椎间盘镜治疗椎间孔外突出型极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨椎间盘镜治疗椎间孔外侧突出型极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析应用椎间盘镜经椎旁肌小关节外侧入路治疗16例椎间孔外侧突出型极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,完成神经根探查、减压和髓核摘除,疗效按Macnab标准评估.结果 平均手术时间41 min,平均术中出血量70 mL,全部患者经平均15个月随访,优...     

微创可扩张通道辅助经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症

[目的]评价微创可扩张通道辅助下经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果及手术技巧。[方法]2008年1月～2010年12月,42例极外侧型椎间盘突出症患者,男18例,女24例;平均年龄57.4岁。其中椎间孔内突出型24例,椎间孔外突出型18例。均采用经横突间入路微创可扩张通道辅助下的椎间盘切除手术治疗。手术前后行下肢疼痛VAS评分,术后采用改良MacNad标准进行临床疗效评定。[结果]平均手术时间86 min,平均失血82 ml,与同时期相同入路但未使用微创通道的12例患者相比,两项指标均明显减少(P<0.05)。42例患者平均随访时间28个月。VAS评分术前平均为7.6,术后2周平均为2.3,术后半年为1.3。术后半年MacNad评定结果:优26例、良10例、可6例;优良率85.7%。椎间孔内型组和椎间孔外型组术后优良率分别为83.3%和88.9%。两组间优良率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后并发症为1例术后伤口血肿。[结论]应用微创可扩张通道辅助下经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症创伤小、安全性好,近期效果良好,可以作为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症微创手术方式的选择之一。     

应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法1999年2月至2002年12月,采用METRx椎间盘镜行髓核摘除术,治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症14例,均为单间隙突出,其中男性10例、女性4例,年龄41-55岁,平均49岁。突出间隙：L4,5 6例、L5-S1 8例。突出类型：椎间孔突出型6例,椎间孔外侧突出型8例。结果14例随访12—46个月,平均26．5个月。疗效：优10例、良3例、可1例。术后4例遗留感觉障碍,无神经根损伤、椎问盘炎、硬膜囊撕裂、椎间盘突出复发等并发症。结论应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底和术后恢复快,适用于极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗,选择正确的手术入路和术中仔细的操作是手术成功的关键．     

经皮内镜椎板间入路髓核摘除术联合纤维环修复治疗L5S1椎间盘突出症

目的比较经皮内镜椎板间入路髓核摘除术联合纤维环修复与单纯行经皮内镜椎板间入路髓核摘除术治疗L5S1椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2017-02—2018-09采用手术治疗的76例L5S1椎间盘突出症,35例采用经皮内镜椎板间入路髓核摘除术联合纤维环修复术治疗(观察组),41例单纯采用经皮内镜椎板间入路髓核摘除术治疗(对照组),比较2组术后L5S1椎间盘突出症复发情况、术后1、3、12个月疼痛VAS评分与ODI指数,以及术后12个月改良Macnab评分。结果2组均获得完整随访,随访时间12~23个月,平均16.1个月,无脑脊液漏、神经根损伤、椎管内血肿等并发症,术后观察组无复发L5S1椎间盘突出症,对照组6例复发L5S1椎间盘突出症,经对症治疗后治愈,观察组术后复发率较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后1、3、12个月疼痛VAS评分与ODI指数、术后12个月改良Macnab评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论经皮内镜椎板间入路髓核摘除术联合纤维环修复治疗L5S1椎间盘突出症能够有效降低术后椎间盘突出症的复发率,获得良好的早期疗效,值得临床推广。     

显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的介绍显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的方法,分析其临床效果。方法16例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症(椎间孔内型7例,椎间孔外型9例)接受显微内镜手术。5例椎间孔内型采用常规显微内镜椎间盘髓核摘除术入路,切除部分椎板、椎弓峡部和小关节。2例椎间孔内型采用经关节突入路,使用X-tube工作通道,切除大部分关节突。9例椎间孔外型采用横突间入路,工作导管置于横突间,部分切断横突间韧带。所有手术均需找到受压神经根并松解,切除突出椎间盘。结果术后平均随访8·3个月,采用改良MacNab标准评定临床结果,优12例,良3例,可1例。平均住院日13·8d,平均手术时间78min,平均术中出血68ml。结论显微内镜手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症具有小切口和组织损伤轻的优点,能够充分直接探查松解神经根压迫。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症35例手术治疗临床分析

目的探讨极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法对35例极外侧腰椎间盘突出症患者分别采用后路椎板减压、切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术及经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。结果疗效参考中华骨科学会脊柱组腰背痛手术评定标准,35例中优29例,良3例,可3例,优良率88.6%。术后VAS评分较术前有明显改变。结论极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症应根据突出的位置和突出的程度选择不同的手术方式,对椎间孔内型者采用后路椎板减压、切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术。对椎间孔外型者经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症显微内镜手术与开放手术治疗的比较

目的:比较显微内镜手术和开放手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,评价显微内镜手术方式的临床价值.方法:对36例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症手术患者进行回顾性比较研究.16例接受显微内镜手术,平均年龄42.6岁(35～60岁).20例经开放手术,平均年龄45.5岁(30～64岁)显微内镜手术分别采用经椎板间隙入路、经关节突入路和经横突间入路,在内镜下完成神经根探查、减压和椎间盘髓核摘除.开放手术采用经椎板间隙入路和经横突间入路,进行神经根减压和椎间盘髓核摘除.结果:显微内镜手术组平均随访8.3个月,平均手术时间78min,平均术中失血68ml,平均住院日13.8d.开放手术组平均随访14个月,平均手术时间74min,平均术中失血95ml,平均住院日16.5d.显微内镜手术组手术后切口疼痛轻,镇痛治疗显著少于开放手术组.采用改良MacNab标准评价随访结果,显微内镜手术组12例患者达优,3例良,1例可.开放手术组14例患者达优,4例良,2例可.结论:显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,与开放手术比较有相似的近期临床效果,但具有切口小、组织损伤轻和恢复较快的特点,能够尽可能维持腰椎稳定.     

巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症的微创外科治疗

目的探讨巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症微创手术策略。方法 2007年1月～2010年10月,对86例巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症患者采用微创外科手术治疗。其中,椎间孔内镜椎间盘切除术(percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy,PELD)28例,显微内镜椎间盘切除术(microendoscopic discectomy,MED)35例,微创经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术(minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,miTLIF)23例。术前与术后疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale,VAS)评分和改良Macnab标准评价临床疗效。结果 3种微创术式均能显著改善患肢放射性疼痛VAS评分。术后优良率都在85%以上。PELD术适于年轻人巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症;MED术适于巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症伴椎管狭窄;miTLIF术适于伴有腰椎退行性失稳或伴有马尾综合征或术后复发的巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症。结论临床上应依据巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症的不同类型,选择不同微创外科术式。     

METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术疗效研究

目的 探讨METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术对神经根型颈椎病及颈椎间盘突出症的治疗效果.方法 METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术治疗9例神经根型颈椎病及2例颈椎间盘突出症.结果 本组11例患者术后MRI检查显示突出椎间盘及神经根压迫消失.随访3个月后JOA脊髓功能评分和VAS评分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 METRx椎间盘镜下颈椎后路椎间孔切开减压术手术创伤小,术后恢复快,临床疗效优良.     

后路经皮内镜下颈椎间盘摘除术治疗外侧型颈椎间盘突出症

目的分析后路经皮内镜下颈椎间盘摘除术治疗外侧型颈椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-10—2018-01采用后路经皮内镜下颈椎间盘摘除术治疗的27例外侧型颈椎间盘突出症,比较术前与术后1、6、12个月疼痛VAS评分及NDI指数。结果 27例均顺利完成手术,随访时间24~41个月,平均29个月。手术时间67~210 min,平均80 min,住院时间2~10 d,平均3 d。1例术中出现硬脊膜撕裂,1例术后出现切口渗液,轻度红肿,发热,分泌物细菌培养阴性,对症处理后治愈。27例术后1 d上肢疼痛和颈部疼痛症状均有明显改善,25例术后1 d疼痛消失或者明显减轻,24例术后第1 d肌力得到明显改善。末次随访时5例手术节段椎间盘突出加重。27例术后1、6、12个月疼痛VAS评分与NDI评分较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但术后1、6、12个月间疼痛VAS评分与NDI评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论后路经皮内镜下颈椎间盘摘除术治疗外侧型颈椎间盘突出症安全有效,术后恢复快,值得临床推广。     

Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy in the treatment of foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the endoscopic technique, as applied to patients with foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniations, and to report the outcome and complications. A retrospective analysis was performed of 35 consecutive cases of foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation managed by posterolateral endoscopic discectomy. Pain was measured by means of the Visual Analog Score. Patient satisfaction was evaluated by the Macnab outcome criteria. The median follow-up period was 18 months (range 10 to 35 months). The mean Visual Analog Score improved from 8.6 before the surgery to 3.2 after the surgery. Overall, excellent or good outcomes were obtained in 30 (85.7%) of the 35 patients at the last follow-up examination, with both these outcomes showing statistically significant improvement (P<0.01). There were no complications related to the surgery, nor was any spinal instability detected. Three patients (8.6%) experienced persistent radiculopathy and subsequently underwent open microdiscectomy at the same level. We concluded that transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy is safe and efficacious in the treatment of foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniations. However, proper patient selection is paramount to ensure a satisfactory outcome after decompression of foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniations.     

Percutaneous endoscopic treatment of foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniation at the L5-S1 level

Background  

Microsurgery of foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniation at the L5-S1 level remains a challenge because of the limited access by a high iliac crest, the sacral ala, large transverse processes of L5 and hidden disc fragments lateral to the zygapophyseal joint. Our aim was to present the outcome of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) of these lateral and far lateral disc herniations at the L5-S1 level using the newly described foraminal retreat technique in a group of patients with similar preoperative diagnostic studies.     

椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的 比较三种没术式在椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的优、缺点,探讨各自的最佳适应证。方法对本院１９９２年８月－１９９８年４月间手术治疗的３４例椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症病例进行随访,了解其术后症状改善情况,并同时摄Ｘ线片观察手术对局部稳定性的影响,平均随访２９个月。结果 经峡部外缘入路手术１９例,手术时间平均６２分钟,平均出血量５８ｍｌ,手术总优良率９３％。经椎板、峡部关节突切除途径５     

Migration patterns of herniated disc fragments: a study on 1,020 patients with extruded lumbar disc herniation

Background contextHerniated disc fragments are known to migrate in various directions within the spinal canal. To date, no comprehensive studies have been undertaken to examine the migration patterns of herniated disc material using a standard nomenclature and classification system.PurposeTo report migration patterns of extruded lumbar disc fragments.Study designA review of magnetic resonance (MR) images.Patient sampleA total of 1,020 consecutive Azeri patients with symptomatic extruded lumbar intervertebral disc herniation.Outcome measuresMigration patterns of extruded lumbar disc fragments in vertical and horizontal planes and their association with age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and the level of herniation.MethodsHigh-quality axial and sagittal MR images of the lumbar spine were used. Disc material that was displaced away from the site of extrusion, regardless of continuity, was considered “migrated.” The migration patterns observed were rostral or caudal in the vertical plane and central, paracentral, subarticular, foraminal, or extraforaminal in the horizontal plane.ResultsIn the vertical plane, rostral and caudal migrations were observed in 27.8% and 72.2% of the patients, respectively. The number of rostral migrations increased significantly with increasing age and in higher levels in the lumbar spine (p<.001 for both). Radiculopathy was significantly more frequent in caudal migrations than in rostral migrations (78.9% vs. 65.1%, p<.001). There was no significant association between gender or BMI and migration patterns in the vertical plane. In the horizontal plane, central, paracentral, subarticular, foraminal, and extraforaminal migrations were reported in 17.3%, 74.2%, 4.3%, 2.5%, and 1.8% of the patients, respectively. The youngest (median age 39 years, interquartile range [IQR] 13 years) and the oldest (median age 55 years, IQR 15 years) groups of patients (p<.001) had the most formainal and extraforaminal migrations, respectively. Radiculopathy was present in 66.5%, 76.8%, 88.6%, 96%, and 27.8% of the patients with central, paracentral, subarticular, foraminal, and extraforaminal migrations, respectively (p<.001). No significant association was found between gender, BMI, or the level of herniation and migration pattern in the horizontal plane.ConclusionsCaudal and paracentral migrations are the most common patterns of migration in patients with extruded lumbar disc herniation in the vertical and horizontal planes, respectively. Age and the level of herniation may affect the migration patterns of herniated lumbar disc material.     

Clinical presentation and anatomic position of L3-L4 disc herniation: a prospective and comparative study

OBJECTIVE: A prospective, controlled cohort study was conducted to assess the anatomic transverse location and clinical presentation of L3-L4 disc herniation compared with lower lumbar levels. METHODS: This study prospectively identified 37 patients diagnosed with L3-L4 disc herniation (study group) and 52 patients diagnosed with L4-L5 and L5-S1 herniation (control group). The following clinical data were collected: age, femoral stretch test, motor strength, sensation, and deep tendon reflexes. The anatomic transverse location of the disc fragments was assessed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging and was classified as either central, posterolateral, foraminal, or far lateral. RESULTS: The patients in the study group were older than the patients in the control group, and neurologic deficit was more common. The transverse location was foraminal and extraforaminal in 59% of the study group compared with 27% of the control group. These differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of foraminal and far lateral disc herniation is significantly higher at the L3-L4 level compared with lower lumbar levels. When examining an older patient complaining of thigh pain, special attention should be given to the quadriceps strength, patellar reflex, and femoral stretch test. The L3-L4 foraminal and extraforaminal area should be assessed carefully.     

经皮椎板间隙入路L5S1椎间盘切除术

目的探讨经皮椎板间隙入路内窥镜激光辅助椎间盘切除术治疗L5S1椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法回顾性研究2002年5月至2003年12月收治的L5S1椎间盘突出症病例168例,全部采用局麻下经皮椎板间隙入路内窥镜激光辅助椎间盘切除术,男92例,女76例;年龄18～73岁,平均42.8岁。依据Yeung分型,中央型22例、旁正中型120例、椎间孔型23例、椎间孔外侧型3例。其中钙化突出椎间盘8例,游离椎间盘19例。骶髂间距平均38.6mm。结果随访5～19个月,平均8.3个月。手术时间30￣90min,平均45min;平均住院时间1.3d。临床结果以MacNab标准评定,优73例(43.5%),良79例(47.0%),可8例(4.8%),差8例(4.8%);优良率90.5%。1例发生术中显微髓核钳断裂,8例术后MRI显示病变椎间盘减压不彻底、症状体征未改善,1例发生椎间盘炎,26例出现术后一过性感觉麻木。无一例发生死亡、硬脊膜破裂及脑脊液漏、血管损伤。结论L5S1的椎间盘突出可以采用经皮椎板间隙入椎管途径的内窥镜激光辅助椎间盘切除术,特别适用于髂嵴较高的患者。     

Combined intra-extracanal approach to lumbosacral disc herniations with bi-radicular involvement. Technical considerations from a surgical series of 15 cases

Large lumbosacral disc herniations effacing both the paramedian and the foraminal area often cause double radicular compression. Surgical management of these lesions may be difficult. A traditional interlaminar approach usually brings into view only the paramedian portion of the intervertebral disc, unless the lateral bone removal is considerably increased. Conversely, the numerous far-lateral approaches proposed for removing foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniations would decompress the exiting nerve root only. Overall, these approaches share the drawback of controlling the neuroforamen on one side alone. A combined intra-extraforaminal exposure is a useful yet rarely reported approach. Over a 3-year period, 15 patients with bi-radicular symptoms due to large disc herniations of the lumbar spine underwent surgery through a combined intra-extracanal approach. A standard medial exposure with an almost complete hemilaminectomy of the upper vertebra was combined with an extraforaminal exposure, achieved by minimal drilling of the inferior facet joint, the lateral border of the pars interarticularis and the inferior margin of the superior transverse process. The herniated discs were removed using key maneuvers made feasible by working simultaneously on both operative windows. In all cases the disc herniation could be completely removed, thus decompressing both nerve roots. Radicular pain was fully relieved without procedure-related morbidity. The intra-extraforaminal exposure was particularly useful in identifying the extraforaminal nerve root early. Early identification was especially advantageous when periradicular scar tissue hid the nerve root from view, as it did in patients who had undergone previous surgery at the same site or had long-standing radicular symptoms. Controlling the foramen on both sides also reduced the risk of leaving residual disc fragments. A curved probe was used to push the disc material outside the foramen. In conclusion, specific surgical maneuvers made feasible by a simultaneous extraspinal and intraspinal exposure allow quick, safe and complete removal of lumbosacral disc herniations with paramedian and foraminal extension.     

Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy for far lateral lumbar disc herniations: prospective study and outcome of 66 patients.

BACKGROUND: Extraforaminal disc herniations represent up to 11% of all lumbar herniated discs. Numerous surgical approaches have been described. Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) is one of the minimally invasive techniques; after mastering this procedure it is a practical method that is used for treatment of foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation. The outcome of PED for treatment of foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation has been studied. METHOD: A total of 66 patients with foraminal or extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation was treated by applying the PED technique between January 1998 and June 2005. The positions of the herniated disc levels were L2-3 (n=5, 8%), L3-4 (n=19, 28%) and L4-5 (n=42; 64%). The selected patients had no previous surgery, appropriate conservative therapies were done before the operations, and MRI was the main diagnostic method with the clinical findings. Evaluation of the patients with clinical examinations, visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and Oswestry scale was performed preoperatively, on postoperative day 7 and in the postoperative 6-12 months period. RESULTS: In two patients (n=1, L4-5 and n=1, L3-4) disc material could not be removed with PED, so discectomy was performed with microscopic visualization during the same session. Three patients (n=3, L4-5) were reoperated on three to six months after primary surgery due to recurring disc problems with microscope visualization. In two patients (n=2, L4-5) root nerves were partially damaged, and in two patients (n=2, L4-5) root nerves were impinged by the working channel. These 4 patients had dysesthesias from just after surgery to a mean of 45 days after surgery. One of recurrent cases was among these patients. Neurological examinations showed minimal muscle weakness of the quadriceps femoris and diminished sensation of the L4 dermatomal area in patients with partial nerve root damage. This patient improved and the neurologic examination became normal with disappearance of the dysesthesia. There was no sign of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RDS). With these two patients VAS and Oswestry scales scores decreased significantly early in the postoperative follow-up. The postoperative 6-month average scores are favourable in comparison with the average score at postoperative day 7. The postoperative 12-month scores showed no significant differences to those of postoperative month 1. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy is a minimally invasive method and offers many benefits to the patient, but extensive surgical practice is needed to become a capable surgeon. Consequently this technique can only be a treatment option on appropriate patients. This study reconfirmed that the removal of fragmented disc material is achieved and offers a pain-free status.     

Diagnosis and operative treatment of intraforaminal and extraforaminal nerve root compression.

The clinical, radiologic, and operative findings, and clinical results in 26 cases of foraminal nerve root involvement, each treated by variable operative procedures for an existing pathologic condition, were studied. These 26 cases consisted of 8 intraforaminal or extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations and 18 foraminal nerve root entrapments. The cases with an extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation underwent lateral fenestration or osteoplastic hemilaminectomy without concomitant spinal fusion, and showed excellent operative results. A sufficient selective decompression was achieved with a good clinical result in the cases of lumbar spondylosis without preoperative spinal instability, by lateral fenestration or osteoplastic hemilaminectomy. This result suggests that the selective decompression procedure is recommended for cases with reliable preoperative diagnoses. When an intraspinal lesion makes it difficult to diagnose coexisting foraminal nerve root involvement, decompression of the nerve root canal, approaching from medial to lateral, is recommended. The fusion operation should be performed in cases undergoing even a unilateral total facetectomy, regardless of the patient's old age. A correct preoperative diagnosis is crucial in order to obtain satisfactory operative results.     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治分析

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症（FLLDH）的诊治特点和术式选择。方法23例FLLDH患者中,其中椎间孔型14例,椎间孔外型9例。23例患者中腰痛8例（占31％）,下肢痛21例（占91％）,直腿抬高试验10例（43％）,CT或MRI可清楚地显示位于椎间孔或孔外缘突出的椎间盘。分别采用经后正中入路椎板扩大开窗术,椎间孔切开和椎弓根内固定植骨融合术,或经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。疗效按Macnab标准评估。结果22例患者经平均3．6年随访,优15例,良4例,可3例,无差,优良率达86％。在可的3例中,其中1例为经旁正中入路手术,另2例为椎间孔型FLLDH,周缘钙化。结论症状和体征表现常以较高神经节段受损为主,下肢痛是主要症状,CT或MRI是诊断的主要依据。对椎间孔型FLLDH可采用椎板间扩大开窗术;对椎间孔外型FLLDH则需行经椎间孔切开术并辅以经椎弓根内固定植骨融合,亦可采用经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。