影响腹腔镜下保留肾单位术后肾功能的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响腹腔镜下保留.肾单位手术术后肾功能的因素. 方法 前瞻性总结50例肾癌腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术患者临床资料.采用99 Tcm-二乙三胺五乙酸肾动态显像检测术前术后分肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)值的变化.采用相关和多元回归模型分析与术后.肾功能损害有关的因素,包括患者年龄、肿瘤大小、术前血肌酐值、术中肾血管阻断时间及术中出血量,确定影响术后肾功能的危险因素.随访其中20例,比较术前、术后1周及术后3个月 GFR值,明确肾脏热缺血安全时间;同时观察肾功能恢复情况. 结果 50例患者手术前后GFR平均值分别为(45.86土5.14)、(34.52+5.89)ml/min,术后减少约24%.多元回归分析显示肾血管阻断致肾脏热缺血时间长短是决定术后肾功能损害的独立危险因素.肾脏热缺血时间≤30 min和＞30 rain组,术前术后1周的GFR值分别为(45.38±6.19)和(38.54土5.18)、(46.11±4.62)和(32.51士6.26)ml/min,前者GFR值降低程度低于后者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)}随访观察20例患者,肾脏热缺血时间≤30 min组术后3个月GFR值(44.38+5.59)ml/min,与术前相比,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义;年龄＞70岁、肾脏热缺血时间＞30 min或肾脏热缺血时间＞60 rain的患者术后3个月GFR值恢复缓慢.结论影响腹腔镜下保留肾单位术后肾功能的关键因素为肾脏热缺血时间,肾脏热缺血时间≤30min者术后肾功能可以完全恢复;肾脏热缺血时间＞30 min且年龄＞70岁或肾脏热缺血时间＞60min者术后肾功能有一定程度的损害.     

99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像评估活体供肾功能

目的 分析99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像法在亲属活体肾移植供肾功能评价中的应用和影响因素,探讨其临床应用价值和判定标准. 方法对亲属活体肾移植供体在术前应用99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像法测定双侧肾脏肾小球滤过率(GFR)和尿肌酐法计算24 h内生肌酐清除率(CCr)评估肾功能.手术前、后对2种方法的检测结果进行对比.对留存肾进行手术前、后的比较,观察其代偿性变化.结果 供者术前SCr为(79.87±17.63)μmol/L,术后为(99.93±20.63)μmol/L,与术前比较,升高25.12%(P=0.000),但仍在正常范围.术前CCr为(1.56±0.29)ml/s,术后为(1.07±0.29)ml/s,较术前降低31.41%(P=0.019).术前供者双肾GFR为(72.32±18.70)ml/min,较CCr低22.95%.术后留存肾GFR为(54.39±15.63)ml/min,较术前[(36.64±9.15)ml/min]增加48.44%(P=0.000),但与术前双肾GFR比较则下降24.79%(P=0.021).手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).术前BUN为(5.39±1.43)mmol/L,术后为(5.84±1.29)mmol/L,升高8.35%(P=0.076).结论 99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显像法测定GFR是观察肾功能比较灵敏的指标,能直观评估分肾的肾小球滤过功能,评估尿路排泄情况,并可以动态观察留存肾功能的代偿性变化.     

亲属活体肾移植供者的安全性分析

目的 分析亲属活体肾移植供者手术前后的相关指标变化,探讨活体供者的安全性.方法对132例亲属活体供肾者进行心理和生理分析,包括尿常规、血生化、肾小球滤过率(GFR)、内生肌酐清除率(CCr)和生活质量等指标.结果 132例供肾者的生活质量评分与正常人群比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).供肾切取术前供者血肌酐(SCr)为(78.33±15.94)μmol/L,术后7 d为(108.49±19.88)μmol/L(P=0.000);术后6个月为(112.47±20.38)μmol/L,与术后7 d比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.109).供肾切取术前供者CCr为(95.80±20.92)ml/min,术后7 d为(57.36±14.92)ml/min,与术前比较P=0.017;术后6个月为(65.49±8.25)ml/min,与术后7 d比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.619).术前双肾GFR为(74.08±18.51)ml/min,右肾GFR为(38.43±10.33)ml/min,供肾切取术后6个月保留右肾GFR为(56.49±13.01)ml/min,与术前双肾GFR比较,P=0.000;保留右肾GFR与术前自身比较代偿性增加47.0%.手术并发症包括脾脏包膜下出血1例,降结肠破裂1例,切口脂肪液化5例. 结论 术前对供肾者进行充分系统的医学心理学和生理学评估,严格履行风险告知义务,供受者术中规范操作,围手术期合理管理和建立严密的随访制度,可以有效提高亲属活体移植供肾者的心理和生理安全性.     

比较后腹腔镜下节段性与全肾动脉阻断肾部分切除术对术后患侧肾功能的影响

目的:对比后腹腔镜节段性肾动脉阻断(SRPN)与普通全肾动脉阻断保留肾单位肾部分切除术(LPN)对术后患侧肾功能的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院2010年6月~2012年6月治疗的80例局限性肾肿瘤(SRM)患者的临床资料,其中35例患者行SRPN,另45例患者行LPN。术前行肾动态显像及GFR检查,测得患侧GFR值;术后通过电话随访,每3~6个月复查肾动态显像及GFR,监测术后患侧GFR的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果:术后3、6个月,35例行SRPN患者术后患侧GFR和术前患侧GFR分别发现2例(2/35,5.71%)、3例(3/35,8.57%)下降,下降均值分别为(0.36±0.22)、(3.96±1.45)ml/min;而45例LPN患者术后患侧GFR和术前患侧GFR分别发现25例(25/45,55.56%)、30例(30/45,66.67%)下降;下降均值分别为(6.28±0.82)、(11.47±3.22)ml/min(P0.05)。术后随访12、18、24个月,SRPN患侧GFR与术前比较,下降分别为31.4%(11/35)、42.8%(15/35)、45.7%(16/35),下降均值分别为(8.52±2.16)、(11.02±2.23)、(13.55±2.68)ml/min;LPN分别为86.67%(39/45)、88.89%(40/45)、93.33%(42/45),下降均值分别为(12.68±3.84)、(17.73±4.82)、(20.24±4.96)ml/min(P0.05)。结论:SRPN在术后早期(3~6个月)能最大限度地保护患肾功能,在保护肾功能方面具有明显优势;但远期(12~24个月)随访,两种术式患侧GFR均有不同程度的下降,提示SRPN在远期保护肾功能有个体化特点;通过两种术式术后患侧GFR的比较,说明SRPN是治疗SRM的一种安全有效的手术方法,值得临床推广应用。     

老年活体亲属供肾移植的安全性分析

目的 探讨老年活体亲属供肾移植供体、受体的围手术期并发症、疗效及安全性.方法 亲属活体供肾移植132例,分为老年供体组(≥55岁,43例)和中青年供体组(＜55岁,89例);对供受体的住院时间、手术前后血肌酐(SCr)、内生肌酐清除率(CCr)、肾小球滤过率(GFR)、并发症以及受体的急性排斥反应率、人/肾存活率等进行比较分析.结果 2组供者术前SCr分别为(77.67±15.21)、(83.09±15.98)μmol/L,术后7 d分别为(109.54±22.32)、(106.56±23.46)μmol/L,均在正常范围内,2组间各时间点比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).术后3个月2组供者SCr分别为(112.57±20.87)、(104.29±19.43)μmol/L,与术前比较分别上升44.93%和25.51%,老年供体组比中青年供体组供者scr升高更明显.差异有统计学意义(P=0.0268).2组术前CCr分别为(1.63±0.34)、(1.56±0.25)ml/s,术后10 d分别为(0.83±0.29)、(1.11±0.27)ml/s.老年供体组术后3个月CCr为(0.97±0.10)ml/s,中青年供体组为(1.16±0.17)ml/s.2组手术前后CCr变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).老年供体组术后10 d的留存肾GFR为(36.58±13.26)ml/min,术后3个月增加至(52.31±12.74)ml/min,达到原双肾GFR[(73.01±20.96)ml/min]的71.65%.中青年供体组术后10 d GFR为(38.32±10.79)ml/min,术后3个月增至(56.31±12.95)m1/min,达到原双肾GFR[(78.34±20.98)ml/min]的71.88%.手术前后GFR变化差异均无统计学意义,P值均＞0.05.供者手术并发症包括术中脾脏包膜下血肿1例、降结肠破裂1例和切口脂肪液化5例.术前和术后各时间点2组受者SCr水平差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).2组供者平均住院时间分别为(13.2±3.4)和(12.8±2.6)d,P=0.4563.2组受者平均住院时间分别为(23.1±11.9)和(22.3士11.4)d,P=0.6991.老年供体组受者6个月内急性排斥反应发生率为4.7%(2/43),中青年供体组为7.9%(7/89).术后1年内2组各死亡1例,中青年供体组因急性排斥反应移植肾失功1例.结论 老年活体亲属供肾可能存在一定危险性,应予以重视,但供体年龄并非独立风险因素.在严格控制老年供者的纳入标准、对供者进行全面系统评估的情况下,老年供体活体肾移植的供体和受体围手术期并发症/疗效及安全性与中青年供体比较无明显差异.     

肝癌患者术前HBV DNA定量水平与肝移植术后肝癌复发关系的探讨

目的 探讨肝癌肝移植患者术前乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)DNA定量与肝移植术后原发性肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)复发的关系.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月到2008年12月因同时合并HCC和HBV行肝移植手术并长期随访的148例患者,使用Kaplan-Meier生存分析统计患者生存率和无瘤生存率,根掘术后HCC是否复发将患者分成HCC复发组(43例)及未复发组(105例),使用COX多因素回归进行危险因素分析.结果 148例HCC肝移植患者1、3、5年生存率分别为86%,72%,72%,无瘤生存率分别为79%,71%,54%.肝移植术后HCC复发43例,复发率为29.1%(43/148),术后HCC平均复发时间为(13.16±14.17)个月(1～54个月).COX多因素回归分析表明超过米兰标准(HR=9.89;95%CI2.30～42.52;P=0.002)以及术前HBV DNA＞5log10 copies/ml(HR=2.26;95%CI1.01～5.04;P=0.047)是肝移植术后HCC复发的独立危险因素.结论 肝移植术前HBV DNA＞5log10 copies/ml和超过米兰标准是原发性肝癌患者肝移植术后HCC复发的高危因素.     

老年心脏手术后急性肾损伤可纠正的危险因素分析

目的 探讨老年心脏手术患者术后急性肾损伤(AKI)可纠正的危险因素,降低其发生率,改善预后.方法 收集广东省人民医院2007年1月至2009年12月年龄≥60岁心脏手术患者的临床资料.以RIFLE标准诊断的AKI为观察终点,术前最后一次血肌酐为基线值.Logistic回归分析确定心脏术后AKI的独立危险因素.结果 457例患者入组,313例(68.5％)术后发生AKI.Logistic回归分析显示,男性、年龄＞ 65岁、高血压、术前估算肾小球滤过率＜60 ml/min、术前尿酸＞450 μmol/L(OR 2.938,95％可信区间1.633 ～5.285)、体外循环＞120 min、机械通气时间延长、术后用血管紧张素抑制酶/血管紧张素受体抑制剂和利尿剂是心脏术后AKI的独立影响因素.结论 术前尿酸＞450 μmol/L是老年心脏手术患者术后AKI可纠正的危险因素.     

DDG仪应用于肝移植患者围手术期血流动力学变化规律的探索

目的 探讨肝移植患者围手术期血流动力学变化的规律.方法 回顾性分析2007年7月-2007年12月北京朝阳医院行首次同种异体肝移植31例患者的临床资料.术前和术后1,3,7,14 d清晨空腹以脉动染料光密度法(PDD)无创检测吲哚菁绿(ICG)血浆清除率、肝有效血流量、心搏出量、循环血流量、中心血容量,观察其的变化.结果 术前测定ICG血浆清除率为(0.09±0.05)/min,肝有效血流量为(0.43±0.22) L/min,心搏出量为(7.16±2.49) L/min,循环血流量为(5.87±1.85) L,中心血容量为(3.94±1.59) L.ICG血浆清除率和肝有效血流量术后均显著高于术前(P＜0.05).心搏出量术后1 d显著高于术前及术后3,14 d(P＜0.05),循环血流量术后1d显著高于术前及术后3,14 d(P＜0.05),中心血容量术后1 d显著高于术前及术后3,7,14 d(P＜0.05).结论 肝移植患者术前处于低容量、高循环状态,至术后早期则处于高容量、高循环动力状态,肝脏有效血流量增加,肝脏储备功能迅速恢复,术后约3 d高循环动力状态明显下降,于术后约2周全身循环逐渐进入稳态.     

袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术治疗非肥胖型2型糖尿病

目的 评价袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术对非肥胖型2型糖尿病的治疗效果.方法 对符合纳入标准的非肥胖型2型糖尿病患者41例实施袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术.观察术前及术后1、3、6个月患者的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白的变化及糖尿病并发症的缓解情况.结果 对本组41例患者平均随访时间9.6个月(6～21个月).95％的患者术后糖化血红蛋白＜7％,不需任何降糖药物.78％的患者糖化血红蛋白＜6％.空腹血糖从术前的(9.7±0.4) mmol/L降至术后的(6.2±0.3)mmol/L(P＜0.01);糖化血红蛋白从术前的8.1％±1.4％降至术后的5.8％±0.6％(P＜0.01);餐后2h血糖从术前的(13.6±0.7) mmol/L降至术后的(10.6±0.2) mmol/L(P＜0.01);Homa-IR从术前的4.8±1.3降至术后的1.2±0.4(P＜0.01);空腹C肽从术前的(3.3±1.7) ng/ml升至术后的(4.9±0.2) ng/ml(P ＜0.01);空腹胰岛素从术前的(10.2±1.4) mlu/L升至术后的(15.6±0.7) mlu/L(P ＜0.01)L;甘油三酯从术前的(3.1±0.5) mmol/L降至术后的(1.9±0.4) mmol/L(P ＜0.01);高密度脂蛋白从术前的(1.2±0.2) mmol/L升至术后的(1.9±0.8) mmol/L(P ＜0.01);低密度脂蛋白从术前的(3.5±0.3)mmol/L降至术后的(2.4±0.6)mmol/L(P＜0.01).7例合并高血压患者中3例的血压得到控制.78％(21/27例)患者的尿微量白蛋白得到缓解.53％(8/15例)患者的糖尿病视网膜病变得到改善.结论 袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术治疗非肥胖型2型糖尿病短期效果良好.     

保留肾单位手术后肾功能预后的影响因素分析

目的:探讨肾肿瘤行保留肾单位手术(NSS)后肾功能预后的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析西京医院2016年12月至2018年12月行NSS治疗的115例肾肿瘤患者的临床资料。男75例,女40例。年龄(49.50±12.94)岁;体质指数(24.59±3.59)kg/m 2;肿瘤最大径(3.66±1.32)cm;R.E.N.A.L.评分(6.43±1.60)分。术前患肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)(48.22±11.48)ml/(min·1.73m 2),健肾GFR(49.73±11.96)ml/(min·1.73m 2),总GFR(97.95±21.32)ml/(min·1.73m 2)。术前患肾有功能肾组织体积(FPV)(132.23±9.11)cm 3。61例行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,54例行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术。记录手术时间、热缺血时间(WIT)、术后病理结果。记录术后6个月的血肌酐、患肾GFR、健肾GFR、总GFR、GFR保存率(术后GFR与术前GFR的比值)、患肾FPV、患肾FPV保存率(术后患肾FPV与术前FPV的比值)。患肾FPV通过手术前后的CT影像使用椭球体近似法测量。手术前后GFR和患肾FPV比较采用配对样本t检验。采用Spearman秩相关分析评估各研究因素与患肾GFR保存率间的相关性。多因素分析采用多元线性回归模型分析患肾功能的独立预测因素。以WIT=25 min为截断点将患者分为≤25 min组和>25 min组,比较两组术前患肾GFR,以及术后6个月的患肾GFR和患肾GFR保存率。结果:本组115例手术均顺利完成,中位手术时间135(75~245)min,WIT(24.57±5.51)min。患肾术后GFR(35.50±7.81)ml/(min·1.73 m 2),与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),患肾GFR保存率为(74.65±11.10)%。术后6个月患肾FPV保存率为(84.28±4.37)%,与术前比较明显减少(P<0.001)。患肾FPV保存率与患肾GFR保存率呈极强正相关(r=0.802);WIT与患肾GFR保存率呈中等程度负相关(r=-0.503)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,术前患肾GFR(b=-0.150,P=0.008)、WIT(b=-0.443,P<0.001)、患肾FPV保存率(b=1.638,P<0.001)是患肾GFR保存率的独立预测因素。WIT>25 min组和≤25 min组的患肾GFR保存率分别为(68.77±10.88)%和(79.34±8.88)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:在WIT较短(<30 min)的情况下,正常肾组织数量的保留是影响NSS术后肾功能预后的重要因素,有限的WIT起次要作用。在保证肿瘤完整切除的前提下,应尽可能保留更多的正常肾组织,同时尽量将WIT控制在25 min以内。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.