关节镜下治疗髌股外侧高压综合征

目的 探讨关节镜下外侧支持带松解结合内侧支持带紧缩治疗髌股外侧高压综合征的效果和临床意义.方法 采用关节镜下外侧支持带松解结合内侧支持带紧缩术治疗25例（27膝） 髌股外侧高压综合征.男4例（4膝）,女21例（23膝）;单膝23例,双膝2例.物理检查见Q角增大（〉20°） 9膝,外侧支持带压痛17膝,被动髌骨倾斜试验阳性22膝,压髌试验阳性24膝.X线检查轴位片见髌股对合角异常16膝.术中在关节镜监视下,用等离子松解外侧支持带,必要时可向近端扩大松解范围,切断部分股外侧肌,达到完全松解;强生2号线紧缩髌股内侧支持带.结果 术后所有患者均得到随访,随访5～30个月;平均13.6个月.疗效评定参照Lysholm 评分标准,优15例,良5例,可3例,差2例,优良率为80.0%.Lysholm评分从术前48.0～72.0分、平均（63.2±3.8）分,提高至术后64.0～100.0分、平均（89.4±2.6）分,手术前后差异具有统计学意义（t=5.890,P〈0.05）.术后出现1例患者关节积血.结论 髌股外侧支持带松解结合内侧支持带紧缩术是一种微创的软组织平衡手术,能够有效地缓解髌股外侧高压综合征引起的髌股关节疼痛.     

成人髌骨脱位的手术治疗(附七例报告)

目的探讨成人髌骨脱位的病理特点和手术方法。方法对平均手术年龄为36岁的7例9侧髌骨脱位的病例进行回顾性分析。全部病人采用手术治疗,在外侧松解和内侧紧缩的同时,为了增强髌骨内侧的拉力,用股内侧肌头向髌骨外移位缝合以及半腱肌经髌骨移位术。结果本组随访平均2．6年(2～5年),其中8例临床结果良好,无髌骨再脱位情况,无髌股关节炎和疼痛,关节功能近于正常。1例因膝外翻未予矫正而屈膝略受限。结论成人髌骨脱位建议采用手术治疗。在外侧松解和内侧紧缩的同时,结合股内侧肌髌外侧移位术和半腱肌经髌骨移位术韵三合一方法,髌股力线恢复确实,术后效果良好。     

关节镜下内侧紧缩及外侧松解加半髌腱止点移位术治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的 评价微创关节镜下外侧松解、内侧紧缩、半髌腱止点移位术的三联手术方案治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效.方法 以1998～2008年收治的71例（77膝）复发性髌骨脱位患者为研究对象,入选标准为：胫骨骨骺已经闭合,且股骨滑车沟无严重发育不良和严重膝外翻畸形.男11例,女60例;平均年龄19.5岁,67例有明确外伤史.术前测量Q角.Merchant位X片上测量股骨滑车沟角、髌骨-股骨滑车适合角,髌股外侧角.CT平扫测量股骨髁滑车凹中心与胫骨结节水平距离（TT TG）.术中采用外侧松解、内侧紧缩和半髌腱止点移位三联手术方案.结果 2例（2膝）失访,69例（75膝）术后随访2～12年,平均5.2年.除早期1例患者在术后2个月再次发生髌骨脱位外,其余病例术后髌骨脱位未见复发.术前髌骨-股骨滑车适合角（24.2°±6.8°）,术后为（-2.1°±5.8°）（P〈0.05）;术前髌股外侧角（-2.0°±5.2°）,术后为（10.9°±4.0°）（P〈0.05）;术前TT TG平均为（19.8±2.1） mm,术后为（13.6±1.8） mm （P〈0.01）.术前Lysholm评分和IKDC评分分别由术前的（45.6±4.8）、（48.3±6.8）分,提高到术后的（92.3±10.8）分 （P〈0.05）和（94.3±8.4）分（P〈0.05）;术前测量Q角男性平均为（13.2°±3.1°）,术后平均为（9.2°±2.8°）（P〈0.05）;女性平均为（21.0°±5.2°）,术后平均为（15.4°±4.4°）（P〈0.05）.结论 关节镜下外侧松解、内侧紧缩缝合、半髌腱移位术的综合手术方案治疗复发性髌骨脱位创伤较小,疗效确切,术后患者膝关节功能改善明显,手术操作简便,易于掌握.     

综合手术方案治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效观察

目的评价采用关节镜下外侧松解、内侧支持带紧缩缝合、半髌腱移位术的综合手术方案治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法以1998～2004年收治的38例患者为研究对象,男17例,女21例。29例有明确外伤史,不包括髌骨完全性脱位且关节活动时髌骨始终不与股骨髁间构成关节面关系的病例。通过了解病史、体查以及CT或MRI资料分析确定髌骨脱位病因。关节镜下外侧支持带松解与内侧支持带紧缩缝合、髌腱外1／2连同外侧胫骨结节止点向内侧交叉移位。术后不制动,髌骨行保护性的康复疗程。术后3个月以及每年随访,检查髌骨轨迹、关节活动度以及行髌骨切线位片或CT检查。结果29例患者获3～60个月(平均40．2个月)随访,均无脱位复发,恐惧感消失,物理及影像学检查表明髌骨稳定。按Lysholm评分评价膝关节功能,29患者术后平均评分为(91．3±3．8)分,较术前的(58．1±5．4)分明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0．01)。结论关节镜下外侧松解、内侧支持带紧缩缝合、半髌腱移位术的综合手术方案治疗复发性髌骨脱位疗效确切。操作简便,易于掌握。     

关节镜辅助治疗急性髌骨脱位

目的 探讨关节镜辅助下外侧支持带松解、内侧支持带紧缩治疗急性髌骨脱何的疗效.方法 2006年4月-2009年3月,应用关节镜辅助下改良髌外侧支持带松解、内侧支持带紧缩治疗急性髌骨脱位22例25膝.男5例,女17例;年龄14～34岁,平均23.6岁.均突发于屈膝活动过程中.左侧11膝,右侧14膝.出现症状至入院时间为1～...     

复发性髌骨脱位治疗的现状及进展

复发性髌骨脱位是以膝关节周围持续弥漫性钝痛、膝关节不稳、肿胀以及髌骨反复向外侧脱位为主要表现。其致病因素主要包括:1膝关节外侧支持带挛缩;2膝关节内侧支持带松弛;3股骨外髁和/或髁间凹发育不良;4膝外翻畸形;5髌腱止点偏外;6股骨内(外)旋;7高位髌骨。目前治疗方法很多,主要包括4大类:1髌骨近端力线调整:膝关节外侧支持带松解术、内侧支持带或关节囊紧缩术、内侧髌股韧带重建术和股内侧肌止点移位术;2髌骨远端调整:包括肌腱转位术、髌腱手术、胫骨结节移位术和股骨滑车成形术;3髌骨切除股四头肌成形术;4关节镜辅助技术。但目前尚无一种统一有效的术式能够治愈复发性髌骨脱位。     

关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建和外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的:评价内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果.方法:2011年3月至2013年6月在关节镜下进行内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位15例,男5例,女10例;年龄14～32岁,平均19.4岁;髌骨脱位2次及以上.术前常规行X线、CT、MR检查了解髌股关节及内侧髌股韧带情况,关节功能Lysholm评分69.85±11.52,术中镜下查看髌股对合关系及髌骨运动轨迹.术中使用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带同时关节镜下外侧支持带松解.结果:所有患者获随访,时间12～36个月,平均27.6个月,患者无再发髌骨脱位及半脱位,伸直位及屈曲30°位恐惧试验和髌骨外移试验均为阴性,术后12个月患者完全恢复正常活动,膝关节无主观不适,术后Lysholm评分92.60±5.75,较术前提高.结论:关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解手术能有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位,缓解症状,重建髌骨稳定性.     

关节镜与切开手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床分析

目的 分析探讨复发性髌骨脱位的治疗方法.方法 手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位36例,随机分成两组,A组23例,采用关节镜下髌外侧支持带松解,内侧支持带自体或异体肌腱加强,胫骨结节内移术;B组13例,采用切开股外侧肌腿部分切断,髌外侧支持带松解,股内侧肌加强,胫骨结节内移术.结果 术后Q角两组无统计学差别(P>0.05),术后Lysholm评分两组之间有统计学差别(P<0.05).结论 关节镜是一种治疗复发性髌骨脱位的良好方法.     

内侧支持带紧缩术与内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗RDP的临床观察

目的 探讨复发性髌骨脱位(RDP)的治疗方法.方法 收治RDP 36例,随机分成两组,Ⅰ组18例,采用关节镜下髌外侧支持带松解内侧支持带紧缩术;Ⅱ组18例,采用关节镜下髌外侧支持带松解半腱肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带术.结果 36例获3～15个月随访,无一例复发,倾斜试验及恐惧试验阴性.膝部弥漫性疼痛均消失,上下楼梯时前...     

关节镜下射频紧缩与缝合紧缩内侧支持带结合外侧支持带松解术治疗髌骨外侧半脱位并倾斜的疗效观察

目的探讨关节镜下射频紧缩与缝合紧缩内侧支持带结合外侧支持带松解术两种方法治疗主要由外侧支持带挛缩紧张、内侧支持结构松驰引起的髌骨外侧半脱位并倾斜的临床疗效。方法对符合选择标准并有完整随访资料的39例（46膝）髌骨外侧半脱位并倾斜患者进行回顾性分析,其中A组17例（19膝）：行关节镜下射频紧缩内侧支持带结合外侧支持带松解术;B组22例（27膝）：行关节镜下缝合紧缩内侧支持带结合外侧支持带松解术。手术前、术后6月、术后18月分别采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分[1]和Kujala髌股关节功能评分[2]进行功能评估,并测量屈膝30°CT片髌骨倾斜角（PTA）和吻合角（CA）。结果 39例患者均获18～40个月随访（平均26.3个月）。A组术前Lysholm评分、Kujala评分、PTA及CA分别为：（56.38±4.37）、（60.41±5.26）、（4.77°±3.19°）、（6.92°±4.16°）;B组术前分别为：（56.45±4.28）、（60.56±4.89）、（4.73°±3.22°）、（6.86°±4.23°）;A组术后6个月分别为：（84.56±3.42）、（85.87±3.61）、（13.86°±4.57°）、（-12.15°±4.53°）;B组术后6个月分别为：（85.27±3.29）、（86.34±3.85）、（14.21°±4.35°）、（-12.36°±4.41°）;A组术后18个月分别为：（78.97±3.74）、（79.52±4.58）、（10.08°±4.42°）、（-7.68°±4.46°）;B组术后18个月分别为：（81.64±3.51）、（82.67±4.73）、（13.47°±4.27°）、（-10.82°±4.18°）。两组术后6个月和术后18个月Lysholm评分、Kujala评分、PTA及CA与术前比较差异有统计学意义（A组术后6个月t值分别为：22.136、17.396、7.109、13.515,P〈0.01）、（B组术后6个月t值分别为：27.740、21.524、9.102、16.343,P〈0.01）、（A组术后18个月t值分别为：17.119、11.943、4.246、10.435,P〈0.01）、（B组术后18个月t值分别为：23.647、16.887、8.492、15.448,P〈0.01）;两组之间术后6个月Lysholm评分、Kujala评分、PTA及CA比较差异无统计学意义（t值分别为：0.709、0.418、0.263、0.157,P〉0.05）;两组之间术后18个月Lysholm评分、Kujala评分、PTA及CA比较差异有统计学意义（t值分别为：2.473、2.253、2.613、2.440,P〈0.05）。结论只要严格按照手术适应证选择合适的患者,关节镜下射频紧缩或缝合紧缩内侧支持带结合外侧支持带松解术两种方法早期均能使髌股关节内外侧软组织重新恢复平衡,有效纠正主要由外侧支持带挛缩紧张、内侧支持结构松驰引起的髌骨外侧半脱位并倾斜,缓解症状,恢复膝关节功能;但中期疗效,缝合紧缩内侧支持带组优于射频紧缩内侧支持带组。     

Arthroscopic patella realignment: An all-inside technique

Purpose: Many methods of realigning the patella have been described. Most techniques for proximal realignment involve an open medial reefing or advancement of the vastus medialis obliquus. Arthroscopically assisted methods have been described, but these all involve the need for a medial incision to tie sutures. This article describes an entirely arthroscopic technique for proximal realignment that eliminates the need for an incision, and reports the 2-year follow-up results using this technique. Type of Study: Retrospective review. Methods: Over a 5-year period, 26 patients (29 knees) with patellar instability were treated with an outpatient arthroscopic all-inside medial reefing and lateral release. Arthroscopic reefing was performed by percutaneous passage of suture followed by arthroscopic retrieval and knot tying inside the joint. Before knot tying, a healing response was initiated along the medial retinaculum by either gentle shaving with a whisker blade or by radiofrequency thermal response. Rehabilitation consisted of 1 week of immobilization followed by an accelerated program of range of motion exercises and vastus medialis obliquus strengthening. Results: At follow-up, 93% of patients reported significant subjective improvement. The average Lysholm score improved from 41.5 to 79.3 (P < .05). Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were measured for congruence angle, lateral patellofemoral angle, and lateral patella displacement, and all showed significant improvement postoperatively (P < .05). There were no complications and no redislocations. Patients reported a significant improvement in pain, swelling, stair climbing, crepitus, and ability to return to sports (P < .05). Conclusions: Arthroscopic patella realignment is a viable technique that offers results comparable or superior to published results for open or arthroscopically assisted realignment.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 9 (November-December), 2001: pp 940–945     

关节镜下髌外侧支持带松解及内侧支持带紧缩治疗髌骨软化症

目的探讨膝关节镜下外侧支持带松解及内侧支持带紧缩治疗髌骨软化症的疗效。方法对31例(36膝)髌骨软化症患者在关节镜下用等离子刀松解外侧支持带及外侧髌—股韧带,同时紧缩缝合内侧支持带及内侧髌—股韧带。结果随访10～48个月,患者症状和体征均得到明显改善。与术前相比,Lysholm评分由70.2分提高至平均92.1分,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论该术式治疗髌骨软化症不仅能松解外侧支持带,同时还可有效地紧缩内侧支持带,疗效确切,具有创伤小、并发症少、功能恢复快等优点。     

内侧髌股韧带重建术中应用止血带对髌骨轨迹的影响

背景：内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）是限制髌骨向外侧脱位的主要静力稳定结构,MPFL重建术成为治疗髌骨不稳的主要选择。术中止血带的应用对减少出血量,改善手术视野提供了重要保障,同时也不可避免改变了股四头肌的张力,然而对于髌骨轨迹是否产生明显影响一直未有明确定论。目的：比较MPFL重建术中应用止血带对髌骨轨迹的影响。方法：2008年3月至2011年2月行双束解剖重建MPFL的髌骨复发性脱位患者53例（66膝）,男23例（28膝）,女30例（38膝）;年龄18-34岁,平均26岁。发病至手术时间1个月-13年,其中44例有明显外伤致髌骨脱位史。术中观察止血带充气前、后对髌骨轨迹的影响,以及是否需行外侧支持带松解。结果：53例（66膝）中,止血带未充气时,判断需行外侧支持带松解者5膝（5/66）;止血带充气后,判断需行外侧支持带松解者6膝（6/66）,两者比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。重建MPFL后再次应用止血带观察,当止血带充气时,66膝髌骨轨迹良好;当止血带放松后,2膝出现髌骨内移（2/66）,两者比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：使用止血带前、后对髌骨轨迹无明显影响,术中观察髌骨轨迹良好则无需行外侧支持带松解。     

Surgical treatment of habitual dislocation of the patella in childhood

Surgical Principles Medial displacement of the medial half or the medial two thirds of the patellar ligament on the proximal tibia; the detached ligament is anchored to a chiselled trough in the bone with a cancellous bone screw and serrated washer. Division of the fibres of the tractus iliotibialis leading into the patella and of the lateral extensor retinaculum up to the vastus medialis (so-called “lateral release”). Transfer of the vastus medialis in lateral and distal direction by approximately 1 to 1.5 cm onto the patella. Double breasting of the medial extensor retinaculum. First published in: Operat. Orthop. Traumatol. 1 (1989), 94–99 (German Edition).     

Insall Proximal Realignment of the Patella for Recurrent Dislocation or Subluxation

Objective

Proximal realignment of the patella for the treatment of patellar subluxation or dislocation consisting of a lateral release and advancement of the vastus medialis.

Indications

Recurrent lateral subluxation or dislocation of the patella despite a supervised exercise program. Recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the patella.

Contraindications

Congenital dislocation of the patella. Generalized degenerative arthritis of the patellofemoral joint. Excessive valgus deformity of the knee. Moderate to severe muscular atrophy of the vastus medialis muscle (i.e., in neurologic disorders).

Surgical Technique

Lateral parapatellar incision of skin. Detachment of the fibers of the iliotibial tract and the lateral retinaculum from the lateral patella. Medial capsular incision extending from the quadriceps tendon over the patella into the patellar ligament. The quadriceps expansion is shaved from the medial third of the patella preserving the longitudinal continuity. The vastus medialis is advanced and sutured onto the middle and distal aspects of the patella.

Results

Out of 21 patients (16 women, five men) who received a proximal realignment procedure during 1989 and 1993, all could be evaluated after 6.3 years (minimum follow-up of 4 years 5 months, maximum of 8 years 3 months). In 13 patients the diagnosis was recurrent dislocationof the patella, in eight patients a true primary traumatic dislocation was noted. A generalized ligamentous laxity was seen in three patients. One patient had a superficial wound infection postoperatively. Two patients had an excellent, 13 patients a good, six patients a fair and no patient a poor result according to the subjective score of Turba et al. Three patients experienced a recurrence of instability (one to three events) after the operation. One of these patients had to be revised for postoperative recurrent dislocation of the patella. The other two patients experienced no more symptoms of instability after muscle strengthening exercises of the vastus medialis muscle.     

Reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament for chronic patellar instability

Background:

Disruption of the capsule, medial patellar retinaculum, and/or vastus medialis obliqus has been associated with recurrent patellar instability. Biomechanical studies have shown that the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the main restraint against lateral patella displacement and reconstruction of the MPFL has become an accepted surgical technique to restore patellofemoral stability in patients having recurrent patellar dislocation. We report a prospective series of patients of chronic patellar instability treated by reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament.

Materials and Methods:

Twelve patients (15 knees) with recurrent dislocation of patella, were operated between January 2006 and December 2008. All patients had generalised ligament laxity with none had severe grade of patella alta or trochlear dysplasia. The MPFL was reconstructed with doubled semitendinosus tendon. Patients were followed up with subjective criteria, patellar inclination angle, and Kujala score.

Results:

The mean duration of followup after the operative procedures was an average of 42 months (range 24–60 months) 10 knees showed excellent results, 3 knees gave good results, and 2 knees had a fair result. The average patellar inclination angle decreased from 34.3° to 18.6°. The average preoperative Kujala functional score was 44.8 and the average postoperative score was 91.9.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction using the semitendinosus tendon gives good results in patients with chronic patellar instability without predisposing factors like severe patella alta and high-grade trochlear dysplasia, and for revision cases.     

Preliminary experience with a method of quadricepsplasty in recurrent subluxation of the patella.

Nineteen knees were treated for recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the patella by lateral and distal transfer of the vastus medialis with or without release of the lateral retinaculum. Fifty-eight per cent has good or excellent and 42 per cent had poor results after a mean follow-up of twenty-nine months. The factors that predisposed to failure were genu valgum greater than 15 degrees and, to a lesser extent, palpable synovitis associated with symptomatic chondromalacia patellae.     

Lateral facet syndrome of the patella. Lateral restraint analysis and use of lateral resection

Thirty-eight knees in 34 patients with an average age of 22 years were diagnosed as having lateral facet syndrome (LFS), a painful compressive arthropathy of the lateral facet of the patella. This diagnosis was based on the physical findings of tenderness at the lateral patellofemoral joint line, tenderness over the vastus lateralis obliquus (VLO) tendon just above the patella, a positive medial apprehension test, and marked resistance to medial patellar displacement with the knee flexed 30 degrees. The most common complaints were patellar pain with activity, pain with prolonged knee flexion, intermittent knee swelling, and giving way. At surgery, the VLO, the lateral retinaculum (LR), and the anterior fibers of the iliotibial tract (ITT) were sequentially divided from the lateral border of the patella. Each was temporarily reattached to a cuff of soft tissue left on the patella using surgical clamps to determine its contribution to lateral restraint. The VLO was found to be the primary restraint in one-half of the knees. In one-third of the knees, all three of the structures contributed equally. In six knees, the primary restraint was the anterior fibers of the ITT, whereas the LR was the primary restraint in only two. The distal ends of these three structures were then resected to prevent rescarring and retethering. At a minimum follow-up period of two years, 87% had satisfactory relief of their patellar pain, had returned to normal activities, and had no or minimal physical findings of LFS. The procedure is recommended for patients who have failed other procedures and in those whose symptoms cannot be controlled by activity modification, exercises, bracing, or medication.     

Treatment of major patellar instability. Results of the Fèvre-Dupuis operation

In the treatment of recurrent subluxation and dislocation of the patella in adolescents and young adults, the authors describe a method consisting of: --a modified Roux procedure for internal transposition and advancement of the anterior tibial tuberosity; --the Lecène technic for over-the-top reinsertion of the vastus medialis on the lateral aspect of the patella. All the patients had a plaster cast for 10 days followed by rehabilitation until normal knee function was achieved. Stiff knees were mobilized under general anesthesia. Normal activity was progressively resumed 6 weeks after surgery. Out of the 31 patients (41 knees) available for objective follow-up evaluation, 26 were women and 5 men, with an average age of 19 years. The mean follow-up period was 9 and a half years with a minimum of 2 years and a maximum of 23. End results in terms of relief of pain, patellar stability and knee function were gratifying. Thirty knees were rated good, 8 fair and 3 poor. No recurrence of subluxation or dislocation was found.