社区骨质疏松症高危人群筛查与预防的研究进展

骨质疏松症以骨强度及骨密度下降为特征,极易发生骨折,导致患者伤残及生活质量下降。骨质疏松症不仅就诊率低,而且骨质疏松性骨折的治疗与护理带来巨大的家庭、社会及经济负担,预防尤为重要。早期识别与筛查出骨质疏松症高危人群,从微观和宏观系统对骨质疏松症高危人群实施早期干预,以期降低骨质疏松症以及骨质疏松性骨折的发生。笔者简要阐述了骨质疏松症预防的重要性,回顾了社区骨质疏松症高危人群的风险筛查方法以及社区骨质疏松症高危人群的预防策略。     

FRAX评估江苏镇江地区中老年人群骨折风险的回顾性研究

目的评估FRAX■工具对江苏镇江地区中老年人骨质疏松性骨折的预测价值。方法对1070例江苏镇江地区中老年人群进行分组性研究,应用FRAX■工具计算未来10年主要骨质疏松性骨折(probability of major osteoporosis fracture,PMOF)和髋部骨折的概率(probability of hip fracture,PHF),分析年龄、体质量指数、有无骨质疏松性骨折史以及不同骨量对FRAX预测结果的影响。结果随着年龄的增长10年内PMOF和PHF同步增加;随着体重指数的增加,10年内PMOF和PHF同步下降;有骨质疏松性骨折史的人群10年内PMOF和PHF明显增加;随着骨量下降,10年内PMOF和PHF逐渐增加;不同骨量受人群在不同骨质疏松骨折风险组中的分布不同。在骨质疏松性骨折高风险人群中,骨质疏松者占78.1%,低骨量者占20.7%,正常骨量者占1.3%。结论FRAX■工具可用于江苏镇江地区中老年人群骨质疏松骨折风险的评估。FRAX■工具可能低估了低骨量人群的骨质疏松性骨折的风险,该工具对中老年低骨量人群的预测价值值得进一步研究。     

骨折风险评估工具（FRAX® )在评价绝经后女性骨密度的临床意义

目的探讨骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)在评价绝经后女性骨密度变化中的作用。方法 2014年12月至2015年12月完成双能X线骨密度测定的绝经后女性166例,问卷采集信息,应用FRAX计算代入或不代入股骨颈骨密度时各研究对象10年内骨质疏松性骨折概率,并结合骨密度测定结果、OSTA及IOF 1 min测试题进行统计学分析。结果 1骨量异常组年龄较高、体重较轻、BMI较低、身高变化较多、绝经年限较长,两组间具有既往骨折史的人数差异有统计学意义。2有或无BMD时,骨量异常组10年内骨质疏松性骨折概率均显著高于骨量正常组。3有或无股骨颈BMD时,FRAX预测值与股骨颈骨密度T值之间均呈显著负相关,而有和无股骨颈BMD的FRAX预测值之间呈显著正相关。4随着年龄或骨质疏松风险的增长,骨量异常发生率逐渐上升,10年内骨质疏松性骨折概率显著升高。5不代入BMD时,10年内主要骨质疏松性骨折概率识别骨量异常的ROC曲线的AUC为0.705(P0.001),cutoff值为3.75%,准确度为中等;10年内髋骨骨折概率识别骨量异常的ROC曲线的AUC为0.743(P0.001),cutoff值为1.75%,准确度中等。结论 FRAX能够反映机体骨密度变化,全面评估骨折风险,并可作为一项基本的筛检工具,应用于识别绝经后女性骨质疏松的高危人群。     

骨质疏松性骨折预测方法的研究进展

骨质疏松症的最大危害是骨折的发生。骨质疏松性骨折特别是髋部骨折会导致死亡率、致残率、致畸率和医疗费用的增加。因此进行骨折风险评估、预防骨质疏松性骨折的发生是骨质疏松诊治过程的关键内容。骨质疏松性骨折除了与骨密度的下降有关,还与年龄、体重指数、既往骨折史、父母骨折史、长期应用糖皮质激素、维生素D不足等危险因素相关。跌倒是骨折发生的重要诱因,因此防跌倒是预防骨折的重要内容。骨密度、FRAX巳经被证实可用于预测骨折风险,而QUS、QCT及骨转换生化标志物也可能用于骨折风险预测,但目前尚未得到肯定。本文试从DXA、FRAX、骨转换生化标志物、定量超声、定量CT、跌倒等方面来阐述对骨质疏松性骨折预测的研究进展,其目的是为了早期发现骨折的高危人群,通过相应干预措施降低骨折的发生。     

应用FRAX筛查骨质疏松高危人群的方法研究

目的应用骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)预测不同骨质疏松性骨折危险因子及股骨颈骨密度(BMD)情况下10年骨折风险性的差异,探讨筛查骨质疏松高危人群的方法。方法应用FRAX的中国大陆子模型软件,综合年龄、性别、体重指数,计算单一危险因子或多重危险因子在联合或不联合BMD的条件下预测骨折风险性。结果随着BMD下降、骨折危险因子增多,10年骨质疏松性骨折风险增大。不同骨折危险因子和BMD配对时骨折风险性不同,当BMD未达骨质疏松诊断标准而合并部分危险因子时的骨折风险性大于BMD的T值达-2.5SD但无危险因子时的骨折风险性。结论 FRAX模型使原来单凭BMD转向综合各类危险因子评估长期骨质疏松性骨折风险性,在无条件行BMD检测地区可用以筛查骨质疏松高危人群。     

骨质疏松性骨折风险预测方法的研究进展

骨质疏松性骨折(Osteoporosis fracture,OF)是一种随着年龄增加而增加的疾病,其预后不佳。因此,及早进行骨质疏松骨折风险预测显得至关重要。骨质疏松骨折预测方法有以下几种：骨密度检查、FRAX工具、Garvan nomogram评估法、ORAI、OSTA、定量骨超声、骨代谢标志物等。研究表明,FRAX工具可预测个体10年内发生髋部骨折及任何重要的OF的概率,优于其他方法。     

β受体阻滞剂降低高血压患者骨质疏松骨折风险研究进展

高血压和骨质疏松是与年龄相关的老年人群常见共发病,两者具有一定的共同病因。高血压能够使患者的骨密度降低,从而增加患者骨质疏松性骨折的风险,β受体阻滞剂是高血压治疗常用药物之一。近年来研究表明β受体阻滞剂能够提高老年高血压患者的骨密度,从而降低老年高血压患者骨质疏松性骨折发病风险。本文从骨质疏松和骨质疏松性骨折流行病学、高血压增加骨质疏松骨折风险及β受体阻滞剂通过影响骨代谢降低骨质疏松骨折风险等方面作一综述。     

FRAX评分在中老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险评估中的研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis)是一种以骨密度降低、骨小梁及其他组织结构损坏,造成骨脆性以及骨折风险增加为特征的全身性骨病。FRAX评分是2008年世界卫生组织推荐的骨折风险预测简易诊断工具,可用于计算10年发生髋部骨折及任何重要的骨质疏松性骨折的发生概率。目前FRAX评分的应用才刚刚起步,评价标准还不完善,使用过程存在一定的局限性。但是长远来看,FRAX评分在骨质疏松性骨折预测方面应用前景广阔,将会成为预防骨质疏松性骨折的有力工具。本文将近年来FRAX评分的应用以及研究进展进行综述。以期在骨质疏松性骨折预防、管理、诊断和治疗方面提供新思路、新视角。     

老年性骨质疏松性骨折的发生与预防

骨质疏松性骨折是一项在老年人中极为常见和严重的健康问题。随着人口的老龄化,骨量丢失在变成一个日益严重的临床问题。然而老年人骨量丢失这个情况很少被人们发觉,因而不能得到很好的治疗。除了骨矿物含量密度(骨密度)的下降,导致骨质疏松性骨折的因素常与影响姿势稳定性的神经肌肉失调有关。骨质疏松性骨折的预防围绕充足的矿物营养,包括每日钙和维生素D的供应以及抗骨吸收药物的应用,两者都可以降低骨折发生风险。预防骨折还需要预防跌倒,并减少跌倒产生的冲击力。因此,药物和非药物干预同样重要。本综述也探讨了骨折风险预测工具(FRAX)的使用,它可以通过使用患者的特定数据来预测特定时间内骨折的风险。当前,老年性骨质疏松症仍缺乏诊断和治疗,但年龄并不能成为骨质疏松性骨折干预的障碍。     

应用FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估中老年女性骨折风险的临床研究

目的探讨应用FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估中老年女性骨折风险。方法选取2017年3月至2018年6月在连云港市第一人民医院行骨密度检查的女性337例,收集其个人基本信息、FRAX风险评估值及腰椎和股骨颈骨密度,按照骨密度及年龄分组,根据上述资料计算10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折概率和10年内髋部骨折概率,比较FRAX联合腰椎或股骨颈骨密度评估骨折风险的差异。结果无论代入股骨颈骨密度还是腰椎骨密度计算骨折风险,骨质疏松组的骨折风险均高于骨量减少组(P0.05);②无论是在骨质疏松组还是在骨量减少组,采用股骨颈骨密度计算的骨折风险均高于采用腰椎骨密度计算的值(P0.05)。③进一步分析显示,不同年龄组采用股骨颈骨密度计算出的骨折风险均高于采用腰椎骨密度计算的值(P0.05)。结论对于不同年龄组的骨量异常女性,FRAX联合股骨颈骨密度预测的骨折风险高于联合腰椎骨密度预测的骨折风险。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.