额部扩张皮瓣的手术设计

目的探讨额部扩张皮瓣的手术设计.方法对121例额、颞部瘢痕、斑痣、血管瘤等皮肤病变切除后的患者采用额部扩张皮瓣进行修复,并比较滑行皮瓣、易位皮瓣及旋转皮瓣的手术效果.结果 115例患者取得良好的手术效果,修复后皮肤弹性良好、颜色较理想、瘢痕较细小;4例患者扩张皮瓣的远端有0.5～1.0cm的坏死,行Ⅱ期瘢痕切除缝合术;2例患者有单侧眉上提,半年后好转.结论易位皮瓣术后瘢痕明显,尽量少用或不用;旋转皮瓣可以充分利用扩张后"过剩"的皮肤,是一种值得推广的额部皮瓣设计方法.对皮瓣的周密设计并了解不同皮瓣的优缺点,对手术效果及术后并发症的预防非常重要.     

颞颊部扩张皮瓣的手术设计

目的　探讨如何设计颞颊部的扩张皮瓣。方法　对 6 19例颞颊部的瘢痕、斑痣、血管瘤等皮肤病变切除后应用不同部位、不同转移方法的扩张皮瓣进行修复。额部以旋转皮瓣、面颊部以旋转及滑行皮瓣、颈部以易位皮瓣为主及胸部带蒂转移的手术设计。结果　 8例扩张后胸三角皮瓣远端坏死 1～ 5cm ,其中 5例再次手术时皮瓣上移后未影响最终修复效果 ,3例补充植皮。 5例面部扩张皮瓣远端坏死 0 5～ 1cm ,4例行二期瘢痕切除缝合术 ,1例行补充植皮术。 4 1例发生扩张器感染外露 (占 6 6 2 % ) ,行二期手术时皮瓣面积稍有不足 ,其余均取得满意效果。结论　额部以旋转皮瓣、面颊部以旋转及滑行皮瓣、颈部以易位皮瓣为主的手术设计 ,以及胸三角皮瓣带蒂转移是修复面颊部皮肤病变切除术后创面的良好方法 ;周密的手术设计对术后效果及并发症的预防非常重要。     

扩张后上臂内侧皮瓣修复额部瘢痕

目的探讨额部瘢痕切除后创面的修复方法。方法按逆行设计原则,在患者上臂内侧无瘢痕,且肩关节、颈部活动无受限的情况下,在上臂外侧做切口,置入扩张囊;超量注水后,允分考虑瘢痕切除、松解后创面大小及扩张皮瓣回缩等问题,先行拟转移皮瓣延迟术。术后7d行额部瘢痕切除,皮瓣带蒂转移术。于3周后行皮瓣断蒂、舒平修复额部瘢痕切除后的剩余创面。结果本组共7例患者,均采用扩张后上臂内侧皮瓣带蒂转移术。术后皮瓣无血运障碍,效果良好。结论扩张后上臂内侧皮瓣是修复额部瘢痕切除后创面的较好选择。     

易位扩张皮瓣的逆行设计和应用

目的:总结易位扩张皮瓣在修复头面颈部皮肤缺损中的设计方法及应用体会,探讨提高软组织扩张术效果的方法。方法:对25例头面颈部瘢痕、皮肤肿瘤患者,根据易位转移扩张皮瓣的设想,根据其皮肤缺损的形态、位置,进行合理逆行设计,采用国产硅橡胶扩张器行皮肤扩张术,应用易位转移扩张皮瓣为主的方式修复。结果:本组共形成40个易位扩张皮瓣,其中单纯易位扩张皮瓣11个,易位结合推进及旋转皮瓣29个。有1个易位扩张皮瓣出现远端血运障碍(0.5～2cm),其余皮瓣良好,修复效果满意。结论:根据易位转移扩张皮瓣的设想逆行设计,合理埋置扩张器,不失为提高软组织扩张手术效果的一种好方法。     

易位扩张皮瓣在面颊部皮肤缺损修复中的设计与应用

目的 总结易位扩张皮瓣在修复面颊部皮肤缺损中的设计方法及应用.方法 将扩张的易位皮瓣分为单纯易位扩张皮瓣、易位-推进-易位扩张皮瓣和旋转-推进-易位扩张皮瓣3种.对135例面颊部血管瘤、瘢痕、色素痣患者,根据其皮肤缺损的形态、位置,应用此3种易位扩张皮瓣修复.单纯易位扩张皮瓣若长宽比例大于2:1,则需行延迟术.结果 本组共形成139个易位扩张皮瓣,其中单纯易位扩张皮瓣17个(皮瓣延迟15例).易位-推进-易位扩张皮瓣69个,旋转-推进-易位扩张皮瓣53个.有6个易位扩张皮瓣出现远端血运障碍(0.5～2 cm),其中单纯易位扩张皮瓣2个,其他类型易位扩张皮瓣4个.其余皮瓣良好,修复效果满意.结论 对于颊部皮肤缺损的修复,根据缺损的形态和位置恰当地设计应用各种易位扩张皮瓣修复.可获得良好的效果.     

颈部皮肤扩张在面颊皮肤缺损中的应用

目的：总结13年借助于皮肤软组织扩张器行颈侧部皮肤扩张，修复面颊部组织缺损113例经验，寻找不同的情况不同修复的最佳方法。方法：采用3种不同的手术方法；（1）皮肤扩张单纯皮瓣推移法；（2）易位皮瓣转移法；（3）颈侧皮肤接力扩张法。结果：本组113例，易位皮瓣26例，推移皮瓣52例，接力扩张修复35例，所形成的皮瓣无1例坏死。其中并发血肿2例，血清肿5例，扩张器外露6例，扩张器成角10例。术后Ⅱ期发口瘢痕整复19例。结论：对于面颊部瘢痕在颈侧皮肤正常的情况下应首选扩张术。单纯皮瓣推移法适用于面颊下部而不影响口唇及颏部的瘢痕修复；颈侧易位皮瓣的修复适用于面颊下部、耳屏前部、口角及唇颏部的瘢痕；颈侧皮肤接力扩张修复适用于全面颊的瘢痕，且能有效的预防下睑外翻。     

额部扩张双蒂轴型皮瓣修复老年患者颅顶部慢性难治性溃疡

目的探讨老年患者颅顶部慢性难治性溃疡的治疗方法，及额部扩张双蒂轴型皮瓣的临床应用效果。方法2002年9月～2006年6月，收治5例颅顶部慢性难治性溃疡老年男性患者，年龄55～76岁。外伤1例，感染1例，鳞状细胞癌2例，基底细胞癌1例。病程6～25个月。曾行1～4次手术。溃疡范围5cm×3cm～10cm×9cm。一期手术于颞浅动脉额支下方和额肌下方设计植入皮肤软组织扩张器；二期手术扩大切除颅顶部慢性溃疡，采用额部扩张双蒂轴型皮瓣，旋转移位修复。创面清创后范围为6．0cm×3．5cm～12．0cm×10．5cm，皮瓣切取范围26cm×10cm～34cm×17cm。2例供区利用多余扩张皮瓣修复，3例植皮修复。结果术后皮瓣均成活，伤口I期愈合，供区愈合良好。患者均获随访3～24个月，平均10个月。皮瓣附着良好，溃疡无复发，无上睑外翻及眼裂闭合不全，日常生活无不适。结论采用额部扩张双蒂轴型皮瓣修复老年颅顶部慢性难治性溃疡，临床效果满意，是治疗老年患者颅顶部难治性溃疡一种新的手术方法。     

多只扩张器超量扩张修复大面积瘢痕性秃发

目的 探讨应用多只扩张器超量扩张头皮修复大面积瘢痕性秃发的临床效果.方法 Ⅰ期手术：根据秃发区的形状、面积大小,选择多只扩张器,在肿胀麻醉下,置于头部有发区帽状腱膜下,注射壶外置.超量扩张3～6个月,以获得额外有发头皮.Ⅱ期手术：将扩张器取出,切除瘢痕,将扩张后的有发头皮,采用滑行推进皮瓣、旋转皮瓣与易位皮瓣联合运用的手术方式,修复头皮秃发区.结果 23例患者术后秃发区修复效果良好,外观满意.结论 多只扩张器超量扩张可获得大量额外扩张头皮.合理设计皮瓣转移术,最大限度地提高了扩张皮肤的利用率,可修复大面积瘢痕性秃发,修复效果良好.     

面颊部扩张皮瓣的设计和转移

目的探讨利用扩张皮瓣修复面颊不同部位皮肤缺损的扩张皮瓣设计。方法269例面颊部血管瘤、瘢痕、色素痣患者,依不同的皮肤缺损位置,在邻近部位放置大小适度的1~3个50~400ml容积的扩张器,扩张充分后采用推进皮瓣法、旋转推进皮瓣法和易位皮瓣法修复。结果269例中共形成305个扩张皮瓣,利用推进皮瓣121个,旋转推进皮瓣145个,易位皮瓣39个;共出现并发症52例,分别为扩张皮瓣远端血运障碍、血肿形成、感染、注水壶渗漏、扩张器外露、睑外翻和包囊挛缩,这些并发症基本未影响最终的手术效果,术后面颊部形态正常。结论我们提出的扩张皮瓣的设计和转移原则,对于面颊部的皮肤缺损组织扩张术治疗有非常重要的参考价值。     

额部烧伤后瘢痕扩张鼻再造术

目的 探讨全面部烧伤鼻缺损选择修复的额部皮瓣鼻再造,修复后鼻外形、颜色和质地与烧伤面部匹配的状况.方法 选择全面部烧伤、额部遗留平整萎缩性瘢痕或接受过皮肤移植手术但额肌仍完整保留的患者,应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣再造全鼻.手术分3期进行:Ⅰ期行额部瘢痕瓣扩张术;Ⅱ期行扩张额部组织瓣转移全鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣蒂修整术.结果 切取的扩张额部瘢痕皮瓣宽为7.0～7.8 cm,蒂长9.0～11.0 cm.其中2例患者再造鼻的单侧鼻翼和1例患者的鼻小柱皮肤部分坏死,经换药后痊愈.术后随访3～36个月,再造鼻颜色、质地、形态与烧伤面部相配,所有患者均对再造鼻外形效果满意.结论 应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻缺损,其皮肤颜色、质地与烧伤面部外形匹配,并在无支架埋置的状况下.鼻外形维持效果良好.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.