Arthroscopic repair of the medial retinaculum after first time dislocation of the patella

Between March 1994 and December 1997, an arthroscopic repair of the medial retinaculum after first time dislocation of the patella was performed 38 times in 34 patients. The operative technique is being described as well as the results after an average follow-up of 25 months in 31 cases. In the group with radiologically determined predisposing factors (n = 20) as many osteochondral flakes were found as in the group without these factors, but there were significantly less chondral lesions on the lateral femoral condyle and the medial patellar facet. There were no complications during hospitalization, although in 3 (10%) cases a redislocation occurred during follow-up. According to the subjective Turba Score, 84% of the patients showed a good or very good, and 16% a fair result, including cases with redislocation. The arthroscopic repair of the medial retinaculum after first time patellar dislocation is a minimal invasive method with very low peri- and postoperative morbidity. The redislocation rate can be reduced to at least 50% compared to the published data on conservative treatment.     

Arthroscopic repair of the medial retinaculum and capsule in acute patellar dislocations

Treatment for acute dislocations of the patella is highly controversial among many knee surgeons. This study proposes an arthroscopic technique for the surgical repair of the retinacular-capsular defects caused from acute patellar dislocation. The clinical material used involved 30 cases with no previous history of patellar instability and with history of documented lateral dislocation accompanied by an acute hemarthrosis. All individuals in this study were treated with arthroscopic medial capsular-retinacular repair and lateral retinacular release. The follow-up on these patients, ranging from 1 to 7 years postoperatively, revealed that the results of treatment were gratifying in all instances with the exception of one traumatic redislocation. It appears that the arthroscopic procedure used in this study was successful in stabilization of the acute dislocation of the patella, and that it is a beneficial addition to present surgical treatment for the acute dislocation of the patella. This technique provides early accurate diagnosis and, thus, early accurate restoration of normal anatomy. This technique is by no means the only way, but it is one way to obtain satisfactory results in the treatment of this most difficult problem.     

Operative versus non-operative management of primary patellar dislocation: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

BackgroundAcute patellar dislocation is a common knee injury in adolescents and adults that is associated with a high incidence of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) injuries. The aim of this network meta‐analysis was to compare the different operative and non-operative protocols for the management of primary patellar dislocation (PPD).MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL databases. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared operative and non-operative protocols for adolescent or adult patients with acute traumatic PPD. We sought to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of each management protocol by considering the results of Kujala score, Tegner activity score, redislocation rate, and subluxation rate. The effectiveness of the different management protocols was measured through frequentist network meta-analysis, using the Netmeta statistical package in R software. All treatment protocols were ranked using the netrank function, yielding P scores.ResultsA total of 10 RCTs were deemed eligible. As per P-scores, open MPFL repair yielded the highest effectiveness with respect to Kujala score (P=0.81) and lowest odds for redislocation (P=0.14) whereas arthroscopic MPFL repair yielded the highest effectiveness with respect to Tegner activity score (P=0.85) and lowest odds for subluxation (P=0.21). Arthroscopic MPFL repair showed a significant reduction in redislocation and subluxation rate.ConclusionThis network meta-analysis demonstrated arthroscopic MPFL repair is the most effective treatment protocol for the management of acute primary patellar dislocation.     

Shoulder dislocation and -subluxation

The diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instability require basic differentiation between unidirectional, multidirectional, and voluntary dislocation. Within unidirectional instability primary dislocation, recurrent dislocation, and recurrent subluxation need to be considered separately.--Primary dislocation: In 160 patients with primary dislocation a follow-up was done by questionnaire. In the case of atraumatic primary dislocation the redislocation rate was 100%. Predisposing factors inherent in the bony, cartilaginous, and capsular components of the joint favoured the tendency of primary dislocation. In the case of traumatic primary dislocation the redislocation rate was lower after immobilisation of the joint than without when it had not been immobilised.--Recurrent subluxation: In 52 patients with a clinical diagnosis of recurrent subluxation a tear of the glenoid labrum was found by arthroscopy. In 21 cases the detached labrum was refixed arthroscopically and in 18 cases the repair was done by an open Bankart procedure. Seventy-two percent of the patients who underwent arthroscopic repair showed good to excellent results. In all cases but one in which the Bankart procedure was applied the results were excellent.--Recurrent dislocation: Since 1984 a total of 183 patients were operated on for recurrent shoulder dislocation. All these patients were examined preoperatively by CT scan. The CT findings were used in selection of the appropriate procedure. In 114 patients the Bankart procedure was applied and in 39 cases, a bone-block method. The remaining patients were subjected to various other procedures. Not one of the patients showed postoperative redislocation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

关节镜辅助下小切口重建内侧髌股韧带治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下小切口同种异体肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月～2010年4月共收治28例创伤性复发性髌骨脱位,所有患者在第一次脱位均为膝关节外伤所致,伤后患膝明显肿胀及髌骨脱位-复位感,此后出现髌骨脱位3次以上者。手术方法:先行关节镜检查,髌骨外侧支持带紧张者行松解术,关节镜监视下调整MFPL的张力并于其解剖止点以同种异体肌腱重建MFPL,术后接受正规功能康复锻炼。结果术后平均随访26个月(12～36个月)。重建术后无髌骨再次脱位发生,髌股关节稳定。术前、术后均采用Lysholm和Kujala膝关节评分标准,手术前后评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论选择适当的病例,重建内侧髌股韧带是治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法。     

关节镜下双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-07—2018-09诊治的20例骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位,在关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱经大收肌肌腱止点悬吊双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗。结果 20例均获得随访,随访时间平均21.2(12~36)个月。所有患者术后复查均未再发生髌骨脱位或半脱位,膝关节功能恢复满意。末次随访时髌股适合角为(-1.79±3.26)°,髌骨倾斜角为(11.11±1.08)°,较术前明显减小;末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分为(94.60±2.58)分,髌股关节功能Kujala评分为(91.05±2.33)分,较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位患者,关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗可获得稳定的髌骨滑动轨迹,髌骨脱位矫正良好。     

治疗青少年首次外伤性髌骨脱位的临床观察

目的探讨青少年首次外伤性髌骨脱位的治疗方案。方法2010年1月至2017年12月上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心骨科接诊的外伤性髌骨脱位共62例(62膝)。62例患儿均有下肢外伤史,平均年龄11.9岁。行髌骨复位或者游离体取出术后均行股四头肌肌力训练、内推髌骨、护膝佩戴及避免剧烈活动3个月。结果24例行膝关节穿刺抽吸血肿,平均抽吸血量为20.6 ml。初次发病后平均随访时间3.9年。13例合并膝关节游离体。62例中54例无髌骨脱位复发,8例复发;其中3例复发1次,2例复发2次(该5例中有2例未遵医嘱康复锻炼,遵医嘱康复锻炼后无再脱位);另外3例髌骨再脱位3次以上。再脱位3次和4次后考虑复发性髌骨脱位,行髌骨脱位软组织联合手术后随访3.1年无再脱位。随访患儿平均Kujala评分为93.4分。结论青少年首次外伤性髌骨脱位急性期选择保守治疗,治疗方法操作简单。大部分患儿长期随访效果好,但对患儿及家属依从性要求较高,临床诊疗中可优先考虑保守治疗。如再脱位超过3次以上可考虑伸膝装置软组织重建手术治疗。     

Significance of lateral release in the therapy of patellar chondromalacia

A retrospective study was performed in 26 patients who underwent an operation for femoro-patellar pain due to a patellar chondromalacia with or without minor patellar dislocation/lateral pressure syndrome. The average age of the patients was 28.5 (15-39) years. 22 of the 26 patients revealed minor chondral damages of the stages 1 and 2 according to Outerbridge. In 12 patients ("lavage" group), an arthroscopic joint debridement only was carried out, while an additional open, lateral retinaculum release was made in 14 patients ("lateral release" group). The patella's distance of dislocation according to Hepp was reduced on an average of 3.0 (0-7) mm (p = 0.0019). The results of Bentley's score obtained during the follow-up interval on an average of 30.1 (9 to 60) months were almost identical for both groups. "Good" and "very good" results were achieved in the "lavage" group (83.3 %) and "lateral release" group (78.6 % of the patients). Lateral release should be used in cases of patellar decentration between 5 and 10 mm and adequate pain symptoms. The post-operative distance of dislocation should be less than 5 mm. Under such conditions and with minor chondral damage, a combined approach by using an arthroscopic joint debridement and open lateral release is promising to treat a patellar dislocation/lateral pressure syndrome.     

综合术式治疗髌骨习惯性脱位

目的 探讨治疗习惯性髌骨脱位的手术方法。方法 利用外侧松解、内侧紧缩、股内侧肌止点下移、外侧1／2半髌韧带止点或胫骨结节内移及内侧筋膜瓣牵拉治疗10例（12膝）习惯性髌骨脱位患者。结果 随访3个月－2年,患者关节功能良好,髌骨脱位无复发,优良率75％。结论 该方法简单易行,效果肯定。     

髌股关节发育不良对髌骨脱位磁共振成像表现的影响

背景：当存在髌股关节发育不良时,髌骨脱位的损伤程度较轻,因此更加依赖影像学诊断。 目的：比较髌股关节发育不良患者和髌股关节发育正常患者髌骨脱位时磁共振成像（MRI）表现的异同。 方法：回顾性分析54例经临床证实的髌骨脱位患者的MRI影像学资料。髌股关节发育不良患者32例,髌股关节发育正常患者22例。记录患者MRI中髌骨内侧骨挫伤或撕脱骨折、髌骨关节面骨软骨骨折、股骨外侧髁外侧部骨挫伤、髌股内侧支持带撕裂等情况。 结果：髌股关节发育不良组的32例患者中,髌骨内缘骨折12例,内侧支持带损伤10例,髌骨软骨损伤7例,股骨外髁骨挫伤18例;髌股关节发育正常组的22例患者中,髌骨内缘骨折8例,内侧支持带损伤14例,髌骨软骨损伤14例,股骨外髁骨挫伤14例。两组在内侧支持带损伤和髌骨内缘骨折上有显著统计学差异（P＜0.05）。 结论：MRI可以较好地诊断髌骨脱位。当髌股关节发育不良时,内侧支持带损伤和髌骨内缘骨折的发生率降低。     

关节镜下新式髌骨内侧支持带紧缩技术及疗效分析(附11例报告)

目的介绍一种关节镜下新式髌骨内侧支持带紧缩缝合技术矫正髌骨脱位的手术方法,并探讨其疗效。方法2006年6月~2008年6月应用关节镜下新式支持带紧缩技术对11例髌骨脱位患者进行手术治疗。手术前、后采用Lysholm评分进行膝关节功能评定。结果本组随访10例,平均(19.8±6.0)月。随访期内无一例复发脱位。术前Lysholm评分平均(79.2±5.9)分,术后提高至(93.0±2.4)分,手术前后Lysholm评分比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论该关节镜下内侧支持带紧缩技术操作简单快速,可获得满意疗效。     

儿童习惯性髌骨脱位的手术治疗

目的 探讨治疗儿童习惯性髌骨脱位的手术方法。方法 习惯性髌骨脱位患者３６例,平均年龄９．１岁;采用复合性软组织手术的方法对其中４５个髌骨脱位进行治疗;手术方法包括膝外侧软组织广泛松解,股外侧肌止点上移,膝内仙软组织紧缩,股内侧肌移位和半侧髌腱内移术;平均随访时间４年４个月。结果 ２８例患者获得满意的功能和稳定的膝关节。运动能力明显提高;７例随访时间４年４个月。结果 ２８例患者获得满意的功能和稳定的膝关节。运动能力明显提高;７例患者虽然对膝关节功能很满意,但在进行剧烈体育运动时手术侧膝关节有力弱感,与术前相比改善不明显;１例患者术后发生再脱位,所有患者均无伤口感染和膝关节活动受限。结论 采用复合性软组织手术的方法治疗儿童习惯性髌骨脱位患者,不损伤骨骺,易于操作,可取得明显疗效。     

关节镜辅助下解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗习惯性髌骨脱位

目的 :观察内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 :回顾性分析2009年6月至2014年12月25例习惯性髌骨脱位患者在关节镜辅助下行内侧髌股韧带重建术的临床资料,其中男10例,女15例;平均年龄18.4岁(15~25岁);术前有运动外伤史15例,慢性损伤史7例,无明显诱因3例;左膝11例,右膝14例;脱位次数3~10次。术后进行相应的功能锻炼。依据膝关节活动度、Lysholm评分、Kujala评分、Insall评定法以及髌骨恐惧试验、髌骨研磨试验对术后临床效果进行评价。结果:25例均获得随访,时间12~48个月,平均24.8个月。术后所有患者切口愈合良好,无感染、再脱位等相关并发症。末次随访时患者膝关节活动度(122.60±5.42)°,高于术前的(105.40±5.93)°;Lysholm评分91.44±5.53,高于术前的64.12±7.49;Kujala评分92.44±2.69,高于术前的57.88±5.10;Insall评定法评定优19例,良5例,可1例。结论:关节镜辅助下解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗习惯性髌骨脱位疗效确切,有助于临床症状的缓解和膝关节功能的改善。     

A new minimally invasive surgical technique for medial retinaculum repair following traumatic patellar dislocation

A new surgical method is introduced offering a less invasive approach to reattach the medial retinaculum following acute patellar dislocation. This retrospective analysis comprised 12 cases of medial retinacular repair in 10 patients. The surgical technique achieved reinforced reattachment of the torn region of the medial retinaculum for improved patellar support and stabilization. During follow-up, no recurrent patellar dislocations occurred, except where one patient reported a subjective feeling of patellar dislocation. The average Kujala score for our sample group after 2 years was 89.2. A plethora of methods are described in the literature to repair a tear to the medial patellofemoral ligament, which attaches at the superomedial patella. However, it is our contention that traumatic patellar dislocation invariably results in osteochondral avulsion at the inferomedial patella, refuting medial patellofemoral ligament involvement, and, rather, implicating the inferior aspect of the deep layer of medial retinaculum. Our surgical technique enables stable fixation of the region, decreasing the rate of recurrent dislocations. No grafts are used, permitting tendinous and ligamentous anatomy to remain intact. We further postulate that performing a CT examination preoperatively may reduce time between diagnosis and surgery, in addition to locating fracture sites more precisely.     

Lateral retinacular release of the patella

From October 1977 through January 1984, 2,330 arthroscopic procedures of the knee were performed by one of the authors (G.J.S.). Among these procedures, 35 lateral retinacular releases were performed through minimal, lateral incisions. Twenty-two knees in 22 patients were available for follow-up evaluation, and these cases were reviewed retrospectively. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 22.6 years. The average follow-up period was 48 months. The patients were divided into three subgroups on the basis of their preoperative diagnosis. Group I (eight knees) had a history of patellar dislocations; group II (seven knees) had recurrent patellar subluxation, identified by history and physical and radiographic examinations; and group III (seven knees) had patellar pain without a history of dislocations or subluxation and with no symptoms of instability. All of these patients underwent diagnostic arthroscopy and lateral retinacular release, as well as arthroscopic treatment of associated pathology. Postoperatively and at the time of followup, all patients were evaluated for pain, function and patellar instability. In 15 patients with a history of patellar dislocation or subluxation, 67% were found to have had significant improvement in their symptoms, which was borne out by the findings during physical examination. None was worse following treatment. Among the seven patients with no history of patellar dislocation or subluxation, only one of the seven had a satisfactory result. Based upon the findings of this study, it was concluded that arthroscopic lateral retinacular release is a reasonable, initial step in the surgical treatment of patellar dislocation or subluxation, resistant to conservative treatment. Its efficacy in cases of recalcitrant patellar pain without a history of instability is doubtful.     

关节镜辅助下三联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下三联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的近期疗效。方法对23例复发性髌骨脱位患者在关节镜辅助下行外侧支持带松解、内侧髌股韧带重建及改良Fulkerson截骨术。术后随访,评估影像学检查结果、Tegner下肢运动能力主观评分、Lysholm膝关节功能综合评分和Kujala髌股关节评分。结果 23例均获随访,时间12~36(24.3±7.82)个月。患者无髌骨再脱位或半脱位,Q角在正常范围。患膝CT显示,髌骨/股骨滑车适配角从术前13.30°±5.15°改善至末次随访时5.72°±3.32°(P0.01),髌股关节外侧张开角从术前0.70°±2.85°改善至末次随访时8.13°±2.75°(P0.01)。Lysholm评分从术前47.92分±16.23分提高至末次随访时93.27分±7.91分(P0.01);Tegner评分从术前5.32分±1.10分提高至末次随访时6.37分±0.83分(P0.01);Kujala髌股关节评分从术前55.3分±11.23分提高至末次随访时83.2分±13.91分(P0.01)。结论关节镜辅助下三联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位能有效防止复发和恢复髌股关节功能,疗效满意。     

关节镜手术治疗急性髌骨脱位的临床疗效分析

目的：探讨关节镜在急性髌骨脱位中的应用,评价关节镜下治疗方法的临床疗效。方法：2002年5月至2009年3月,共收治急性髌骨脱位36例,男6例,女30例;年龄12～30岁,平均20.5岁;左侧15例,右侧21例,均为单侧受累。术前对所有患者行放射学检查观察股骨髁发育、下肢对线状况,测量Q角、股骨滑车角。全部病例在关节镜下手术,取出游离骨软骨碎片,松解外侧支持带以及皮下紧缩缝合内侧支持带。结果：随访13～60个月,平均42个月,均未发生感染等并发症,全部病例膝关节活动恢复正常,无疼痛、绞锁等症状。Lysholm评分由术前平均（28.9±2.5）分增加到术后平均（95.1±8.4）分,未发生再脱位。结论：急性髌骨脱位是一个潜在的破坏性损伤,关节镜手术治疗在急性髌骨脱位中实用,创伤小,恢复快,有效且可靠。     

关节镜下内侧髌股支持带缝合与石膏固定治疗急性髌骨脱位的病例对照研究

目的:比较关节镜下髌内侧支持带紧缩术和石膏固定法治疗急性髌骨脱位的疗效.方法:回顾性分析2006年2月至2012年10月收治的急性髌骨脱位患者29例,病史2周以内,年龄9～31岁,分为手术组和非手术组.手术组17例,男7例,女10例,平均年龄(16.2±6.2)岁,采用关节镜下髌内侧支持带紧缩术治疗;非手术组12例,男5例,女7例,平均年龄(16.3±5.0)岁,行石膏外固定治疗.治疗前及随访1年时,进行Kujala评分,行CT检查测量髌骨倾斜角,观察髌骨恐惧症发生情况.结果:手术组治疗前后髌骨倾斜角差异无统计学意义,治疗后Kujala评分低于治疗前;非手术组治疗后髌骨倾斜角大于治疗前,Kujala评分低于治疗前.随访1年,手术组Kujala评分84.1±5.6,高于非手术组73.3±10.5;髌骨倾斜角(13.5±3.5)°,小于非手术组(21.2±5.3)°.结论:关节镜下采用髌内侧支持带紧缩术治疗急性髌骨脱位相比石膏外固定治疗,在术后1年之内具有更好的效果.     

Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of immediate arthroscopic stabilization versus immobilization and rehabilitation in first traumatic anterior dislocations of the shoulder.

Our purpose was to compare the effectiveness of traditional treatment with immediate arthroscopic stabilization in young patients who have sustained a first traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Forty skeletally mature patients younger than 30 years of age were randomly allocated to immobilization for 3 weeks followed by rehabilitation (group T) or arthroscopic stabilization (within 4 weeks of injury) followed by an identical immobilization and rehabilitation protocol (group S). A blinded research assistant performed all follow-up evaluations. The dominant arm was involved in 35% of subjects. The injury occurred in a sporting event in 70% of subjects. At 24 months, there was a statistically significant difference in the rate of redislocation (T = 47%, S = 15.9%, P = .03). An intention-to-treat analysis comparing disease-specific quality of life using the validated Western Ontario Shoulder Instability (WOSI) index showed statistically significantly better results in the surgically treated group at the 33 months (T = 633.93 v S = 287.1, P = .03) and no significant difference in range of motion. At an average 32 months follow-up, a significant reduction in redislocation and improvement in disease-specific quality of life is afforded by early arthroscopic stabilization in patients less than 30 year of age with a first, traumatic, anterior dislocation of the shoulder.     

Trochleaplasty for patellar instability due to trochlear dysplasia: A minimum 2-year clinical and radiological follow-up of 19 knees

Background Recurrent patellar dislocation may be associated with trochlear dysplasia. Trochleaplasty is a surgical procedure which strives to deepen the trochlear groove. We evaluated the clinical and radiological effect of trochleaplasty after a minimum follow-up of 2 years.

Patients and methods We examined 19 knees in 16 patients at a mean of 3 years after trochleaplasty. Postoperatively, a subjective questionnaire, a Kujala score, and tests for potential patellar redislocation and apprehension were evaluated. On radiographs we evaluated the preoperative and postoperative crossing sign, trochlear depth, trochlear bump, and patellar height. On CT scans, the pre- and postoperative tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove distance (TTTG) and the patellar inclination angle were measured.

Results 16 of 19 knees improved subjectively. The Kujala score increased from 56 to 80 points at the latest follow-up. None of the patients sustained a redislocation. 5 patients had medial parapatellar tenderness, including 4 with persistent apprehension. Radiological signs of trochlear dysplasia were corrected.

Interpretation Patellofemoral instability with underlying trochlear dysplasia can be treated successfully by trochleaplasty.