关节镜监控下复位内固定治疗旋前外旋Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

正2013年10月~2014年10月,我们采用踝关节镜监控下微创经皮螺钉固定治疗17例旋前外旋Ⅳ度踝关节骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组17例,男10例,女7例,年龄20~58岁。均为新鲜闭合骨折。按照Lauge-Hansen分型均为旋前外旋Ⅳ度,其中内踝骨折11例,内侧三角韧带断裂5例,均伴下胫腓分离。伤后至手术时间2~7 d。1.2手术方法硬膜外麻醉。踝关节关节线水平胫前肌腱外侧关节镜入路,依次按胫距关节外侧沟、距骨颈、内侧沟及三角韧带后关节囊壁与后侧间室顺序     

经腓骨入路治疗踝关节旋后外旋型损伤

正2010年3月~2014年1月,我科经腓骨入路治疗16例合并后踝骨折的踝关节旋后外旋型Ⅲ、Ⅳ度损伤患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组16例,男7例,女9例,年龄43~71岁。均为闭合新鲜骨折。按Lauge-Hansen分型:旋后外旋Ⅲ度10例,Ⅳ度6例。受伤至手术时间5~11 d。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉或腰硬联     

踝关节骨折脱位合并下胫腓分离的手术治疗

我们自 1993～ 1997年 ,对踝关节骨折脱位合并下胫腓分离的患者进行手术治疗 ,获随访 2 1例 ,疗效满意 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组 2 1例 ,男 12例 ,女 9例 ;年龄 16～ 5 5岁 ,平均年龄3 2 1岁。致伤原因 :扭伤 10例 ,车祸致伤 7例 ,坠落伤 2例 ,砸伤 1例 ,其他原因伤 1例。新鲜伤 16例 ,陈旧伤 5例。骨折类型 :根据Ｌａｕｇｅ Ｈａｎｓｅｎ分类 :旋后外旋型Ⅳ度 10例 ,旋前外旋型Ⅳ度 6例 ,Ⅲ度 1例 (为Ｍａｉｓｏｎｎｅｕｖｅ骨折 ) ,旋前外展型Ⅲ度 4例。2　治疗方法硬膜外麻醉或腰麻 ,取踝关节外、后侧切口 ,先固定外踝或腓骨或后踝 ,…     

踝关节旋前外旋型Ⅳ度损伤60例手术治疗分析

目的探讨60例踝关节旋前外旋型IV度损伤手术治疗的方法及疗效分析。方法回顾性的分析本院2007年10月至2011年10月共60例踝关节旋前外旋型Ⅳ度损伤的患者,均采用切开复位内固定术。结果 60例患者术后随访12~18月,平均(15±0.4)月。骨折愈合良好,愈合时间8~13月,平均(10±0.3)月。功能恢复良好;踝关节评分:优37例,良18例,可3例,差2例。优良率91.67%。结论对踝关节旋前外旋型Ⅳ度损伤应仔细分析受伤机制,解剖复位,恢复踝关节的稳定性及早期的康复训练,是取得良好疗效的关键。     

下胫腓联合损伤的诊治体会

目的：探讨下胫腓联合损伤的诊断及治疗方法。方法：切开复位内固定手术治疗下胫腓联合损伤的踝关节骨折33例。按照Lauge-Hansen分型：旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度8例;旋前-外展型Ⅲ度（Dupuytren骨折）4例;旋前-外旋型Ⅲ度13例,Ⅳ度8例,其中Maisonneuve骨折4例。结果：随访6个月～4年,平均15个月。根据Baird—Jackson评分标准对其术后疗效进行评定：优16例,良15例,可2例。结论：下胫腓联合是维系踝关节的重要解剖结构,下胫腓联合损伤影响到踝关节的稳定性时应手术治疗,确保下胫腓联合得到解剖性修复。     

下胫腓联合损伤的诊治

目的:探讨下胫腓联合损伤的诊断及治疗方法.方法:切开复位内固定手术治疗下胫腓联合损伤的踝关节骨折33例.按照Lauge-Hansen分型:旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度8例;旋前-外展型Ⅲ度(Dupuytren骨折)4例;旋前-外旋型Ⅲ度13例,Ⅳ度8例,其中Maisonneuve骨折4例.结果:随访6个月～4年,平均15个月.根据Baird-Jackson评分标准对其术后疗效进行评定:优16例,良15例,可2例.结论:下胫腓联合是维系踝关节的重要解剖结构,下胫腓联合损伤影响到踝关节的稳定性时应手术治疗,确保下胫腓联合得到解剖性修复.     

踝关节Ⅲ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型骨折的手术治疗

目的总结踝关节Ⅲ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型踝关节骨折手术复位内固定的治疗效果。方法采用手术方法治疗Lauge-HansenⅢ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型踝关节骨折42例。结果 42例均获得随访,采用踝关节Baird-Jackson评分:优17例,良18例,可5例,差2例,优良率83.33%。结论对于踝关节Ⅲ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型踝关节骨折,关节面的解剖复位、选择合适的内固定方式、早期功能锻炼、避免过早负重是治疗成功的关键。     

两枚拉力螺钉固定治疗内踝骨折

内踝骨折属关节内骨折,为了最大限度地恢复踝关节功能,就要进行早期功能锻炼。为达到此目的,骨折常需要进行牢固固定,内踝多钉固定犤1犦就是基于这样的目的。本组采用手术治疗22例,报告如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料:本组22例,男16例,女6例;年龄19～56岁。采取两枚螺钉固定者12例,其中10例为单纯内踝骨折,伴有高位腓骨骨折2例。按lauge-hansen分型,其中旋后内收型2度4例,旋前外展型1度2例,旋前外旋型1度4例,旋前外旋型3度2例。采取一枚螺钉固定者10例,其中旋前外展型1度2例,旋后内收型2度2例,旋前外旋型1度6例。1.2两枚螺钉固定手术方法:采用…     

漂浮体位下后外侧联合前内侧入路手术治疗旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨漂浮体位下采用后外侧切口联合前内侧切口手术治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-10—2017-01采用漂浮体位通过后外侧切口结合前内侧切口入路手术治疗24例Lauge-Hansen旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折。结果 24例均获得随访,随访时间平均12.5(11~14)个月。术后X线片示骨折复位满意、踝穴对称、内固定位置良好。所有骨折均愈合,愈合时间平均14(12~16)周。末次随访时踝关节功能按AOFAS踝-后足评分量表评价:优17例,良4例,可3例,优良率87.5%,平均86.5(75~96)分。结论漂浮体位下后外侧切口联合前内侧切口手术治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折可良好显露骨折位置,直视下精准复位、固定骨折,内固定生物力学优势明显,配合镇痛及术后早期踝关节主、被动屈伸功能锻炼,可以取得良好的效果。     

踝关节骨折的手术治疗体会

踝关节骨折是常见的损伤。及时有效的治疗对于恢复踝关节功能有很大帮助。我科自 2 0 0 0年 7月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月共手术治疗踝关节骨折患者 135例 ,获得了较好疗效 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　 135例中男 5 1例 ,女 84例 ,年龄 17～ 72岁 ,平均 4 7 5岁。根据Lauge Hanson分型 ,旋后外旋型 78例 ,旋前外旋型 31例 ,旋后内收型 15例 ,旋前外展型 11例。其中新鲜骨折 12 0例 (3例为开放骨折 ) ,陈旧骨折 15例。1 2　手术方法　在单侧腰麻或硬膜外麻醉下进行。单纯内踝骨折可采取内踝前方弧形切口 ,若内踝骨折同时合并有后踝骨…     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.