｉｌ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｔ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｐ、 Ｇ Ｇ Ｔ 含量。结果　胆道梗阻后,血清 Ｔ Ｂｉｌ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｔ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｐ、 Ｇ Ｇ Ｔ 水平逐渐升高,肝组织 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 含量逐渐升高, Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 逐渐减少,各梗阻组与对照组比较, Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 。各 Ｔｅｔ 治疗组与同时相梗阻组比较,血清 Ｔ Ｂｉｌ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｔ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｐ、 Ｇ Ｇ Ｔ 水平下降（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;肝组织 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 含量减少（ Ｐ＜０ ．０１） , Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 含量升高（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。肝组织 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 含量与血清 Ａ Ｌ Ｔ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｐ 含量变化呈明显正相关,ｒ 值分别为０ ．９４９ 和０ ．８４３（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。结论　自由基损伤可能是胆道梗阻导致肝损害的重要机制之一, Ｔｅｔ对胆道梗阻所致肝损害有明显保护作用。     

齐墩果酸预先给药对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨齐墩果酸预先给药对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 清洁级健康雄性SD大鼠128只,体重230～250 g,随机分为4组(n=32):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、羧甲基纤维素钠组(CMC组)和齐墩果酸预处理组(OA组).OA组胃内灌注齐墩果酸混悬液100 mg/kg,CMC组以相同容积的0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液、S组与IR组以相同容积的饮用水替代,每天1次,连续7 d,第8天时IR组、CMC组和OA组采用阻断门静脉及肝动脉分支60 min后再灌注的方法制备肝脏缺血再灌注模型,S组仅分离胆管及门静脉、肝动脉分支.于再灌注即刻、3、6和12 h时取下腔静脉血样,测定血清ALT活性;取左肝中叶组织,测定SOD活性、MDA和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(p-PI3K)、蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶(Akt)、p-Akt、Bcl-2、Bax、p-Bad和Bad的表达水平,观察肝组织病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,IR组、CMC组和OA组再灌注期间血清ALT活性和肝组织MDA含量升高,肝组织SOD活性和GSH含量降低,p-PI3K、p-Akt、Bax、Bad、p-Bad表达上调,Bcl-2表达下调(P＜0.05);与IR组比较,OA组再灌注期间血清ALT活性和肝组织MDA含量降低,肝组织SOD活性和GSH含量升高,p-PIK、p-Akt、Bcl-2和p-Bad表达上调,Bad和Bax表达下调(P＜0.05),CMC组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与CMC组比较,OA组再灌注期间血清ALT活性和肝组织MDA含量降低,肝组织SOD活性和GSH含量升高,p-PI3K、p-Akt、Bcl-2和p-Bad表达上调,Bad和Bax表达下调(P＜0.05).OA组肝组织病理学损伤较IR组减轻.结论 齐墩果酸预先给药可减轻大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,抑制细胞凋亡有关.     

腹主动脉阻断导致内脏缺血再灌注损伤的研究

目的观察腹主动脉阻断所引起的肝、肾、小肠等内脏缺血再灌注损伤的改变。方法建立小猪腹主动脉阻断１小时的模型,检测在不同再灌注时点组织及血液中丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的变化,同时检测肝肾功能和动脉血气分析,观察动物术后的生存情况。结果与缺血前比较,大多数再灌注时点血、组织中ＭＤＡ明显升高,而ＳＯＤ明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在再灌注２小时,血中谷丙转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）、尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）、肌酐（ＣＲＥ）较缺血前明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,代谢性酸中毒也极为明显。多数动物术后能够存活,但均出现下肢截瘫。结论腹主动脉阻断１小时能引起明显的内脏缺血再灌注损伤改变,多数内脏经处理后其损伤能够得到代偿恢复,而脊髓损伤恢复困难。     

内源性一氧化碳在大鼠肢体缺血再灌注致远隔多脏器氧化性损伤中的作用

目的　探讨内源性一氧化碳 (CO)在大鼠肢体缺血再灌注 (I/ R)致远隔多器官氧化性损伤中的作用机制。方法　将 6 4只大鼠随机分为 4组 :假手术 (Sham )组 ;Sham 特异性血红素氧化酶阻断剂—锌原卟啉 (Zn PP)组 ;肢体缺血 2小时和再灌注 4小时 (I/ R)组 ;I/ R Zn PP组。测定各组心、肺、肝和肾组织匀浆中丙二醛 (MDA )含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性及血液内碳氧血红蛋白 (COHb)的变化 ,观察动物 2 4小时存活率。结果　与 Sham组相比 ,I/ R组各脏器 MDA含量及血液内 COHb水平均显著增高 ,组织中 SOD活性和动物 2 4小时存活率显著降低 ,有统计学意义(P<0 .0 5 ) ;I/ R Zn PP组与 I/ R组相比各脏器 MDA含量进一步增高 ,血液内 COHb水平、组织中 SOD活性和动物的2 4小时存活率显著降低 ,也有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　肢体缺血再灌注可导致多器官的氧化性损伤 ,并使 CO产生增多 ,后者在大鼠抗缺血再灌注所致的远隔多器官损伤中具有重要作用。     

Mitigation of oxidative injury by classic and delayed ischemic preconditioning prior to small bowel autotransplantation

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been defined as short periods of ischemia with intermittent reperfusion. IPC induces two phases of protection. We sought to investigate the effects of classic and delayed preconditioning on oxidative stress markers prior to autotransplantation. Total orthotopic intestinal autotransplantation was performed on 18 mongrel dogs in three groups: group I (GI, nonpreconditioned), group II (GII, classic preconditioned), and group III (GIII, delayed preconditioned). In GI 3-hour cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution was followed by 1 hour of reperfusion. In GII before this procedure the intestine was preconditioned by occlusion of the mesenteric artery with four cycles each of 5 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion (IPC protocol). In GIII on day 1 the animals underwent the IPC protocol, and autotransplantation was performed on day 2. Oxidative stress parameters included malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurements in tissue samples. Our results showed increased lipid peroxidation with decreased GSH level and SOD activity in GI (control: 254.38 +/- 18.32 IU/g; reperfused: 55.01 +/- 26.40 IU/g; P <.05). In GII MDA was slightly elevated, and the GSH concentration was increased markedly. Furthermore, better preservation of SOD activity was observed at the end of the reperfusion. Meanwhile, in GIII GSH was significantly increased, indicating the activation of the endogenous antioxidant protective system (control: 382.13 +/- 24.22 micromol/L per gram; reperfused: 515.25 +/- 26.36 micromol/L per gram; P <.05). Moreover, SOD surpassed the control activity. Our findings confirmed that both forms of preconditioning mitigate the severity of oxidative stress prior to preservation and autotransplantation. Delayed preconditioning is more effective to protect bowel tissue against oxidative injury.