褪黑素、5-羟色胺和钙调蛋白在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸发病中的作用

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS），是一种青春期发病的脊柱不对称性旋转畸形。AIS的发病率为1．5％～3％，男女发病比例约为1：2．1，并且随着弯度的增长，女性比例逐渐增大；弯度分布主要集中在10～20°，约占90％。关于AIS病因的假说众多，本文通过文献回顾，仅对内分泌学说中的褪黑素、5-羟色胺和钙调蛋白展开讨论。[第一段]     

脊柱侧凸顶椎区椎间盘纤维环中多聚蛋白多糖的表达及意义

目的：探讨脊柱侧凸患者顶椎区椎间盘纤维环中多聚蛋白多糖的表达及其意义。方法：采集2003年7月至2004年9月间行前路松解或矫形手术的40例脊柱侧凸患者侧凸顶椎区椎间盘组织。青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis，AIS）25例，胸椎椎间盘11例，腰椎椎间盘14例；先天性脊柱侧凸患者（congenital scoliosis，CS）15例，胸椎椎间盘6例，腰椎椎间盘9例。利用RT—PCR扩增多聚蛋白多糖（Aguecan），琼脂糖凝胶电泳，在UVP（紫外光测定法）成像系统进行扫描．GelWork图像分析系统中进行灰度测定半定量分析。分别计算AIS组和CS组凹侧、凸侧纤维环中Aggrecan含量，并对CS组和AIS组胸椎和腰椎以及椎间盘的凹侧和凸侧进行比较。结果：AIS组和CS组椎间盘凹侧纤维环中Aggrecan含量低于凸侧．差异有显著性（P〈0．01），胸椎椎间盘纤维环中Aggrecan的含量低于腰椎，但无统计学差异。AIS组Aggrecan的含量和CS组相应部位Aggrecan的含量无明显差别。结论：AIS椎间盘纤维环凹凸侧存在Aggrecan代谢差异．并且可能是脊柱侧凸所致的继发改变．但也可能是脊柱侧凸发生、发展中的重要因素。     

Runx2在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者骨髓间质干细胞中的表达及意义

目的：从骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）水平探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）发病的机制。方法：40例12～18岁志愿者，AIS患者20例，先天性脊柱侧凸（CS）患者10例，正常对照组10例。分别从髂前上棘处穿刺抽取10ml骨髓，肝素抗凝。采用密度梯度离心法分离MSCs，体外培养并传至P3代时行表型鉴定，采用RT-PCR法检测3组MSCs中核心结合因子α1（Runx2）mRNA的表达强度。结果：分离所得单个核细胞传至P3代经流式细胞仪鉴定表型与MSCs表面标记相符。AIS组Runx2的mRNA表达强度与CS组及正常对照组相比有显著统计学差异（P〈0．01），CS组与正常对照组相比无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：转录因子Runx2在MSCs水平表达强度的异常可能与AIS发病有关。     

特发性脊柱侧凸褪黑素信号传导通路的研究进展及其临床意义

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是一个复杂的三维脊柱畸形,常累及青春期10～16岁的女孩.AIS的病因尚小清楚,近来褪黑素信号传导通路的深入研究使得褪黑素(melatonin)与侧凸之间的相关性再次成为AIS病因学研究的一个热点.     

北京市中小学生脊柱侧凸患病率调查报告

目的:了解北京市中小学生脊柱侧凸的患病率。方法:2005年3月～2006年1月对北京市12个区县、73所医疗卫生监控点学校的57581名中小学生进行了脊柱侧凸普查,首先由学校校医或疾病控制中心的体检医师在学校对学生进行初步体格检查,再由骨科医师对阳性或可疑阳性者进行复查;对医师检查阳性或可疑阳性者到医院行X线摄片检查。结果:共检出脊柱侧凸患者64例(Cobb角≥10°),患病率为0.11%。其中特发性脊柱侧凸59例,占92.19%,女性52例,男性7例,女性患病率显著高于男性(χ2=36.147,P<0.001);先天性脊柱侧凸4例,神经肌肉源性脊柱侧凸1例。结论:北京市中小学生脊柱侧凸的患病率为0.11%,女性患病率明显高于男性。对青少年进行脊柱侧凸普查可以早期发现、及时矫治,对防治脊柱侧凸具有积极意义。     

早发性特发性脊柱侧凸和青少年特发性脊柱侧凸手术患者侧弯临床特征的显著差异

特发性脊柱侧凸可发生在各个年龄段,早发性特发性脊柱侧凸（idiopathic early-onset scoliosis, IEOS）发病于5岁以前,青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）发病于10～18岁之间。目前有关AIS的侧凸弯曲方式研究较为深入,广泛采用的分型有King和Lenke分型系统,其中Lenke分型应用更广,但不适宜直接应用于幼年患者。本研究旨在将需要手术治疗的IEOS和AIS患者进行对比,明确二者在主要弯曲特征、稳定椎位置或后凸畸形程度等方面是否存在不同,如果存在明显差异,则进一步探究其临床意义。     

褪黑素受体1B基因多态性与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的相关性研究

系列研究证明了青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）存在遗传性。另外，有证据表明AIS可能与褪黑素缺乏及褪黑素信号途径功能障碍有关。褪黑素受体1B（MTNR1B）基因位于与AIS相关的染色体片段上，其可能与AIS的发病有关。本文作者通过人类基因组单体型图（Hapmap）计划采集一组示踪单核苷酸多态性（tagSNPs）来研究MTNR1B基因的多态性，[第一段]     

脊柱侧凸手术后的神经并发症

目的统计脊柱侧凸手术后神经并发症的发生率，分析神经损害的危险因素。方法将1373例脊柱侧凸患者按应用植入物与否分别统计术后神经并发症发生率。将应用植入物的脊柱侧凸患者1286例按不同的年龄、不同的病因学分类、是否伴有后凸畸形、不同的手术入路、不同的Cobb角分段、初次及翻修手术和不同的侧凸类型分别统计神经并发症发生率。结果（1）1373例脊柱侧凸患者神经并发症发生率为1．89％，重度神经并发症发生率为0．51％，轻度神经并发症发生率为1．38％。植入物应用与否其神经并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义。（2）应用植入物者神经并发症发生率为1．94％，重度神经并发症发生率为0．54％，轻度神经并发症发生率为1.40％。（3）青少年特发性脊柱侧凸组的神经并发症发生率为1．06％，低于先天性脊柱侧凸组的3．41％（P〈0．05）；后凸型脊柱侧凸组的神经并发症发生率高于非后凸型脊柱侧凸组，分别为3．69％和1.35％（P〈0．05）；前后路联合手术组的神经并发症发生率高于单一前路组和单一后路组，分别为3．45％、1．02％和1．32％，后路手术组与前后路联合手术组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；Cobb角≥90°组神经并发症发生率为3．82％，高于Cobb角〈90°组的1．46％（P〈0．05）；翻修手术组的神经并发症发生率高于初次手术组，分别为5．97％和1．72％（P〈0．05）；不同年龄段分组、不同侧凸类型各组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论先天性脊柱侧凸、后凸型脊柱侧凸、前后路联合入路治疗脊柱侧凸、Cobb角≥90°的脊柱侧凸、翻修手术的术后神经并发症发生率较高。     

广东省青少年脊柱侧凸患病率调查报告

目的 :了解广东省青少年脊柱侧凸患病率。方法 :对广州、韶关、中山、珠海等市城乡的 875 4 6名 7～ 18岁在校学生应用三检法 (体检、波纹照相、X线照片 )进行脊柱侧凸患病率普查 ,并测量其身高、坐高、体重等生长发育数据。受检者的脊柱照片采用Coob法进行测量 ,Coob角≥ 10°者诊断为脊柱侧凸。结果 :经三检诊断为脊柱侧凸者6 5 3人 ,脊柱侧凸患病率为 7 5‰ ,其中男性患病率 6 1‰ ,女性患病率 9 0‰ ,男 /女 =1/ 1 4 8。特发性脊柱侧凸6 33人 ,占 96 9%。结论 :脊柱侧凸在青少年中有较高的患病率 ,应大力提倡开展青少年脊柱侧凸的普查工作 ,提高我国青少年保健水平。     

西安市青少年脊柱侧凸患病率调查及其防治

目的:调查西安市儿童脊柱侧凸的患病率,为脊柱侧凸的防治及建立陕西省脊柱侧凸监控中心提供依据。方法:分别于2002年4～5月、2003年4～5月对西安市城乡25725名7～15岁的中、小学生进行脊柱侧凸普查,采用“三检筛选”普查方法,即体检、波纹照像(Moiretomography)和X线摄片,统计患病率情况并对脊柱侧凸患者进行相应的处理。结果:体检阳性者1389例,男性702例,女性687例;波纹照像阳性者607例,男性295例,女性312例;X线摄片Cobb角≥10°者343例,患病率为1.33%(343/25725)。对10例Cobb角>40°者进行了手术治疗。结论:通过普查,可以早发现、早诊断青少年脊柱侧凸,以便及时防治。     

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Is low melatonin a cause?

BACKGROUND: Although the cause of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis remains unclear, pinealectomy is followed by the development of scoliosis in chickens. Melatonin is the only hormone secreted by pineal gland. OBJECTIVE: To assess serum melatonin levels in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: Serum melatonin was assayed once, at 12:00 hours, in each of 20 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and 10 age-matched siblings. In the patient group, mean age was 14.3 years and the mean Cobb angle was 54.5 degrees (range, 20 degrees-110 degrees). Mean age in the control group was 14 years. RESULTS: Serum melatonin was significantly lower in the patients (mean, 7.7 pg/mL; range, 4 to 13 pg/mL) than in the controls (mean, 29.9 pg/mL; range, 19.3 to 46 pg/mL) (P < 0.00001). The 12 surgically treated patients had a mean melatonin level of 8.1 pg/mL, versus 7.2 pg/mL in the eight other patients (nonsignificant P and regression coefficient values). Serum melatonin was not significantly correlated with the Cobb's angle (regression coefficient, 0.18; P < 0.44). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that serum melatonin levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis.     

Scoliose idiopathique de l'adolescence : la mélatonine est-elle en cause ?

Background. Although the cause of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis remains unclear, pinealectomy is followed by the development of scoliosis in chickens. Melatonin is the only hormone secreted by pineal gland. Objective. To assess serum melatonin levels in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Methods. Serum melatonin was assayed once, at 12:00 AM, in each of 20 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and 10 age-matched siblings. In the patient group, mean age was 14.3 years and the mean Cobb angle was 54.5° (range 20°–110°). Mean age in the control group was 14 years. Results. Serum melatonin was significantly lower in the patients (mean, 7.7 pg/mL; range, 4 to 13 pg/mL) than in the controls (mean, 29.9 pg/mL; range, 19.3 to 46 pg/mL) (P<0.00001). The 12 surgically treated patients had a mean melatonin level of 8.1 pg/ml, versus 7.2 pg/mL in the eight other patients (nonsignificant P and regression coefficient values). Serum melatonin was not significantly correlated with the Cobb's angle (regression coefficient, 0.18; P<0.44). Conclusion. Our data suggest that serum melatonin levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis.     

Pineal transplantation after pinealectomy in young chickens has no effect on the development of scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN: Three experimental groups and one control group of chickens underwent different surgical procedures to determine the effects of pineal gland transplantation on the development of scoliosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether transplantation of the pineal gland to the body wall musculature maintains serum melatonin levels at normal values and prevents the development of scoliosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Scoliosis occurs consistently after pinealectomy in young chickens. Many characteristics of this scoliosis are similar to those seen in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. It is not clear whether the underlying mechanism is dependent on reduced levels of serum melatonin or some other aspect of the extensive surgery. METHODS: Four groups of chickens were selected: normal chickens, pinealectomized chickens, chickens that underwent simple cutting of the pineal stalk, and chickens that underwent transplantation of the pineal gland into the body wall. Development of scoliosis was determined from measurement of the Cobb angle from weekly radiographs. RESULTS: All of the experimental groups showed the same levels of incidence and the same patterns of scoliosis development. Serum melatonin levels were reduced to nearly zero in all the experimental groups for the duration of the experiment. Scoliosis developed in none of the normal chickens. CONCLUSIONS: Neither transplantation of the pineal gland into the body wall musculature nor simple cutting of the pineal stalk was able to maintain normal levels of serum melatonin because both procedures reduced levels to nearly zero. The incidence and pattern of scoliosis development in these groups were the same as those for the pinealectomized group. Reduction of serum melatonin levels remains a prerequisite for scoliosis development in young chickens.     

Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study

A prospective study was carried out of the incidence and natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in 26,947 students. Data were obtained on 1,122 students with idiopathic scoliosis. The incidence of idiopathic scoliosis was 4.5 per cent. The female-to-male ratio was 1.25:1.0 over-all, but the ratio varied directly with the severity of the curve--that is, 1:1 for curves of 6 to 10 degrees, and 5.4:1 for curves of more than 20 degrees. Progression of the curve was determined by a two-year follow-up of 603 patients. Progression was observed in 6.8 per cent of the students and in 15.4 per cent of the skeletally immature girls with scoliosis of more than 10 degrees at the initial examination. In 20 per cent of the skeletally immature children with curves of 20 degrees at the initial examination, there was no progression. Spontaneous improvement of the curve occurred in 3 per cent and was seen more frequently in curves milder than 11 degrees. Treatment was required in 2.75 students per 1,000 screened.     

Melatonin and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Scoliosis seen in the chicken after pinealectomy resembles adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in man. It has been suggested that in both species, deficiency of the pineal hormone, melatonin, is responsible for this phenomenon. In nine patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and in ten age- and gender-matched controls, the circadian levels of serum melatonin and the excretion of urinary 6-hydroxy-melatonin-sulphate, the principal metabolite of melatonin, were determined. There were no statistically significant differences in the secretion of serum melatonin or the excretion of urinary 6-hydroxy-melatonin-sulphate between the patients and the control group. The hypothesis of melatonin deficiency as a causative factor in the aetiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cannot be supported by our data.     

特发性左侧胸椎侧凸

目的：探讨特发性左侧胸椎侧凸的临床特点及其可能病因。方法：对77例特发性左侧胸椎侧凸作回顾性分析,其中23例行肌电图检查。47例行全脊柱MRI检查。结果：物理检查12例有异常神经学发现,肌电图检查23例均提示神经原性损害,MRI检查有9例证实神经异常。结论：特发性左侧腰椎侧凸与脊髓异常有关,对于此类畸形应常规行MRI检查,以免遗漏脊髓异常。     

褪黑素在鸡脊柱侧凸模型中的影响

目的　通过鸡松果体蒂部切断的方法 ,研究褪黑素在松果体切除鸡脊柱侧凸动物模型中的作用。方法　 10只刚孵育出的WhiteLeghorn鸡作为对照组 ,未行任何处理 ,控制白天 12h光照 (强度 5 0 0Lux)、夜间 12h完全黑暗 (强度 0 - 5lux)条件下饲养 ;2 0只WhiteLeghorn鸡在鸡龄 3d时行松果体切除 ,控制光照条件同对照组 ;2 0只WhiteLeghorn鸡 3d时行松果体蒂部切断术 ,控制光照同对照组。 5周时留取所有鸡白天 (mid -day)和夜间 (mid -night)的血清 ,用RIA试剂盒测定血清中褪黑素含量。所有的鸡处死后 ,取骨骼标本 ,行脊柱前后位平片检查。结果　 5周时 ,对照组褪黑素含量呈现明显白天低 (5 7.2 5± 7.4 3)pg/ml,夜间高 (2 5 7.92± 2 6 .0 9)pg/ml的周期性变化。松果体切除组褪黑素含量 ,白天为 (6 0 .0 5± 5 .4 8)pg/ml,夜间为 (5 5 .0 9± 8.35 )pg/ml,其分泌维持低水平。松果体蒂部切断组褪黑素含量 ,白天为 (5 8.77± 8.4 4 )pg/ml,夜间为 (2 4 8.4 7± 2 7.2 1)pg/ml,仍呈白天低 ,夜间高的周期性变化。X线检查 :对照组 10只鸡无脊柱侧凸发生 ;松果体切除组 2 0只鸡中 9只鸡发生了脊柱侧凸 ,发生率为 4 5 % ;松果体蒂部切断组 2 0只鸡中有 11只发生了侧弯 ,发生率为 5 5 %。结论　松果体切除和松果体蒂部     

口腔错[牙合]畸形与青少年特发性脊柱侧弯相互关系的临床研究

目的:旨在研究错[牙合]畸形与青少年特发性脊柱侧弯的相关性,为临床早发现、早治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧弯提供依据。方法:选择南京邦德骨科医院门诊收治的100例青少年特发性脊柱侧弯患者为研究对象。随机按比例抽取100名在校大、中、小学生作为对照组,检查口腔咬合状况。观察两组人群中错[牙合]畸形发生率及类型,并进行统计学分析。结果:脊柱侧弯人群错[牙合]畸形的发生率略高于普通人群(P=0.04),安氏Ⅱ类2分类错[牙合]畸形的发生率略高于对照组(P<0.05)。脊柱侧弯不同部位发生错[牙合]畸形的类型略有不同,颈胸段侧弯患者偏[牙合]畸形的发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:安氏Ⅱ类2分类错[牙合]畸形与青少年特发性脊柱侧弯有一定的相关性,具体情况还有待进一步研究。     

广东省中山市城乡中、小学生脊柱侧凸普查及防治

目的了解脊柱侧凸症在广东中山地区的患病率,做到对此症及时发现、有效防治。方法于１９９７年６月～１９９８年６月对广东省中山市城乡２６所中、小学１８３２９名７～１５岁中、小学生进行了脊柱侧凸的普查,采用“三检筛选”普查方法,即一检体检、二检云纹照像、三检Ｘ线摄片。结果体检阳性者６１３例,云纹照像阳性者１８７例,Ｘ线摄片发现１０°以上脊柱侧凸患者１１２例,患病率为０６１％（１１２／１８３２９）。对其中１１０例进行早期体操疗法、悬吊牵引治疗或手术治疗等。结论在青少年时期开展脊柱侧凸的群体普查是早期发现、及时防治脊柱侧凸的一种有效方法。     

The Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire adapted for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients in China: reliability and validity analysis

Study design Outcome investigation to verify the internal consistency, reproducibility and validity of the adapted Chinese version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire for measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with idiopathic scoliosis. Objective To develop this questionnaire for the outcome measurement in treating Chinese adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and evaluate its metric qualities. Summary of background data The SRS-22 questionnaire has proven to be a valid instrument for clinical assessment of patients with idiopathic scoliosis and has been successfully translated into Spanish and Turkish. In most developing countries, however, quality of life and psychological health have been poorly described when treating children with idiopathic scoliosis. Methods Trans-cultural adaptation of the SRS-22 questionnaire was carried out according to the International Quality of Life Assessment Project guidelines. The final version was approved by a committee of experts. The questionnaire was completed by 86 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis who had been treated with a brace; this included 11 males and 75 females, aged from 10 to 18 years (mean 13.9 years). Curve magnitude ranged from 25° to 45° (mean 35.6°). A subgroup of 30 patients completed the questionnaire again in 3 or 4 weeks. Results Five common factors were acquired from factorial analysis, and the cumulative contribution ratio was 67.66%. The overall alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.88. Coefficients for individual domains were as follows: function/activity, 0.70; pain, 0.80; self-image, 0.80; mental health, 0.88; and satisfaction, 0.81. The questionnaire as a whole had a test–retest correlation coefficient of 0.97. Test–retest correlation coefficients for individual domains were as follows: function, 0.85; pain, 0.96; self-image, 0.96; mental health, 0.95; and satisfaction, 0.91. Conclusion The Chinese version of the SRS-22 questionnaire is eligible in terms of reliability and validity, and can be used to measure HRQoL for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients in Mainland China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.