烟碱对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To investigate the effects of nicotine on myocardial iscbemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Seventy-four male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 5 groups: group Ⅰ sham operation (group S, n=10), group Ⅱ IR (n = 16), group Ⅲ nicotine 400 μg/kg (group N1,n = 16), group Ⅳ nicotine 40 μg/kg (group N2, n = 16) and group Ⅴ nicotine 400 μg/kg + a-bungarotoxin(group a-BGT, n = 16). Myocardial ischemia was induced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch (LAD) of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 60 min of reperfusiou. LAD was exposed, but not occluded in group S. Nicotine 400 and 40 μg/kg were injected iv via the right jugular vein in group N1 and N2 respectively, and a-bungarotoxin 1.0 μg/kg and nicotion 400 μg/kg were injected iv via the fight jugular vein in group a-BGT at 30 min before myocardial ischemia. Equal volume of normal saline was injected instead in group S and IR. Six animals in each group were killed at 60 min of reperfusion and the hearts removed to measure the left ventricular area (LVA), area at risk (MR) and infarct area (IA) in group IR, N1,N2 and α-BGT. AAP/LVA and IA/LVA were calculated. The blood samples from right carotid artery were obtained for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β and activities of CK-MB and LDH. The animals were then killed and the hearts removed to observe the myocardial ultrastrueture and determine the activity of MPO. Results Compared with group S, plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β and activities of CK-MB and LDH, and myocardial MPO activity were significantly increased in group IR, N1, N2 and a-BGT (P<0.05). Compared with group IB, IA/LVA,plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β and activities of CK-MB and LDH, and myocardial MPO activity were significantly decreased in group N1 (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the indices mentioned above between group N2 and IB and between group α-BGT and IB (P > 0.05). Compared with group N1,IA/LVA, plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1βand activities of CK-MB and LDH, and myocardial MPO activity were significantly increased in group N2 and α-BGT (P < 0.05). The injury to myocardial uhrastructure was attenuated in group N1 as compared with group IR, while aggravated in group N2 and α-BGT as compared with group N1. Conclusion Nicotine can ameliorate the myocardial IR in rats. The mechanism may be related to the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflanunatory pathway and inhibition of the inflammatory response.     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶在舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 探讨诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠30只,体重250～330 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为5组(n=6):假手术组(S组)只穿线,不结扎;心肌缺血再灌注组(I/R组)采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注120 min的方法制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型;舒芬太尼预处理组(SF组)缺血前24 h经尾静脉输注舒芬太尼120μg/kg,输注时间30 min;舒芬太尼预处理+iNOS特异性抑制剂S-甲硫脲组(SF+SMT组)缺血前24 h经尾静脉输注舒芬太尼120μg/kg,缺血前10 min静脉注射SMT 10 mg/kg;SMT组缺血前10 min静脉注射SMT 10 mg/kg.于缺血前30 min、缺血30 min、再灌注120 min时记录HR和MAP,计算RPP(SP× HR).于再灌注120 min时取颈动脉血样2 ml,测定血浆NO浓度,随后取心脏制病理切片,测定缺血危险区(AAR)和梗死区(IS)体积,计算心肌梗死体积(IS/AAR),测定心肌iNOS表达.结果 与S组比较,余4组再灌注120 min时MAP和RPP降低,IS/AAR升高,I/R组和SMT组缺血30 min时MAP和RPP降低(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,SF组、SF+SMT组和SMT组HR、MAP和RPP差异无统计学意义,SF+SMT组和SMT组IS/AAR和血浆NO浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),SF组IS/AAR降低,血浆NO浓度和心肌iNOS表达升高(P＜0.05).结论 iNOS参与了舒芬太尼预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的过程.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in reduction of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by sufentanil preconditioning in rats. Methods Thirty adult male SD rats, weighing 250-330 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n =6 each): sham operation group (group S),I/R group, sufentanil preconditioning group (group SF), sufentanil preconditioning + a specific inhibitor of iNOS S-methyl thiourea (SMT) group (group SF+ SMT) and S-methyl thiourea group (group SMT). In I/R,SF,SF+SMT and SMT groups, myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. Group SF received 30 min infusion of sufentanil 120 μg/kg via caudal vein 24 h before ischemia. Group SF + SMT received infusion of sufentanil 120 μg/kg via caudal vein 24 h before ischemia and then SMT 10 mg/kg was injected 10 min before ischemia. In group SMT, SMT 10 mg/kg was injected 10min before ischemia. MAP and HR were recorded at 30 min before ischemia, at 30 min of ischemia and at the end of reperfusion. The rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately at the end of reperfusion to determine the plasma concentration of NO. Then the animals were sacrificed and myo cardial tissues were obtained to determine the area at risk (AAR), infarct size (IS) and iNOS expression. IS/AAR was calculated. Results Compared with group S, MAP and RPP were significantly decreased, while IS/AAR was significantly increased at 120 min of reperfusion in the other four groups, and MAP and RPP were significantly decreased at 30 min of ischemia in I/R and SMT groups ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group I/R, no significant change was found in HR, MAP and RPP in SF, SF + SMT and SMT groups, and in IS/AAR and plasma NO concentrations in SF + SMT and SMT groups ( P ＞ 0.05), but IS/AAR was significantly decreased, and the plasma NO concentration and iNOS expression were significantly increased in group SF ( P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion iNOS is involved in reduction of myocardial I/R injury by sufentanil preconditioning in rats.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

脑阿片受体在侧脑室注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

Objective To investigate the role of cerebral opioid receptors in the protective effects of intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) morphine preconditioning (MPC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 320-370 g were used in this study. A needle was inserted through a surgically created hole into the cerebro-ventricle using a stereotactic instrument and fixed. Sixty male SD rats in which ICV needle was successfully placed without complication were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. In group I sham operation was performed (S). In group]] myocardial I/R was produced (I/R) . In group Ⅲ (ischemic preconditioning), the animals were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min myocardial ischemia at 5 min intervals before ischemia (IPC) . In group IV morphine was given ICV in 3 repeated doses of 1 μg/kg at 5 min intervals before ischemia (MPC). Three types of opioid receptor antagonists -nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) (κ receptor antagonist), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTOP) (μ receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (NTD) (S receptor antagonist) 15 nmol were given ICV in group V . VI and VIⅡI respectively at 10 min before MPC. In group VIII,IX and X , nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD 15 nmol were given ICV respectively at 40 min before ischemia. Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the end of 120 min, femoral venous blood samples were taken for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration. The animals were then killed and hearts removed for measurement of area at risk (AAR) and infarct area (IA) . IA/AAR ratio was calculated. Results The size of IA was smaller and IA/AAR ratio lower and significantly less LDH and CK and more CGRP were released in group IPC and MPC ( group Ⅲ and IV) than in group I/R (group II ) . The protective effects of MPC were abolished by pretreatment with nor-BNI, CTOP and NTD. Conclusion Cerebral μ, k and δ opioid receptors are involved in the protective effects of ICV morphine preconditioning against myocardial I/R injury through CGRP released from peptidergic nerve fibers of heart.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

目前国内普通外科临床科研中存在的主要问题

自1978年恢复研究生招生工作以来,同其他临床医学学科一样,普通外科的临床科研工作取得了长足进步,获得了一些有创造性的科研成果,为推动我国普通外科事业的发展作出了较大的贡献。近年,我国普通外科领域的科研论文数量增长较快,但不可否认的是,目前我国普通外科研究领域仍存在     

Changes in neuroendocrine elements in bronchial mucosa in chronic lung disease in adults.

BACKGROUND--It is not clear whether there is any association between metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium and changes in the distribution of neuroendocrine cells. This study examined, by immunohistological techniques, the distribution of neuroendocrine cells and juxtamucoscal nerve fibres in bronchial biopsies showing metaplastic changes. METHODS--Bronchial biopsies from 12 subjects with epithelial metaplasia associated with bronchiectasis and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis were examined by conventional light microscopy and immunohistological techniques for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), chromogranin A and B (CAB), serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), calcitonin (CT), and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). RESULTS--Regions of non-metaplastic epithelium contained numerous PGP and serotonin immunoreactive cells. Sub-populations of these cells displayed CAB, CGRP, CT, and GRP immunoreactivity. Metaplastic epithelium contained only a few weakly stained PGP, serotonin, CAB, GRP, CT and CGRP immunoreactive cells in six cases. Metaplastic epithelium was characterised by a high number of CAB-containing cells in six cases and in these biopsies prominent PGP-containing nerve bundles were seen in the subepithelial layer beneath the metaplastic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS--The distribution patterns of neuroendocrine cells and neuronal elements vary between areas of normal and metaplastic epithelium and within areas of metaplastic epithelium. Neuronal hyperplasia was associated with an increase in the number of CAB-containing cells within the metaplastic epithelium.