腔镜筋膜外下肢静脉交通支离断术的临床应用探讨

目的:探讨腔镜筋膜外交通支离断术(epifascial laparoscopic perforator surgery,ELPS)的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析我院2005年6月至2007年1月采用腔镜筋膜外交通支离断术治疗慢性下肢静脉功能不全12例共14条肢体的临床资料。采用彩色多普勒超声、彩色多普勒剖面流速图、空气体积描记仪、临床分级和静脉功能评分等方法在手术前后对患肢静脉交通支离断情况、静脉功能和术后并发症等状况进行分析。对所有患者进行随访,分析手术的长期效果。结果:本组共离断小腿交通静脉42支,平均3支/肢体,功能不全的交通支67.4%(29/43)距内踝20cm以内;手术前后静脉功能综合评分均值、手术前后彩超剖面流速图静脉返流量均值和空气体积描记仪3项指标术前、后均值比较均有统计学差异(P<0.01)。术后并发症发生率低。随访3～15个月,随访率100%。全组浅静脉曲张未见复发,6条溃疡肢体中有5条肢体溃疡全部愈合(83.3%)。比较患者术前与术后3个月的CEAP临床评分,除色素沉着无明显改善(P>0.05)外,其他临床表现均有明显改善(P<0.01)。结论:腔镜筋膜外交通静脉离断术治疗下肢慢性静脉功能不全在临床上的结果令人满意,在目前纠正深静脉瓣膜功能方面缺乏确切疗效的治疗方法时,是具有较高临床价值的微创技术手段,值得推广。     

内镜下交通支静脉离断术治疗下肢慢性静脉病

目的　探讨内镜下交通支静脉离断术治疗下肢慢性静脉病的早期临床疗效。　方法　回顾性分析应用内镜下交通支静脉离断术治疗 2 6例 (34条肢体 )下肢慢性静脉病临床资料。　结果　每条肢体离断功能不全交通支静脉 1～ 5支 ,平均 3 5支 ,术后临床评分 (2 4 8± 0 2 5 )分较术前 (6 5 4± 0 93)分明显降低 (t=2 1 4 97,P <0 0 1 )。平均随访 1 2月 ,1 4 / 1 6条肢体(87 5 % )溃疡于术后 2 0天～ 4 5天内愈合 ,愈合后无溃疡复发。　结论　内镜下交通支静脉离断术操作简单、安全、有效 ,尤其适合静脉性溃疡患者     

内镜下大隐静脉交通支离断术在慢性下肢静脉功能不全中的治疗价值

目的探讨内镜下大隐静脉交通支离断术在下肢慢性静脉功能不全(Chronic Venous Insufficiency,CVI)中的临床应用及治疗价值。方法2002年1月～2003年12月我院共收治下肢慢性静脉功能不全病人36例，42条肢体，均行内镜下大隐静脉交通支离断术(subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery，SEPS)，同时行股静脉瓣膜外包袖术6条.38条肢体随访，时间1～12个月，随访率90．4％。结果全组42条肢体中合并有小腿或内踝区溃疡的30条，痊愈28条，时间8～92d，痊愈率93．3％，4条下肢轻度水肿，全组无皮瓣坏死。5条肢体有疼痛：结论对于下肢慢性静脉功能不全C2-6 EpAsdpPr的病人，应用SEPS是一种较好的治疗方法。合并股静脉瓣膜关闭不全严重返流Kistner 3～4级以上的病人应当加用股静脉瓣膜外包袖术治疗。     

浅静脉及小腿交通静脉术后深静脉血流动力学变化分析

目的检测浅静脉及交通静脉术后血流动力学变化,以分析浅静脉及交通静脉在下肢慢性静脉功能不全中的作用。方法连续追踪原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全I°-Ⅱ°患者75例 78条肢体,利用双功能超声、流速剖面图彩超技术和空气体积描记仪分别于术前、术后1、3个月及 1年进行血流动力学指标的检测并进行统计学分析。结果患肢症状完全消失88．5％(69／78)。溃疡愈合率92．8％(13／14)。全组灌注指数指标于术后1、3个月、1年均较术前显著减少(P<0．01); SEPS组,灌注指数及剩余容积分数指标于术后1、3个月、1年较术前均明显改善(P<0．01)。而术后全组静脉返流量、射血分数均值与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0．01)。结论浅静脉手术可有效阻断浅静脉逆向灌注;腔镜筋膜下交通静脉手术(SEPS)可显著减轻小腿的静脉性淤血,但两者均未能明显影响深静脉血流动力学状况。     

腘静脉外袢成形术治疗下肢静脉倒流性疾病的疗效再评价

目的再评估静脉外袢成形术治疗下肢静脉倒流性疾病的疗效。方法将重度下肢深静脉功能不全 (deepvenousinsufficiency ,DVI)患者分为肌袢组 :行静脉外袢成形术加浅静脉手术 (2 8例 2 9条肢体 ) ,浅静脉组 :仅行浅静脉手术 (46例 5 0条肢体 ) ,比较手术效果。结果肌袢组与浅静脉组在手术前后的下肢胀痛、静脉曲张均由 10 0 0 %降至 9 0 %左右 ;小腿肿胀分别由10 0 0 %和 92 0 %下降为 2 0 7%和 2 2 0 % ;术后难愈合的溃疡分别为 6 9%和 0 0 % ;3年内小腿浅静脉曲张复发率分别为 13 8%与 8 0 %。但 2组之间比较 ,差异无显著意义 (均P >0 0 5 )。结论静脉外袢成形术治疗DVI的疗效尚需进一步评价。     

经内镜结扎交通静脉治疗慢性下肢静脉性溃疡

目的 探讨内镜深筋膜下交通静脉结扎术（SEPS）治疗慢性下肢静脉性溃疡的疗效。方法 SPES治疗11例（11条）慢性下肢静脉性溃疡病人,（CEAP）分型：V型7例,Ⅵ型4例。手术方法用腹腔镜行SEPS、股浅静脉第一瓣膜缩窄术和浅静脉高位结扎术加抽剥术。结果 术后肢体症状和浅静脉曲张消失。11例溃疡均在4－6周内愈合。结论 SEPS是治疗慢性下肢静脉性溃疡的有效方法,损伤小,并发症少,溃疡愈合快,且能改善下肢外观。具有腹腔镜设备的医院都能开展该手术。     

腔镜深筋膜下交通静脉离断术治疗下肢静脉性溃疡

目的:探讨腔镜深筋膜下交通静脉离断术(SEPS)治疗下肢静脉性溃疡(VLU)的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析3年半内收治的70例(76条患肢)下肢静脉功能不全患者的临床资料。按CEAP临床分类,其中C4级38例(41条患肢),C5级18例(18条患肢),C6级14例(17条患肢)。18例(18条患肢)C4级患者行大隐静脉高位结扎分段剥脱术(传统组),其余患者采用SEPS联合大隐静脉高位结扎分段剥脱术(SEPS组)。分析患肢手术前后的CEAP临床评分及患肢溃疡愈合时间和复发情况。结果:SEPS组患者术后曲张静脉团消失,患肢酸胀及沉重感逐渐减轻,局部瘙痒及创面疼痛缓解;C5级患者溃疡愈合区色素沉着及硬化明显改善,皮炎消失;C6级患者足靴区活动性溃疡在术后10~60 d(平均47.3 d)愈合;术后患肢的CEAP临床评分均低于术前(均P<0.05);平均随访15个月,无复发患者。SEPS组C4级患者与传统组患者术后各项评分均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论:SEPS是治疗重度下肢静脉功能不全合并VLU的有效方法。     

深静脉瓣膜修复成形术治疗下肢慢性静脉功能不全的随机对照临床研究

目的探讨深静脉瓣膜修复成形术在下肢慢性静脉功能不全治疗中的作用与疗效。方法30例双下肢慢性静脉功能不全的患者接受静脉系统手术治疗。每例2条肢体各采取不同手术方式并随机分组。1条患肢行股浅静脉外瓣膜复成形术加浅静脉手术(A组);另1条患肢仅行浅静脉手术(B组)。术后1个月和3年,利用彩超、流速剖面图彩超技术、空气体积描记仪(APG)和静脉功能不全评分等方法,比较各例2条肢体的疗效以及2组间疗效。结果全组30例患者60条肢体均为CEAP临床分级(Kistner分级)C2～C4级,经彩超和下肢静脉造影证实深静脉瓣膜功能不全返流均为Ⅲ度。术后1个月和3年随访比较,各例属于A组的患肢在静脉返流度、静脉返流量及各项指标均比属于B组患肢改善明显;A组的静脉返流量、静脉灌注指数均值与B组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。2组的静脉返流度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3年随访时2组的射血分数和剩余容量分数均值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);静脉功能不全评分均值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论深静脉瓣膜修复成形术可使下肢深静脉返流量明显减少,瓣膜功能明显恢复,与下肢浅静脉手术联合治疗下肢慢性静脉功能不全有更好的疗效。     

下肢静脉性溃疡的综合性手术治疗

目的探讨下肢静脉性溃疡综合性手术治疗的价值。方法总结38例(43条肢体)下肢静脉曲张合并静脉性溃疡患者手术治疗的临床资料。全部患者术前都行顺行性深静脉造影。所有患肢均行浅静脉手术和溃疡周围曲张浅静脉缝扎术,其中8条患肢加行深静脉瓣膜修补术,17条患肢加行腔镜深筋膜下交通静脉结扎术即SEPS,9条患肢加行深静脉瓣膜修补术和SEPS。结果术后所有患者的症状消失,溃疡愈合,小腿皮肤的湿疹或色素沉着明显减轻。术后6个月随访,有6条患肢出现溃疡复发,加行SEPS治疗后溃疡愈合。术后1～2年随访,均无静脉性溃疡复发。结论下肢静脉性溃疡是深、浅静脉和交通静脉功能不全共同作用的结果。在治疗下肢静脉性溃疡时,应同时纠正每个静脉系统的功能不全,尤其是交通静脉功能不全。     

股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全疗效评价

目的　评价股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效和应用价值。方法　 97例 (97侧肢体 )经静脉顺行造影证实为原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的患者分为A、B两组 ,A组 79例 ,B组 18例。A组行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术加交通支结扎术同时行股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术 ,B组仅行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术加交通支结扎术。以CEAP临床分类与临床记分和顺行性下肢静脉造影评价疗效。结果　A、B两组术后临床记分均明显下降 (A组P <0 0 1;B组P <0 0 5 )。A组中C5～C6者手术效果较C2 ～C4者好 ;两组C2 ～C4者比较 ,A组手术效果优于B组。术后A组中 6 7侧患肢行顺行性下肢静脉造影 ,瓣膜功能恢复有效率为 83 5 8% (5 6 /6 7) ,显效率为 4 1 79% (2 8/6 7) ;B组 12侧患肢股浅静脉瓣膜功能恢复有效率为 33 33% ,两组有效率比较 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　大隐静脉高位结扎加交通支结扎加股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄术 ,较大隐静脉高位结扎加交通支结扎术更有助于临床症状缓解和瓣膜形态功能的恢复。术前明确诊断为原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全患者 ,宜行股浅静脉瓣膜环形缩窄手术。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.