胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤外科治疗失误的处理

目的:分析急性胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤外科治疗失误的主要原因,探讨处理原则。方法:对104例首次外科治疗失误的急性胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤患者的临床资料和影像学资料进行分析,并根据临床具体情况进行外科处理。结果:104例患者中,残存腰痛45例次,脊柱畸形30例次,脊柱不稳35例次,脊髓神经受压8例次,坐位失平衡8例次。经再次手术治疗后脊柱畸形患者明显改善;椎管残存压迫的不完全性脊髓损伤患者椎管减压术后运动指数和感觉指数均增加;30例脊柱不稳定患者重建了脊柱稳定性;45例腰痛患者中40例腰痛消失或基本消失,5例仍有轻度腰痛需应用止痛药物,但不影响轮椅活动。结论:胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤手术治疗失误的主要因素包括手术适应证选择不当、手术技术失误和保守治疗不当。再处理方案主要参考首次治疗主要失误因素来确定。     

Imaging diagnosis of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries in children

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小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断

总结小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的影像学诊断经验。回顾分析 59例小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤 ,全部病例均常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,2 5例摄断层 ,2 8例摄屈 /伸侧位片。 2 1例行CT扫描 ,2 6例行MRI检查。上颈椎损伤 4 6例 ,其中寰椎椎弓骨折 9例 ,枢椎骨折 7例 ,齿状突骨折 2 1例 ,寰椎椎弓骨折合并齿状突骨折 1例 ,寰椎横韧带断裂 8例 ;下颈椎损伤 1 1例 ,其中椎体骨折 3例 ,脱位 2例 ,骨折脱位 6例 ;多节段间隔性颈椎损伤 2例 ,无X线异常的脊髓损伤 (SCIWORA) 3例。认为影像学检查对于小儿颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的诊断具有重要价值 ,对怀疑有颈椎及颈脊髓损伤的小儿患者应常规摄颈椎正、侧位片及齿状突开口位片 ,小儿颈椎SCIWORA应常规行颈椎MRI检查     

Pressure changes in spinal canal and evaluation of spinal cord injuries in spinal section subjected to impact

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Thoracic spinal trauma associated with closed thoracoabdominal injury

Objective: To explore the management of thoracic spinal trauma (TST) associated with closed thoracoabdominal injuries (CTAI). Methods: A retrospective study was made on 259 patients with TST admitted to our department as an emergency treatment from January 1996 to June 2001. We summarized the clinical features of TST associated with CTAI. Results: Among 259 patients with thoracic spinal trauma, 112 were associated with CTAI. Traffic accident was the most common cause. The force causing upper TST was more violent than that causing the lower. Pulmonary complications were the leading cause of death in this group.Surgery could not improve neurological function for completely paraplegic patients. Conclusions: The reason that upper TST has the tendency to be associated with CTAI is its special anatomical feature. Routine ultrasonic examination can avoid misdiagnosis of latent closed abdominal injuries associated with spinal injury. The presence of potential injuries, especially CTAI, should be considered when deciding whether or not to perform surgery early.     

下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类的临床应用研究

目的：探讨改良Moore分类法在下颈椎损伤中的临床应用。方法：2006年8月至2010年3月收治下颈椎损伤患者200例,男165例,女35例;年龄19-88岁,平均52岁。应用下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类全面地描述下颈椎损伤的状态,颈椎损伤严重程度（稳定性）量化评分与有否神经症状表现相结合,根据骨折类型和稳定性、脊髓或神经根受压损伤情况、韧带损伤后的稳定程度及其他参考因素进行分类诊治,选择治疗方法。其中伴有脊髓神经损伤者130例（ASIA评分：A级6例,B级13例,C级43例,D级68例）,不伴有脊髓神经损伤者70例。对伴有脊髓神经损伤的下颈椎损伤患者,根据ASIA评分进行疗效评定;对不伴有脊髓神经损伤的患者,根据影像学检查对颈椎的序列和高度进行观察。结果：前、左、右侧和后柱均损伤35例;前柱损伤33例;前、后柱均损伤90例;前、左侧和后柱均损伤5例;前、右侧和后柱均损伤3例;前、左侧和右侧柱均损伤3例;前、右侧柱损伤2例;前、左侧柱损伤5例;后柱损伤12例;左侧柱损伤7例;右侧柱损伤5例。200例患者中手术治疗98例,非手术治疗102例（其中可以手术而患者家属要求非手术治疗39例）。完全性脊髓损伤患者中3例行手术后脊髓功能无恢复迹象,ASIA分级无变化,但其肢体麻木、疼痛等症状有不同程度的缓解,另3例未手术患者脊髓功能及肢体症状均无变化。不完全性脊髓损伤患者手术后脊髓功能均有一定程度恢复,ASIA评分平均提高1．2级。未手术的不完全性脊髓损伤患者非手术治疗后ASIA评分平均提高0.3级。不伴有脊髓神经损伤者手术后经影像学检查显示均恢复了颈椎的正常序列和高度。结论：根据改良Moore分类法,稳定性量化评分值大于等于4分有下颈椎不稳可能,需要手术治疗,分值越大,手术指征越明显,若伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者则有绝对手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分且伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者一般也有手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分不伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者或3分以下者均不需要手术治疗。应用改良Moore分类法有利于下颈椎损伤患者的临床规范化、标准化诊治,以获得较满意的疗效。     

急性胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤外科手术治疗失误因素分析

目的 分析急性胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤手术治疗失误的主要因素。方法 通过对临床资料和Ｘ线片、ＣＴ等影像学资料的分析,回顾性研究８２例首次手术治疗失误的急性胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤患者的失误因素。结果 ８２例患者中,３０例脊柱骨折复位不良或脊柱畸形;３１例患者椎管残存压迫因素;１２枚椎弓根螺钉位于椎弓根以外,其中２枚穿入椎管,３枚顶压主动脉。同时,４１例患者主诉腰背疼痛,其中１６例伴有机械性不稳定,３例伴有     

Therapeutic systemic hypothermia for a pediatric patient with an isolated cervical spinal cord injury

Context: While uncommon, spinal cord injuries most frequently occur in adolescent and young adult males. Established treatment options are limited and focused on supportive care. Therapeutic systemic hypothermia is an emerging experimental treatment currently undergoing clinical trials in adults.

Findings: Here we report a case of a 13-year-old male with an American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grade C traumatic cervical spinal cord injury treated with 48 hours of therapeutic systemic hypothermia who made a complete neurological recovery. To our knowledge, this is the youngest such case report.

Clinical relevance: This case suggests that consideration should be given to including pediatric patients in future clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia for spinal cord injury.     

脊柱脊髓开放性损伤21例救治

目的探讨脊柱脊髓开放性损伤的临床特点、治疗及预后情况。方法21例脊柱脊髓开放性损伤患者,男17例,女4例;年龄15~47岁,平均25岁。损伤部位胸脊髓15例,腰脊髓5例,颈脊髓1例。术前ASIA分级A级8例,B级5例,C级6例,D级2例。6例伤口内有异物存留。21例均行急诊手术清创,根据损伤具体情况,行椎管探查、血肿清除、异物取出术。结果术后死亡1例(占4.8%),椎管感染1例(占4.8%),发生脑脊液漏2例(占9.5%)。1例术后脊髓损伤程度加重,2例术后神经功能有不同程度的恢复。术后ASIA分级A级9例,B级4例,C级5例,D级2例,E级1例。结论脊柱脊髓开放性损伤需在充分地术前准备下急诊手术治疗,术前应了解是否有异物存留,手术探查可以减少感染、出血等并发症的发生。     

汉防己甲素治疗急性脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的 探讨汉防己甲素(Tetrandrine，Tet)对急性脊髓损伤(Acute spinal cord injuries，ASCI)的保护作用。方法 74只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组，用改良Allen’s打击法制备大鼠截瘫模型，造模前各组分别投给相应的药物，伤后1h、4h取损伤区脊髓组织进行形态学观察和生化指标测定。结果 汉防己甲素能明显降低组织钙总量和MDA含量，防止镁总量和SOD含量的下降，稳定6-Keto-PGFla／TXB2的比值，减轻组织病损。结论 Tet对ASCI有保护作用，其作用机制为①扩张微血管，改善微循环，逆转ASCI后早期缺血倾向；②抗氧自由基，减轻组织过氧化损伤，稳定生物膜性结构；③减少ASCI后钙内流，从而阻断继发性损伤的链式反应。     

老年颈椎损伤的特点及治疗

目的：评价老年人颈椎损伤的特点与治疗方法。方法：对31例老年颈椎损伤进行回顾性分析。结果：本组老年颈椎损伤发生率5．47％,其原因多为跌落伤,损伤类型以颈椎过伸性损伤和中央脊髓损伤综合征为常见。77．42％的患者伴有脊髓损伤,病死率为9．67％,保守治疗的骨折不愈合率为18．57％,21．43％的患者神经功能无改善,手术治疗后仍有14．28％患者神经功能无明显改善。结论：老年颈椎损伤死亡率及骨折不愈合率较高,手术治疗应在伤后早期进行。     

An anatomic basis for spinal instability: a porcine trauma model

To determine the anatomic basis for spinal instabilities, 16 porcine cervical spine specimens were subjected to a well-defined sagittal plane trauma. The multidirectional instability of each specimen was measured before and after trauma. Detailed anatomic dissections were performed on each traumatized specimen to quantitate the extent of injury to several distinct anatomic structures and columns. Multiple regression models were constructed to determine which anatomic structures and columns correlated best with each multidirectional instability. Flexion instability correlated best with injury to the interspinous/supraspinous ligaments and the ligamentum flavum. Extension instability correlated best with anterior longitudinal ligament and pedicle injury. Axial rotation instability correlated best with anterior disc-end-plate and capsular ligament injuries, while lateral bending instability correlated best with posterior disc-end-plate injuries. Anterior column injuries correlated best with extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending instabilities, while posterior column injuries correlated best with flexion instability. Finally, individual anatomic structural injuries had higher correlations with multidirectional instabilities than did the injuries defined by the anatomic columns.     

后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤

目的：探讨后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折并脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年6月收治的16例严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折（椎管侵占率>50%、椎体后缘存在翻转骨块）合并脊髓损伤的患者,其中男10例,女6例;年龄19~57岁。高处坠落伤8例,车祸伤6例,其他伤2例。骨折部位：T₁₁ 4例,T₁₂ 5例,L₁ 5例,L₂ 2例。所有患者采用后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定的手术方式,通过测量伤椎前缘丢失高度、伤椎邻近节段Cobb角、椎管侵占率评价影像学效果,并通过Frankel脊髓损伤评级和视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）评价临床疗效。结果：16例均获得完整随访,随访时间11~28（15.9±5.4）个月。手术时间（234±41）min,术中出血量（431±93）ml。伤椎前缘高度丢失术前（52.25±10.10）%,术后3 d（8.93±3.61）%,末次随访（9.25±2.88）%;术后3 d、末次随访时较术前恢复（P<0.01）,末次随访时较术后3 d无明显变化（P>0.05）。伤椎邻近节段Cobb角术前（28.19±10.89）°,术后3 d（5.31±5.14）°,末次随访（6.81±4.59）°;椎管侵占率术前（67.68±12.45）%,术后3 d（7.69±4.46）%,末次随访（4.75±1.63）%,术后3 d、末次随访时较术前恢复（P<0.01）,末次随访时较术后3 d也有一定程度恢复（P<0.05）。末次随访时12例脊髓神经功能获得改善,4例未获得改善,未出现神经功能恶化者;VSA评分由术前的（7.8±0.9）分改善至末次随访的（1.8±0.7）分。结论：对于椎管侵占率> 50%、椎体后缘存在翻转骨块的严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤时,后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定具有复位精确、减压彻底、固定牢固等特点。     

Historical perspective: history of spinal surgery

The surgical treatment of spinal disorders did not develop before the 1970s of the last century. Previously limited technical possibilities and the danger of infections spinal surgery could not spread wider. This article reviews the history of spinal surgery from first trials as mentioned in the papyrus Smith in 1550 B.C. in Egypt to advanced techniques of today.     

Cervical spinal canal narrowing and cervical neurological injuries

Cervical spinal canal narrowing can lead to injury of the spinal cord and neurological symptoms including neck pain,headache,weakness and parasthesisas.According to previous and recent clinical researc...     

The precision, accuracy and validity of detecting posterior ligamentous complex injuries of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a critical appraisal of the literature

Purpose

The diagnostic assessment and prognostic value of the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) remains a controversial topic in the management of patients with thoracolumbar spinal injury. The purpose of this review was to critically appraise the literature and present an overview of the: (1) precision, (2) accuracy, and (3) validity of detecting PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and lumbar spine trauma.

Methods

Studies evaluating the precision, accuracy and/or validity of detecting and managing PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and/or lumbar spine injuries were searched through the Medline database (1966 to September 2011). References were retrieved and evaluated individually and independently by two authors.

Results

Twenty-one eligible studies were identified. Few studies reported the use of countermeasures for sampling and measurement bias. In nine agreement studies, the PLC was assessed in various ways, ranging from use of booklets to a complete set of diagnostic imaging. Inter-rater and intra-rater kappa values ranged from 0.188 to 0.915 and 0.455 to 0.840, respectively. In nine accuracy studies, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was most often (n = 6) compared with intra-operative findings. In general, MR imaging tended to demonstrate relatively high negative predictive values and relatively low positive predictive values for PLC injuries.

Conclusions

A wide variety of methods have been applied in the evaluation of precision and accuracy of PLC injury detection, leaving spinal surgeons with a multitude of variable results. There is scant clinical evidence demonstrating the true prognostic value of detected PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and lumbar spine injuries. We recommend the conduct of longitudinal clinical follow-up studies on those cases assessed for precision and/or accuracy of PLC injuries.     

Application of injury severity score to multiple injuries headed by spinal cord injury

Objective： To evaluate the application of injury severity score （ISS） to multiple injuries headed by spinal cord injury. Methods： The data of 55 cases （40 males and 15 females, aged 17-69 years, mean = 41 years） of multiple injuries headed by spinal cord injury treated in our hospital from January 2000 to December 2004 were reviewed and analyzed with ISS （Version of AIS-2005 ） to explore their relationship. Results ： The ISS values increased with the number of injured regions, so did the complications. The recovery rate was negatively related to ISS values. During the period of immunity observation, the patients with ISS 〉 25 could undergo planned operations safely. Conclusions： Treatment for multiple injuries headed by spinal cord injury closely depends on the general and local conditions of the patients. ISS may provide useful data for the choice of treatment methods.     

Spinal cord injury in Parkour sport （free runn,ng）： a rare case report

A 24-year-old male was transferred to the emergency department while being in the state of quadriplegia with a history of performing Parkour sport, which is also called double front flip. Neurological examination revealed that the patient＇s muscle power was 0/5 at all extremities. The patient did not show any sense of light touch or pain in his extremities. In radiological studies, cervical spine X-ray and CT scan images showed C4-C5 subluxation with bilateral locked facets and spinal cord injury. The results of this very rare case study revealed that exercising Parkour sport without taking into account safety standards could result in irreversible injuries to the cervical spinal cord with fatal outcome.     

外伤性脊髓损伤患者的骨质疏松

为探讨脊髓损伤后骨质疏松的发生规律和特点,对83名外伤性脊髓损伤患者腰椎及髋部骨质疏松程度作放射学观察,井与正常对照者进行比较。结果:脊髓损伤患者的腰椎及髋部骨密度均较正常对照组有明显减低(P<0.01),但完全性瘫痪患者与不完全性瘫痪患者无显著统计学差异(P>0.05),骨密度参数与病程长短亦无显著统计学差异(P>0.05)。认为:脊髓损伤性骨质疏松与传统意义上的废用性骨质疏松有所不同,其发病机理及影响因素较为复杂,尚有待进一步研究。     

Double Noncontiguous Cervical Spinal Injuries

Summary. Summary.   Background: Double noncontiguous spinal injuries in the same patient, the first at the cervical level and the second at the thoracic or thoracolumbar level are not uncommon. On the other hand the incidence of double noncontiguous cervical injuries in low and these injuries imply complex mechanisms. This study investigates the cases of double noncontiguous cervical lesions in 342 cases of acute cervical injuries.   Method: An analysis of 342 patients with cervical injuries found 67 multiple cervical injuries and only 11 cases of double noncontiguous cervical lesions.   Findings and Interpretation: Double noncontiguous cervical injuries have a frequency of 3.2% in this study and in three cases there were pre-existing benign cervical lesions. A possible spinal biomechanical behaviour during injury can be that the first lesion appears because of the traumatic impact and there is a uniform transmission of the remaining traumatic strain all along the spine. It seems that the propagated force finds a spinal zone where the spinal resistance is diminished and the second spinal lesion can occur. Spinal vulnerability for the second lesion in the same trauma can be caused by a pre-existing benign spinal lesion or by a biomechanical discontinuity because of a particular posture at the traumatic moment. The second lesion in double noncontiguous cervical lesions can appear through a single great impact in pre-existing lesions, double impacts at the same time with injuries at two cervical levels or repeated cervical impacts in very quick succession in the same trauma. Published online July 18, 2002