影响胃肠间质瘤根治术患者预后因素的分析：附术后5年97例报告

目的 探讨影响胃肠道间质瘤手术患者预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析有完整临床资料和随访5年以上的97例胃肠道间质瘤根治术后患者.结果 单因素分析结果显示患者性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、肿瘤细胞类型、肿瘤有无坏死、核分裂相数目及术后是否使用Gleevec辅助治疗与患者的预后具有相关性.应用COX回归模型分析显示肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、肿瘤细胞类型、肿瘤有无坏死、核分裂相数目,及术后是否使用Gleevec辅助治疗足影响胃肠道间质瘤根治术患者预后的独立因素.结论 肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、肿瘤细胞类型、肿瘤有无坏死、核分裂相数目及Gleevec治疗是影响胃肠道同质瘤根治术患者预后的重要指标.     

不同部位胃肠道间质瘤的预后分析

目的 探讨不同部位胃肠道间质瘤患者的预后差异及其影响因素.方法 对66例胃肠道间质瘤患者进行回顾性分析.采用Kaplan-Meier法对患者无复发生存率进行比较分析,分别采用单因素及多因素分析对影响预后的因素进行评估.结果 Kaplan-Meier分析表明十二指肠间质瘤患者术后3年无复发生存率明显低于其他部位间质瘤患者(P=0.002).单因素分析显示肿瘤大小、原发部位、核分裂数目、临床症状均与患者预后显著相关(P<0.05);多因素分析表明肿瘤大小、原发部位、核分裂数目为胃肠道间质瘤预后的有效预测指标.结论 不同部位胃肠道间质瘤的3年无复发生存率之间存在显著性差异,其中十二指肠间质瘤的预后最差.肿瘤大小、原发部位、核分裂数目是胃肠道间质瘤预后的独立预测指标.     

胃肠道间质瘤32例的临床研究

目的 通过研究32例胃肠道间质瘤的临床病理特点,探讨胃肠道间质瘤的预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2007年5月-2013年4月接受手术治疗并经病理证实的32例胃肠道间质瘤的临床资料,统计学分析影响其预后的因素.结果 32例患者,2年总体生存率为85.3％,2年无进展生存率为79.2％.影响胃肠道间质瘤预后的因素包括：肿瘤大小、远处转移、核分裂像、NIH危险度分级.结论 NIH分级、远处转移是影响胃肠道间质瘤术后生存的危险因素.     

影响胃肠道间质瘤患者预后的因素分析

目的探讨影响胃肠道间质瘤预后的临床病理因素。方法 收集临床病理资料,单因素及多因素分析各变量与患者预后的关系。结果患者1、3、5 a生存率分别是89.7%、79.3%和70.7%。单因素分析和多因素分析均显示肿瘤大小、核分裂像数目、肿瘤原发部位是影响预后的重要因素（P〈0.05）。结论肿瘤直径〉10 cm、核分裂数〉10个/50 HPF常提示胃肠道间质瘤恶性度较高,预后不良。     

胃肠道间质瘤70例预后因素分析

目的：探讨胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的临床病理特征和预后。方法：对青岛大学医学院附属医院普外科2003年3月-2008年5月收治的70例胃肠道间质瘤患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果：单因素及多因素分析显示,肿瘤大小、生长部位、核分裂数和手术方式及术后是否使用甲磺酸依马替尼（Gleevec）辅助治疗均对术后复发有影响。结论：肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、核分裂相数目、手术方式及甲磺酸依马替尼（Gleevec）辅助治疗是影响胃肠道间质瘤根治术患者预后的重要指标。     

胃间质瘤临床病理及预后分析

目的探讨胃间质瘤临床病理特征及与预后相关的因素。方法收集中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1986年3月至2001年12月收治的98例有完整资料的位于胃的间质瘤、平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、平滑肌母细胞瘤、许旺细胞瘤和神经纤维瘤患者的临床和病理资料.复阅切片(苏木精-伊红染色)、重新诊断,肿瘤两点取材构建组织微阵列;免疫组织化学染色检测CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、desmin、S-100及Ki-67蛋白等6种抗体的表达;单因素及多因素分析各变量与患者预后的关系。结果确诊间质瘤91例(92.9%)。随访率91.0%,中位随访时间54个月,患者1、5、10年生存率分别为88.8%、79.6%和63.7%。单因素分析显示,患者的预后与肿瘤大小、核分裂像数目、肿瘤坏死、核异型、细胞类型、细胞密集程度、手术类型、黏膜侵犯、年龄及Ki-67标记指数(5%为界)等因素有关(P<0.05,P<0.01);多因素分析显示,肿瘤大小、核分裂像数目、肿瘤坏死及黏膜受侵是影响预后的重要因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论肿瘤直径大于10cm、核分裂像数目超过10个/50HPF、肿瘤有坏死,黏膜受侵常提示胃间质瘤恶性度较高。     

直肠胃肠道间质瘤的外科治疗

分析直肠胃肠道间质瘤患者的临床特点、病理特征、外科治疗效果,探讨影响治疗效果的相关因素,直肠胃肠道间质瘤的临床特点及外科治疗效果。直肠胃肠道间质瘤多属于高危风险,术后生存率与年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、大小、核分裂相、增值指数、手术根治程度、术后药物治疗的单因素分析结果显示,根治性手术与姑息性手术相比较,术后生存差异有显著差异（P〈0.01）。根治性手术是延长直肠胃肠道间质瘤患者生存时间的主要因素,靶向治疗可提高直肠胃肠道间质瘤的保肛率。     

胃肠道间质瘤患者应用外科治疗的临床资料回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析胃肠道间质瘤患者应用外科治疗的临床特点、诊治方法及预后效果。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年1月间安徽省立医院胃肠外科收治的手术治疗的81例胃肠道间质瘤患者的临床资料,观察分析患者的诊治效果、术后生存情况,并对其预后情况进行单因素及多因素回归分析。结果所有81例患者的恶性危险度分级显示,41例为高度危险,24例为中度危险,10例为低度危险,6例为极低危险,单因素分析发现患者短期预后(术后3年生存率)与其肿瘤大小、性质、核分裂相及复发转移明显相关;在多因素Cox回归分析中,患者的3年生存率与肿瘤大小、性质及复发转移呈明显正相关。结论对可切除的胃肠道间质瘤患者应进行外科完全切除,可切除的患者的预后与肿瘤大小、危险度及复发转移有关。     

胃肠道间质瘤103例预后分析

目的 探讨影响胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2004年5月，复旦大学附属肿瘤医院腹外科收治的103例GIST临床病理及随访资料。进行Flecther恶性潜能分级，用寿命表法绘制总生存曲线，采用Kaplan—Meier法比较不同因素对生存的影响，并用Cox多因素回归分析对该组病例进行预后分析。结果 所有病人的1年、3年、5年存活率分别为86．3％、51．7％、42．8％。生存分析比较肿瘤大小、核分裂象数目、手术性质是否为根治以及肿瘤原发部位差异均具有显著性意义（P〈0．05），而性别、年龄、免疫组化表达情况、是否联合脏器切除差异无显著性意义。结论 用Flecther恶性潜能分级方法来判断间质瘤的生物学行为和预测间质瘤的预后是合理、科学、简单、可行的方法，根治性手术仍是目前原发GIST的首选治疗，靶向治疗将成为治疗间质瘤的重要手段。     

小肠胃肠间质瘤64例治疗与预后分析

目的探讨小肠胃肠间质瘤（GIST）的治疗及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院2002年4月至2010年11月收治的经手术治疗且有完整随访资料的64例小肠GIST患者的临床和随访资料。结果全组患者术后均未接受化、放疗．有14例患者术后予以伊马替尼靶向治疗。64例小肠GIST患者5年生存率为51．2％;61例R0切除患者术后复发转移27例（44．3％）。单因素预后分析显示,手术方式（P=0．001）、肿瘤大小（P=0．018）、周围组织粘连侵犯（P=0．015）、伴发远处转移（p=0．000）、肿瘤坏死出血（p=0．032）、F1etcher分级（P=0．027）及就诊时症状（p=0．012）与小肠GIST患者预后有关。多因素预后分析显示,周围组织粘连侵犯（P=0．026）、伴发远处转移（P=0．000）和就诊时症状（P=0．019）是小肠GIST患者预后的独立影响因素。结论评估小肠GIST患者的预后,应结合手术方式、肿瘤大小、与周围组织脏器有无粘连侵犯、有无伴发远处转移、有无肿瘤坏死出血、就诊时症状、Fletcher分级以及靶向治疗情况进行多方面考虑。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.