罗哌卡因与布比卡因硬膜外阻滞用于产科麻醉的效果及母体和胎儿血药浓度变化的比较

目的 比较罗哌卡因和布比卡因硬膜外阻滞用于产科麻醉的效果,及在母体中血药浓度的变化及经胎盘转运的情况。方法18例择期行宫产手术的足月单胎孕妇,随机分为两组,分别用0.75％罗哌卡因(R组)或0.5％布比卡因(B组)行硬外阻滞。观察感觉和运动阻滞情况、血压的变化、新生儿脐静脉血气和Apgar、NACS评分。并用高效液相色谱法测定了母体和胎儿的血浆药物浓度。结果 两组产归感觉和运动阻滞的起效时问和持续时间、最高阻滞平面、低血压的发生率、新生儿血气和Apgar、NACS评分都无显著差别。R组和B组母体血浆药物浓度在15～30min内达高峰,分别为(613±90)ng/ml和(512±63)ng/ml,脐静脉/母体静脉血药浓度比(UV/MV)分别为0.42=0.12和0.48±0.15。结论0.75％罗哌卡因和0.5％布比卡因硬膜外腔阻滞用于剖宫产手术时,都能获得满意的临床效果;两药经胎盘的转运比率相似;母体和胎儿血浆药物浓度远低于可致毒性反应的浓度,且罗哌卡因的安全范围大于布比卡因。     

0.75%和0.5%罗哌卡因与0.5%布比卡因应用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床比较

目的 观察罗哌卡因应用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法 选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级上肢手术病人30例,随机分为三组,每组10例。分别以0.75％罗哌卡因、0.5％罗哌卡因和0.5％布比卡因采用肌间沟法进行臂丛神经阻滞,注入量20ml。分别记录病人感觉阻滞和运用阻滞的起效时间,峰值时间(达到完全阻滞可以开始手术的时间),追加阻滞药物的比率,术中病人对阿片类药物的需要,病人的满意程度等指标。对比各组间的各项指标。结果 两组罗哌卡因与0.5％布比卡因比较在注射10、15、20 min后达到完全的感觉和运动阻滞的比率较高(P<0.01)。罗哌卡因组的平均峰值时间明显短于布比卡因组(R50=16.3±3.16min,R75=14.6±3.33min,B=22.4±4.17 min,P<0.05)。根据病人术中对阿片类药的需要和全部病人的满意程度,认为罗哌卡因有较高的麻醉质量(P<0.05)。其他各项指标无显著差异。结论 罗哌卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中出现了较布比卡因平均峰值时间短、阻滞完善的优越性。在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中应该使用0.5％的罗哌卡因。     

肝功能异常病人硬膜外注射罗哌卡因的药效学和药代动力学

目的观察肝功能异常病人硬膜外注射罗哌卡因的药效学和药代动力学特性。方法择期上腹部手术病人20例,10例阻塞性黄疸伴肝功能异常病人(ASAⅢ级)为肝功能异常组(Ⅰ组), 10例肝功能未见异常病人(ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级)为对照组(Ⅱ组)。两组均采用硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉, T8．9硬膜外穿刺置管,证实在硬膜外后2 min内注入0．75％罗哌卡因(含肾上腺素5μg·ml-1)2 mg· kg-1。记录注药后30 min内感觉和运动阻滞情况,用高效液相色谱法测定注药后0-720 min罗哌卡因血浆浓度,计算其各药代动力学参数。结果硬膜外注药后30 min内,两组感觉、运动阻滞效果差异无统计学意义。两组罗哌卡因的血浆药物浓度-时间曲线均符合二房室开放模型;与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组硬膜外注药后180-720min罗哌卡因血浆浓度升高,消除半衰期延长,曲线下面积增加,清除率降低,消除速率常数减小(P<0．05或0．01)。结论肝功能异常病人0．75％罗哌卡因硬膜外阻滞后30 in内的感觉和运动阻滞效果无异常,但罗哌卡因的代谢明显减慢,血药浓度升高。     

罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼等用于妇科手术硬膜外麻醉效果的临床观察

目的观察罗哌卡因单独使用或复合不同镇痛药物,用于妇科手术硬膜外麻醉效果的比较。方法60例择期妇科手术病人,随机分为三组,0.75%罗哌卡因15 ml含20μg舒芬太尼(S组);0.75%罗哌卡因15 ml含可乐定75μg(C组);0.75%罗哌卡因15 ml(L组)。首次注药后分别记录起效时间、感觉阻滞达到最高平面时间、感觉阻滞最高平面、感觉镇痛持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞持续时间、腹肌运动阻滞程度、Bromage分级、麻醉效果。应用SPSS10.0统计学软件行统计学分析。结果与L组比较,S组和C组起效时间和感觉阻滞达到最高平面的时间缩短,感觉阻滞持续时间和感觉阻滞达到最高平面延长或升高(P<0.01),运动阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞持续时间和Bromage分级差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。S组和C组腹肌运动阻滞程度及麻醉效果分级均优于L组(P<0.01)。结论0.75%罗哌卡因15 ml含20μg舒芬太尼或可乐定75μg,用于硬膜外麻醉的效果要优于单纯使用0.75%罗哌卡因15 ml。     

等剂量罗哌卡因、左布比卡因腰麻应用于剖宫产术中的比较

目的比较0.75%罗哌卡因和0.75%左布比卡因对剖宫产手术腰麻的临床效果。方法 160例ASA1～2级择期剖宫产手术患者随机分为0.75%罗哌卡因（R）组和0.75%左布比卡因（L）组。采用25G腰麻穿刺针,于L3～4间隙穿刺。监测两组感觉运动阻滞情况、麻醉效果及不良反应情况。结果 R组最大阻滞时间、最大运动阻滞时间均高于L组;而运动恢复时间,R组低于L组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论等剂量罗哌卡因和左旋布比卡因腰麻麻醉效果和不良反应差异无统计学意义,左旋布比卡因运动神经阻滞比罗哌卡因更完全,罗哌卡因则具有运动神经阻滞起效慢而恢复较快的特点。     

蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉应用0.5%或0.75%罗哌卡因或0.5%布比卡因的效果比较

目的：观察不同浓度罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞的效果。方法：45例择期膝关节镜手术病人，随机分为三组，每组15例，分别于蛛网膜下腔注入0.5%布比卡因2.5ml（C组），0.5%罗哌卡因2.5ml（R1组）或0.75%罗哌卡因2.5ml（R2组）。记绿麻醉后的血压、心率、脉博血氧饱和度，感觉与运动阻滞的起效时间，达最高阻滞平面和最大阻滞程度的时间。感觉与运动阻滞的恢复时间。术后第二天随访记录术后并发症。结果：三组病人感觉阻滞起效和达到最高阻滞平面无显著性差异。感觉阻滞维持时间以0.75%罗哌卡因组与0.5%布比卡因组明显长于0.5%罗哌卡因组，而前两组间无显著性差异，运动阻滞起效时间三组组无显著性差异。运动阻滞程度及维持时间以0.5%罗哌卡因组较0.75%罗哌卡因组或0.5%布比卡因组有显著性差异。而后两组间无显著性差异。结论：蛛网膜下腔阻滞应用0.75%罗哌卡因与0.5%d布比卡因的作用相似，均可以安全使用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉。0.75%罗哌卡因可提供更完善的运动和感觉阻滞。     

不同剂量可乐定复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效应

目的 评价不同剂量的可乐定复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的临床效应。方法 60例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级妇科手术患者，硬膜外随机双盲接受不含或含50、100、150μg可乐定的0.75%罗哌卡因25ml，分为R、R－C50、R－C100、R－C150四组。记录感觉镇痛、运动阻滞起效时间及持续时间，术中镇痛质量及不良反应。结果 R－C100组、R－C150组运动阻滞起效时间缩短，术中内脏牵拉痛发生率及氯胺酮需要量减少，镇痛持续时间延长，寒战发生率降低。然而，R－C150组低血压发生率、麻黄碱需要量及输液量增加。结论 可乐定100μg与0.75％罗哌卡因25ml合用于硬膜外麻醉，可改善罗哌卡因阻滞特征而不增加低血压、心动过缓等副作用。     

右美托咪定和可乐定硬膜外给药对硬膜外罗哌卡因麻醉效果的影响

目的 比较右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)和可乐定硬膜外给药对罗哌卡因阻滞效果的影响. 方法 全组75例患者美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄55岁～65岁,拟行阴式子宫切除术.按随机数字表法分为硬膜外给予0.75％罗哌卡因15 ml含100 μg Dex组(RD组)、硬膜外给予0.75％罗哌卡因15ml含100 μg可乐定组(RC组)和硬膜外给予0.75％罗哌卡因15ml含生理盐水组(C组). 结果 RD组麻醉平面到达T10起效时间[(8.5±2.4)min]短于RC组和C组[(10.4±3.4) min和(12.7±4.3)min],RD组在较短的时间内[(13±4)min]达到最高阻滞平面,明显短于RC组和C组[(15±4) min和(18±4) min];RD组完全运动阻滞时间[(18±5)min]短于RC组和C组[(21±4) min和(24±4)min;(P＜0.05和P＜0.01)].RD组术后24 h曲马多用量[(87±17)mg]也显著少于RC组和C组[(101±21) mg和(146±19) mg;(P＜0.01)].RD组和RC组寒战发生率明显低于C组(P＜0.01),未发现1例呼吸抑制. 结论 硬膜外给予Dex可增强罗哌卡因硬膜外阻滞效果,与可乐定比较麻醉起效快、围术期呼吸循环稳定,减少术后镇痛药的应用.     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于老龄患者下肢手术麻醉中的对比研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨在老龄患者下肢手术的麻醉中等效剂量罗哌卡因和布比卡因麻醉效果以及对手术的影响。方法 选择拟行股骨颈骨折手术老龄患者50例,随机分为罗哌卡因组(R组)和布比卡因组(B组)。两组均采用腰硬联合麻醉(CSEA),分别给予0.5%罗哌卡因2.5 mL和0.5%布比卡因2.5 mL注入蛛网膜下腔。术中麻醉效应不足时硬膜外给予2%利多卡因。术中监测呼吸循环状况,评估麻醉效果,并观察不良反应。结果 两组麻醉效果,最高阻滞平面及不良反应的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组的血压下降更加明显(P<0.05),R组下肢感觉阻滞起效更慢,持续时间更短(P<0.05),下肢运动阻滞程度显著低于B组(P<0.05)。结论 罗哌卡因和布比卡因在老龄患者下肢手术的腰硬联合麻醉都有效,罗哌卡因对循环系统影响更小,运动神经阻滞更轻且恢复迅速,更适合老龄患者下肢手术麻醉中的应用。     

舒芬太尼静脉或硬膜外给药对子宫切除术病人罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉效果的影响

目的评价舒芬太尼静脉或硬膜外给药对子宫切除术病人罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉效果的影响。方法择期行子宫切除术病人60例，年龄30～55岁，体重40～70k，随机分为3组（n=20）：硬膜外罗哌卡因组（R组）、硬膜外罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼组（RS组）、硬膜外罗哌卡因复合静脉舒芬太尼（IVS组）。行L2.3间隙行硬膜外穿刺，头向置管3．5cm，给予2％利多卡因3ml。5min后R组硬膜外注入0．75％罗哌卡因13ml混合生理盐水2ml；RS组硬膜外注入0．75％罗哌卡因13ml混合20μg（2ml）舒芬太尼，R组及RS组均同时静脉注射生理盐水2ml；IVS组硬膜外注入0．75％罗哌卡因13ml混合生理盐水2ml，同时静脉注射舒芬太尼20μg（2m1）。观察感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞达到的最高平面和时间、感觉阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞持续时间、腹部肌肉松弛程度、麻醉效果、清醒程度及不良反应。结果三组间下肢运动阻滞起效时间、持续时间和Bromage评分差异无统计学意义。舒芬太尼静脉和硬膜外给药均可缩短感觉阻滞起效时间，延长感觉阻滞持续时间但在感觉阻滞达到的最高平面腹部肌肉松弛程度和麻醉效果方面舒芬太尼硬膜外给药的效果优于静脉给药，且病人均处于清醒状态。结论与静脉注射比较，硬膜外给予小剂量舒芬太尼可增强子宫切除术病人罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的效果，且不增加镇静作用。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.