经皮肾镜和逆行输尿管软镜处理≤2 cm肾结石的比较

目的比较经皮肾镜取石取石术（PCNL）和逆行输尿管软镜碎石取石术（RIRS）治疗≤2 cm肾结石的疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年10月至2016年11月广西医科大学第一附属医院泌尿外科收治的96例≤2 cm肾结石患者的临床资料,按术式将其分为PCNL组42例和RIRS组54例。比较分析两组术前准备时间、手术时间、碎石时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、术后清石率、并发症发生率等。 结果42例PCNL患者中,36例患者结石一次碎石完成,3例患者分2次碎石完成,3例患者残留结石。54例RIRS患者中,48例患者结石一次碎石完成,6例患者残留结石。PCNL组和RIRS组术后1周结石清除率分别为78.57%（33/42）和57.41%（31/54）,术后1个月结石清除率分别为92.86%（39/42）和88.89%（48/54）。平均手术时间PCNL组（70±15）min,RIRS组（54±13）min。平均碎石时间PCNL组（32±13）min,RIRS组（39±13）min。术前准备时间PCNL组4（2）d,RIRS组3（2）d。术后住院时间PCNL组5（4）d,RIRS组1（1）d。平均住院费用PCNL组（19 195±3 809）元,RIRS组（13 319±1 537）元。并发症发生率PCNL组23.81%（10/42）,RIRS组3.70%（2/54）。 结论相对于PCNL,RIRS在处理≤2 cm的肾结石在术后住院时间、并发症发生率、平均住院费用上有优势,而两者术后结石清除率相当。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石的安全性及有效性. 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年12月输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗23例合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石患者资料.男15例,女8例.年龄23～68岁,平均44岁.主要特点为腰痛、血尿,尿路感染.10例曾行ESWL治疗,其中l例曾行2次ESWL.23例均为单侧肾盏憩室结石,结石位于肾上极11例,中部9例,下极3例.成堆泥沙样多发结石19例,单发结石4例.结石最大直径18.9 mm.术前1周均留置双J管,均行IVU及双肾CT检查.静脉复合麻醉下行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,留置输尿管扩张鞘,置入输尿管软镜抵达肾盂,寻及憩室开口,必要时用钬激光切开憩室颈部,憩室内大部分结石呈泥沙样聚集,小部分结石较大,予以钬激光碎石,结石碎屑随灌洗液冲出或用套石篮取出. 结果 本组23例均顺利置入输尿管软镜,一次进镜成功率100％.22例顺利寻及憩室结石,1例术中未寻及憩室开口改行PCNL,手术顺利.碎石成功20例(87.0％),术后无结石残留15例(65.3％).残留结石＜4 mm者5例;3例碎石失败者结石残块≥4 mm.平均手术时间60min,术后平均住院日3.5d.手术无并发症发生.术后随访6～12个月,患者症状均消失,未见结石复发. 结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石安全、有效,可作为临床首选治疗方法.     

电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗一期单通道经皮肾镜术后残石的安全性及疗效

目的总结电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗一期单通道经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）术后残石的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2010年5月至2012年12月期间,使用电子软性输尿管镜钬激光碎石术处理一期单通道经皮肾镜取石术后残石41例,男22例,女19例,平均年龄（44±12）岁。术前结石均为复杂性鹿角形肾结石,术后残石3例位于上盏,6例结石位于中盏,7例位于下盏,25例为多个肾盏残石,单枚结石9例,结石直径15～25mm;其余均为多枚结石,结石直径4-25mm。再次手术时间为PCNL术后1-4周,软性输尿管镜碎石前,造瘘管已拔除23例,仍保留肾造瘘管18例。结果41例患者均顺利地置入电子输尿管软镜,平均手术时间（83±31）min,术后平均住院时间（3-1）d。均无肾盂输尿管严重损伤、大出血、急性肾功能不全、感染性休克等并发症。术后3个月复查超声或CT提示,有意义结石残留（≥4mm）5例：2例为下盏残石,3例为多盏残石。中上盏碎石成功率100％（9／9）,下盏为85．7％（6／7）,多盏为84．0％（21／25）。保留肾造瘘管及拔除肾造瘘管患者再次手术时间、术后住院时间、结石清除率及术后发热均无显著性差异。结论在一期单通道PCNL减轻肾结石负荷的情况下,电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石能有效清除残余结石,并发症少,可选择性地作为单通道一期PCNL术后残留结石的治疗。     

输尿管软镜取石术治疗经皮肾镜术残留肾结石12例报告

目的:评估输尿管软镜取石术治疗经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)残留肾结石的效果。方法:利用输尿管软镜治疗PCNL残留肾结石12例,男8例,女4例;平均年龄42.6岁。左侧5例,右侧3例。KUB测量结石直径为0.7~2.6cm,平均1.4cm。经留置输尿管扩张鞘或沿导丝直接置入输尿管软镜抵达肾盂,寻及结石后以200μm光纤、10 W功率钬激光碎石。观察其手术时间、结石清除率、并发症等疗效指标。结果:本组12例均顺利完成输尿管软镜碎石,手术时间68~116min,平均92min;结石清除率为83.3%(10/12)。1例结石残留患者另作穿刺通道行二期PCNL后结石完全清除;1例术后行ESWL仍有少量结石残留,随访观察。均无严重出血及输尿管穿孔等并发症。结论:输尿管软镜取石术治疗PCNL后残留肾石安全、有效。     

逆行肾内手术与经皮肾镜碎石术治疗直径小于1.5cm肾盂结石的疗效比较

目的探讨直径≤1.5 cm的肾盂结石最佳微创治疗方法。方法直径≤1.5 cm肾盂结石90例,其中47例行逆行途径的肾内手术(RIRS),采用输尿管硬镜联合软镜钬激光碎石,43例采用经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL)。比较分析两种方法治疗结石的手术时间、碎石成功率、术后住院时间和并发症。结果 RIRS组和PCNL组结石平均直径分别为1.2 cm(1.0~1.5 cm)及1.3 cm(1.0~1.5 cm)。RIRS组手术均顺利完成,其中32例手术过程中换用输尿管软镜击碎冲入肾盏的结石。平均手术时间44 min(25~70 min),一期结石清除率达95.74%(45/47),术后发热2例,血红蛋白和红细胞压积轻度下降,血红蛋白平均下降(0.18±0.06)g/L,红细胞压积平均下降0.11%。所有患者均未发生并发症。PCNL组手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间70 min(45~90 min),一期结石清除率达95.35%(41/43),术后发热2例,血红蛋白平均下降(17.25±6.70)g/L,红细胞压积平均下降5.62%。PCNL2例出现明显术中、术后出血。结论对于直径≤1.5 cm的肾盂结石,RIRS组具有良好的清石率,其经自然腔道内镜手术的特点使其创伤小,主要并发症发生率明显低于PCNL,手术时间及住院时间均具有明显优势。对于直径≤1.5 cm的肾盂结石,应首选RIRS手术。     

电子输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾下盏结石35例

目的 探讨电子输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾下盏结石的安全性、有效性.方法 我院2011年9月-2013年8月采用电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾下盏结石35例.结石直径0.8-2 cm,平均1.3 cm.先将输尿管硬镜置入患侧输尿管,观察输尿管管腔情况并留置导丝,退出输尿管硬镜,将输尿管软镜外鞘沿导丝置入输尿管,将输尿管软镜直视下置入患侧输尿管至肾盂,观察肾盂及各肾盏,寻找到结石,术中使用200 μm光纤,0.8-1.5 J/10-20 Hz（10-30 W）功率碎石.将结石碎成〈0.3 cm的碎石,对于较大结石使用套石网篮将结石取出.结果 31例均一期成功完成输尿管软镜碎石术,4例因输尿管腔较窄,输尿管软镜无法上行,留置双J管1-2周后再次行输尿管软镜手术成功.手术时间30-120 min,平均60 min.围手术期均未发生严重并发症.术后1-6个月随访,无泌尿系结石残留,或残留结石直径＜3 mm.结论 电子输尿管软镜数字图像清晰、视野放大,与钬激光联合治疗肾下盏结石安全、有效,值得在临床上推广使用.     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的方法及疗效.方法 B超引导下穿刺并扩张建立F24经皮肾镜操作通道.在F20.8肾镜下采用瑞士EMS Ⅲ代气压弹道联合超声碎石机,Ⅰ期粉碎结石并主动吸出体外.结果单侧结石清除时间5～115 min,平均35 min.结石粉碎率100%,结石取净率91.8%(45/49).术后4～6 d拔除肾造瘘管,拔除肾造瘘管2 d后拔除导尿管,术后1个月拔除双J管.术后住院6～12 d,平均8 d.4例肾盏内或输尿管上段残留结石,直径＜1 cm,术后3周行体外冲击波碎石1～2次,均顺利排出体外.49例随访1～6个月,平均3.2月,均无严重出血及感染,无结石复发.结论经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石具有高效、安全的特点,值得临床推广应用.     

输尿管软镜联合硬镜治疗女性肾盂结石30例报告

目的：评价输尿管软镜联合硬镜治疗女性肾盂结石患者的安全性、有效性及优越性。方法：2012年6月～2013年4月采用输球管软镜联合硬镜治疗女性肾高结行（结石直径〉2cm而≤3cm）患者30例。结果：27例一期碎石成功．一次性碎石率为90％;3例二期碎石成功。无输尿管穿孔、脓肾等严重并发症发生。手术时间54～76min．平均58min。术后住院时间2～5d,平均3．8d。留营双J管2～3脚后拔除。结论：输尿管软镜联合硬镜治疗女性肾孟结石（结石直径≥2cm而≤3cm）是安全、高效的,同时具有创伤小、并发症少的优点,值得在临床上进一步推广使用。     

经皮肾镜取石术联合套石网篮治疗 ESWL 排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术（ percutaneous nephrolithotomy , PCNL ）联合套石网篮治疗体外震波碎石（ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ,ESWL）排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法2009年4月～2012年8月采用PCNL联合套石网篮治疗ESWL排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石78例。 B超定位,58例肾盏结石长径＜1 cm或分布于单组肾盏,采用微通道经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石;20例肾盏结石长径＞1 cm或分布于多组肾盏采用新型经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道或超声联合气压弹道碎石。结果78例手术均获成功,手术时间52～98 min,平均61 min。71例一期取净结石,结石取净率91．0％（71/78）;2例二期碎石后取净;3例辅助行ESWL治疗;2例因残留结石较小药物排石排出。住院5～12 d,平均7．2 d。无胸膜及其他重要脏器损伤,无大出血等严重并发症。78例随访3个月,未见结石残留。结论PCNL术中联合套石网篮可减少皮肾穿刺通道数,避免大出血及集合系统狭窄风险,是处理ESWL排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石恰当的选择。     

ccccc逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在治疗孤立肾肾结石中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾分析本院使用奥林巴斯电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石处理的39例孤立肾肾结石患者的临床资料,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石20例,孤立肾感染性结石4例,肾盏憩室内结石10例,肾盏嵌顿结石4例,多发性肾乳头黏膜下钙化1例.术中先行输尿管硬镜镜检,留置斑马导丝并放置F12～ 14输尿管扩张鞘后经鞘或直接沿斑马导丝入镜.软镜进入肾盂后首先镜下观察肾盂及上、中、下各盏并定位结石,根据结石位置选用365μm或200μm光纤,功率选择在0.5～1J、15～ 30Hz范围,以表面蚕蚀、周缘穿孔、中央穿孔等方法将结石完全粉碎2mm以内,若患者留置输尿管鞘,则以冲水引流、套石蓝取石等方法将结石取出或部分取出.所有患者常规留置DJ管2周,术后第1d拔除导尿管,术后2周拔除DJ管,术后4周常规复查泌尿系平片（KUB）或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率.残留结石≥4mm为有临床意义的结石残留.结果 本组39例患者34例成功置放输尿管鞘,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率87.2％,进镜成功率100％,术中寻找结石成功率100％.一期手术成功碎石33例,结石均排尽或残余结石＜4mm,无需进一步处理.另3例下盏憩室内结石,2例下盏结石,1例肾乳头黏膜下钙化结石/残石均≥4mm,辅助体外冲击波碎石或2期输尿管软镜手术.结论 输尿管软镜对比经皮肾镜,具有微创安全、手术并发症少的特点,而且几乎可以达到肾内集合系统所有位置,结合钬激光适合治疗各类孤立肾肾结石.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.