三种麻醉方法对腹腔镜手术二氧化碳气腹期间自主神经活动趋势的影响

目的以心率变异性（heart rate variability，HRV）为观察指标，观察分析不同的麻醉方法对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术（Laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）二氧化碳（CO2）气腹期间自主神经活动趋势的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的择期L患者45例，按手术日期分为全身麻醉组（Ⅰ组，对照组）、全身麻醉＋艾司洛尔组（Ⅱ组）和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组（Ⅲ组），分别在麻醉前，气腹前，气腹后5、10、20及30min观察HRV及血流动力学的变化。结果与气腹前相比，Ⅰ组低频（LF）、低频／高频（LF／HF）在气腹后不同时点均显著升高（P〈0．05）；Ⅱ组LF／HF在气腹后5、10min显著升高（P〈0．05）；Ⅲ组气腹后各时点LF、HF、LF／HF均无显著变化（P〉0．05）。组间比较，Ⅰ组LF、LF／HF在气腹后各时点均显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0．05），Ⅱ组LF在气腹后10min显著高于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05），LF／HF在气腹后5、10min显著高于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。HF各组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论艾司洛尔可减轻气腹引起的应激反应，但不能完全阻止其交感活性的增强；全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于腹腔镜胆囊切除手术，可以抑制气腹引起的交感神经兴奋，维持自主神经的稳定性。     

氧气置换对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩部疼痛原因的临床研究

目的 研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后肩部疼痛发生的原因和机理。方法 将90例行LC的病人随机分为A、B、C3组,每组30例。A组在LC手术结束后不作任何处理。B组在LC结束后吸尽气腹后残余的CO2。C组在LC结束后吸尽残余CO2,再用O2进行3次置换。观察3组术前、术后的PO2、PCO2以及肩痛的发生率和程度。结果 C组术前、术后的PO2差值与A、B2组术前、术后PO2差值相比较大,且差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。A组有13例（13/30,43.33%）、B组有8例（8／30,26．67％）、C组有21例（21／30,70％）发生了肩痛（A组与B组比较,P＞0．05;A组与C组比较,P＜0．05;B组与C组比较,P＜0．01）。C组肩痛程度比A、B2组严重。结论 LC术后肩部疼痛的主要原因不是残余CO2对膈肌的直接刺激,而可能是人工气腹张力对膈肌纤维的牵拉造成的。     

腹腔镜子宫切除术中不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响

目的观察在硬膜外麻醉和全麻下腹腔镜子宫切除术中血浆肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）的变化。方法将40例拟行腹腔镜子宫切除术患者随机分成全麻（GA）组和硬膜外（EA）组,每组20例,监测麻醉前、气腹前10min、气腹后及放气后5min各时点血浆NE、E浓度。结果EA组术中各时点NE浓度无明显变化,气腹前及气腹后E明显增高（P〈0．05）,术毕基本恢复（P〉0．05）;GA组气腹后NE和E均明显增高（P〈0．05）,术毕E仍未恢复（P〈0．05）。结论两种麻醉方法术中均存在明显应激反应,硬膜外麻醉下施行腹腔镜子宫切除术中应激反应较全麻轻。     

CO2气腹对肝硬变大鼠肠黏膜通透性影响的实验研究

目的 探讨CO2气腹对肝硬变大鼠肠道黏膜通透性的影响。方法建立肝硬变大鼠模型。50只大鼠随机分为对照组（n=5），肝硬变组（n=5）及肝硬变气腹组（n=40），肝硬变气腹组根据不同气腹压又分为8mmHg和13mmHg2个亚组，每组20只。各组大鼠（肝硬变气腹组分别在气腹结束后0．5、2、6及12h）取门静脉血检测血清内毒素及D-乳酸含量。结果肝硬变组血清内毒素及D-乳酸含量均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；而肝硬变气腹组不同气腹压及持续不同时间后的血清D-乳酸及内毒素含量则均明显高于肝硬变组（P〈0．05），其中血清内毒素含量随气腹压增高而增高（13mmHg vs 8mmHg，F=5．466，P〈0．05），但血清D-乳酸含量不同气腹压间的差异无统计学意义（F=0．415，P〉0．05）。结论肝硬变大鼠肠黏膜通透性增加，在此基础上建立CO2气腹若增加到一定压力并持续一定时间后，可增加肠黏膜的通透性，且此变化随气腹压力增高而加大，但解除气腹后可逐渐恢复。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术二氧化碳气腹对于老年病人呼吸系统的影响

目的：比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中．二氧化碳气腹对于老年病人和年轻病人呼吸系统影响的差异。方法：选择ASA分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级的择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人80例,依据患者年龄分为年龄〉65岁的老年病人组（A组）与年龄〈50岁的年轻病人组（B组）．两组均采用全凭静脉麻醉。分别记录麻醉诱导前、插管后3min、平卧位气腹后5mh体位改变后5min、平卧位放气后5min的气道压及PETCO,并对所得资料进行统计学处理。结果：与气腹前相比,气腹后两组患者的气道压及PETCO均增高,而A组病例气腹后,气道压,PETCO2值均显著高于相应时点的B组（P〈0．05）;改变体位后,A组病例的气道压也显著高于B组（P〈0．05）。结论行腹腔镜胆囊切除术时,CO2气腹对呼吸功能有一定的影响,而对老年病人而言,这种影响更明显。     

不同麻醉方式对儿童腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术应激反应的影响

目的探讨两种麻醉方法对儿童腹腔镜疝高位结扎术（lapamscopic hernia sac high ligation）应激反应的影响。方法ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期行腹股疝疝囊高位结扎术患儿60例，年龄6—12岁，随机分为硬膜外麻醉组（E组）和单纯气管内全麻组（G组）各30例。检测术中不同时点血浆皮质醇（Cor）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）浓度并观察平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）的变化。结果E组各时点Cor、NE、E、ACHT浓度无明显变化（P〉0．05），G组气腹后上述各指标较气腹前明显增高（P〈0．05）且显著高于E组同时点（P〈0．05）（见表2）；E组气腹后平均动脉压及心率变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而G组的则显著升高（P〈0．05）；两组患儿气腹10min后PaC02均显著增加（P〈0．05），停气腹后渐恢复至正常，血PH值则变化不明显。结论硬膜外麻醉复合基础麻醉相对于单纯气管内全麻更能有效抑制儿童腹股疝疝囊高位结扎术的应激反应。     

不同压力的二氧化碳气腹对胃癌细胞迁移运动和细胞骨架的影响

目的通过体外模拟气腹环境，观察不同压力CO2或He（helium）对胃癌细胞MKN-45迁移运动和细胞骨架的影响。方法将MKN-45细胞置于充满CO2或He的密闭培养箱中，按模拟气腹种类不同分为对照组、CO2气腹组和He气腹组，模拟气腹压力分别为12mmHg和15mmHg，作用时间均为4h。于处理结束后即刻用血气分析仪检测培养液pH值；Transwell法观察细胞迁移运动变化；激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞骨架变化。结果CO2组细胞培养液呈酸性，He组细胞培养液呈碱性。CO2组和He组在12mmHg压力下MKN-45细胞穿过滤膜的数量较对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CO2 15mmHg组细胞穿过滤膜的数量较对照组明显减少（P〈0．01）；He15mmHg组与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；CO2 15mmHg组细胞微丝、微管结构模糊，伪足消失。结论在临床常用气腹压力（12mmHg）下CO2对胃癌细胞迁移运动及细胞骨架无明显影响；在15mmHg压力下，CO2对胃癌细胞迁移运动起抑制作用，其作用机制可能与其细胞骨架受破坏有关。     

结肠癌完整结肠系膜切除术的学习曲线

目的探讨结肠癌完整结肠系膜切除术（CME）的学习曲线。方法回顾性分析2009年11月至2011年6月间,在北京大学人民医院胃肠外科接受CME手术的75例结肠癌患者的临床资料,按手术先后依次分A、B、C3组,每组25例。结果3组病例一般资料的比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。A、B、C3组患者手术时间依次递减,A组显著长于B组和C组[（205．4±53．2）rain比（180．4±29．7）min和（169．8±4113）rain,P〈0．05];3组住院时间也依次递减,A组也显著长于B组和C组[（17．8±10．9）d比（12．9±4．1）d和（11．0±3．5）d,P〈0．05]。C组患者术后并发症发生率（8％,2／25）明显低于A组（32％．8／25）和B组（36％,9／25）（P〈0．05）。C组患者手术标本的质量明显优于A组（大体标本WESTC级以上例数分别为20例和11例,P〈0．05）。3组术中出血量、肛门排气时间、术后进食时间、淋巴结检获数方面的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论结肠癌CME手术的学习曲线大约为25例,即可达到较熟练程度。     

体外模拟C02气腹对人结肠癌SW480细胞生长的影响

目的通过建立体外模拟CO2,气腹环境,研究CO2,气腹对人结肠癌SW480细胞生长的影响。方法建立体外模拟CO2,气腹环境,在全自动气腹机作用下维持密闭培养箱内压力分别为9、12、15mmHg,持续时间分别为1、2、4h。在处理后第12h通过流式细胞仪观察细胞周期变化;在处理后第12、24、36、48、60、72h用MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;在处理后0、0．5、1、1．5、2、2．5h通过电子pH计检测细胞培养液pH值的变化。结果流式细胞仪检测细胞周期结果显示,CO2,气腹组G02／G1期细胞比例与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CO2,气腹压力对于人结肠癌G0／G1期细胞周期有显著影响（P=0．008）,但对s期、G2／M期无影响（P〉0．05）;CO,气腹持续作用时间对各细胞周期无影响（P〉0．05）。MTT法检测细胞增殖结果显示,各气腹组人结肠癌SW480细胞的D（490）值均低于对照组,且9mmHg一4h、12mmHg一4h、15mmHg一2h气腹组在处理后第24、36h,15mmHg一4h气腹组在处理后第24、36、48、60h的人结肠癌SW480细胞的JD（490）值与对照组差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。压力处理后第24、36h对SW480细胞的增殖有显著的一过性影响（P〈0．01）,而在第12、48、60、72h对SW480细胞的增殖无影响（P〉0．05）;作用时间对SW480细胞的增殖无影响（P〉0．05）。电子pH计检测细胞培养液pH值结果显示,除9mmHg一1h气腹组在处理后2．5h细胞培养液的pH值与对照组无统计学差异外（P〉0．05）,其余各气腹组在处理后0、0．5、1、1．5、2、2．5h与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论体外模拟CO,气腹环境,不会促进结肠癌细胞的增殖,且高CO,气腹压力对结肠癌细胞的增殖有一过性抑制作用,CO2：气腹持续时间对结肠癌细胞的增殖无影响。     

不同气腹压力对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后短期并发症的影响

目的：探讨不同CO2 气腹压力对腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）术后肝功能、动脉血气及对颈肩部疼痛的 影响。 方法：选择行择期LC 术患者120 例,随机分为A,B,C 3 组,每组40 例。A 组气腹压力设置为 10 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）,B 组为12 mmHg,C 组为14 mmHg。对比分析3 组手术前后 肝功能、血气指标及术后1~3 d 恶心呕吐、颈肩部疼痛的发生率。 结果：术前3 组间各参数比较差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但术后3 组间肝功能、血气指标 改变及恶心呕吐、颈肩部疼痛的发生率均有明显差异（均P<0.05）。结果显示,气腹压力越大, 术后肝功能（AST,ALT,TBIL 升高）和血气指标（PCO2 升高,pH,PO2 下降）变化越明显,且 术后颈、肩痛及恶心呕吐发生率越高。 结论：气腹压力对LC 术后肝功能,动脉血气,颈,肩痛及恶心呕吐有明显影响,故术中应尽量降 低气腹压力。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.