腹腔镜与开腹进展期胃癌D2根治术的临床对照研究

目的探讨对进展期胃癌患者进行腹腔镜D2根治性手术的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2010年12月间在苏北人民医院接受腹腔镜下根治性切除术的210例进展期胃癌患者（腹腔镜组）的临床资料,并与同期行开腹胃癌根治术的180例进展期胃癌患者（开腹组）的临床资料进行比较分析。结果腹腔镜组有206例患者完成胃癌D2根治术,4例（1．9％）中转开腹。与开腹组相比。腹腔镜组患者术中出血量更少[（208±38）mltL（300±52）ml,P〈0．05],术后胃肠功能恢复更快[（2．9±0．7）d比（3．9±1．8）d,P〈0．05],术后住院时间更短[（12．8±6．2）d比（15．6±6．8）d,P〈0．05],但手术时间长[（258±42）min比（193±30）min,P〈0．05]。腹腔镜组和开腹组患者淋巴结清扫数目分别为（20．5±1．9）枚／例和（25．8±1．5）枚／例,术后并发症发生率分别为8．1％（17／201）比8．5％（15／180）．差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。两组患者术后复发转移率分别为2．9％（6／210）比2．8％（5／180）,3年生存率分别为35．6％和37．8％,差异也均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜下胃癌根治术安全、可行,与开腹手术具有相当的淋巴结清扫范围和远期生存。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术应用于肥胖患者手术安全性的评价

目的：探讨肥胖对腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术手术安全性的影响。方法回顾性分析北京肿瘤医院胃肠肿瘤微创外科在2009年5月至2012年12月间行腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的214例患者的临床资料,其中体质量指数大于或等于25 kg/m2者66例（肥胖组）,低于25 kg/m2者148例（非肥胖组）,比较两组患者的手术及术后恢复情况。结果肥胖组手术时间（271．5±51．2） min,明显长于非肥胖组的（252．1±53．6） min（P＜0．05）;清扫淋巴结数目（26．2±10．3）枚,少于非肥胖组的（30．3±12．4）枚（P＜0．05）。但两组术中失血量、术中输血率、中转开腹率、术后排气时间和住院时间等差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。肥胖组术后并发症发生率为25．8％（17/66）和20．9％（31/148）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,但肥胖组手术相关轻微并发症（Clavien-Dindo分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）发生率（16．7％,11/66）高于非肥胖组（6．8％,10/148）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组术后30 d内死亡率分别为1．5％（1/66）和0．7％（1/148）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论肥胖患者会延长腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的手术时间,增加轻微并发症的风险,但并不影响手术的安全性。     

肥胖对腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术临床疗效的影响

目的探讨肥胖对腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术近期疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2010年6月间在福建医科大学附属协和医院接受腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的531例患者的临床资料,其中BMI大于或等于25kg／m^2者83例（肥胖组）,小于25kg／m^2者448例（非肥胖组）。比较两组患者术中、术后及近期生存情况。结果肥胖组与非肥胖组患者中转开腹率分别为2．4％（2／83）和1．8％（8／448）,差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。除手术时间肥胖组高于非肥胖组外[（224．7±57．3）min比（210．0±57．9）min,P〈O．05],两组术中出血量、术中输血率、术后第1天白细胞和中性粒细胞增加数、体温恢复时间、肛门排气时间及术后住院时间的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。肥胖组平均淋巴结清扫数目为（24．8±8．4）枚／例,明显少于非肥胖组的（29．9±10．2）枚／例（P〈O．05）。肥胖组与非肥胖组术后并发症发生率分别为16．8％（14／83）和10．2％（46／448）,围手术期死亡率分别为1．2％（1／83）和0．4％（2／448）。3年生存率分别为68．8％和74．0％．差异均无统计学意义（均P〉O．05）。结论肥胖虽然会延长腹腔镜胃癌根治术的手术时间．但并不会影响手术安全性和近期疗效。     

高龄胃癌病人的临床特点及外科处理

目的探讨高龄胃癌病人的临床特点,提高外科治疗水平。方法回顾性分析我院2001年10月至2003年10月间416例胃癌病人行标准胃癌根治术的临床资料。结果102例≥70岁胃癌病人中术前75例（73．5％）有并存病,术后并发症发生率27．5％,术后病死率5．9％;314例〈70岁胃癌病人术前53例（16．9％）有并存病,术后并发症发生率11．5％,术后病死率1．6％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术前无并存病在≥70岁组与〈70岁组术后并发症发生率分别为11．1％和8．8％,病死率分别为0和0．03％,两组间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高龄胃癌病人常合并心脏病、肺部疾病、糖尿病等疾病。加强围手术期处理仍可使高龄病人耐受标准胃癌根治术,降低病死率和并发症的发生率。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术在老年患者中的应用研究

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌D：根治术在老年患者应用中的可行性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年10月至2012年10月间在河南大学淮河医院接受腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的109例老年（70岁以上）进展期胃癌患者（腹腔镜组）的临床资料,并与同期开腹胃癌根治术的124例老年患者（开腹组）的临床资料进行对比分析。结果与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组患者术中出血量更少[（102．5±34．3）ml比（181．7±73．8）ml,P〈0．05],术后肠功能恢复更快[（2．8±0．6）d比（4．0±1．2）d,P〈0．05],术后住院时间更短[（10．7±7．5）d比（14．2±6．5）d,P〈0．05],术后并发症发生率更低[10．1％（11／109）比21．0％（26／124）,P〈0．05],但手术时间较长[（231．2±51．4）min比（208．5±53．6）min,P〈0．05],两组患者淋巴结清扫枚数相当（31．4±14．2比32．6±11．7,P〉0．05）。腹腔镜组术后短期生活质量明显优于开腹组（P〈0．05）。腹腔镜组和开腹组术后5年生存率分别为54．5％和59．2％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论老年患者行腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术能达到与开腹手术相似的根治效果,且微创优势显著。     

腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌根治术肿瘤切除完整性及长期疗效的比较

目的：比较腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌根治术的肿瘤切除完整性及长期预后。方法回顾性分析2005年7月至2011年12月在上海第二军医大学长海医院肛肠外科行直肠癌根治手术的1184例患者的临床及随访资料,根据其手术方式分为腹腔镜手术组（腹腔镜组,104例）和开腹手术组（开腹组,1080例）,对两组患者的一般情况、术中清扫淋巴结数目、远切缘距离、吻合口相关并发症发生率、术后无病生存率及总生存率进行比较。结果腹腔镜组与开腹组患者的临床资料具有可比性,两组平均清扫淋巴结数目（15．5枚/例比14．4枚/例）、远切缘平均距离（2．5 cm比2．1 cm）及吻合口相关并发症发生率[1．9％（2/104）比1．9％（20/1080）]差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;腹腔镜组术后3年和5年无病生存率分别为79．0％和69．3％,开腹组分别为78．0％和72．5％,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;腹腔镜组术后3年和5年总体生存率分别为93．5％和81．2％,开腹组分别为87．6％和80．7％,差异亦无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论直肠癌腹腔镜手术肿瘤切除完整性和远期疗效与开腹手术相当。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术对伴发慢性阻塞性肺病患者的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗伴发慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）胃癌患者的可行性。方法回顾性分析第三军医大学西南医院2010年1月至2013年10月实施胃癌根治术的340例伴发COPD胃癌患者的临床资料,其中78例行开腹手术（开腹组）,262例行腹腔镜手术（腹腔镜组．腹内压维持在8～10mmHg）,比较两组术后肺部并发症的发生情况以及与术后肺部并发症发生的相关因素。结果腹腔镜组的手术时间[（220．4±19．1）rain]明显长于开腹组[（194．2±31．5）min,P=0．000],而术中失血量[（131．2±14．7）m1]明显小于开腹组[（246．7±49．0）ml,P=0．000]。腹腔镜组和开腹组患者术后肺部并发症发生率分别为5,3％（14／262）和15．4％（12／78）,差异有统计学意义（P=0．003）。多因素分析结果显示,COPD严重程度是术后出现肺部并发症的独立影响因素（P=0．031,HR=2．456,95％CI：1．306～1．789）,而采用腹腔镜手术还是开腹手术不是其独立影响因素（P=0．126）。结论应用较低腹内压的腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗伴发轻、中度COPD的胃癌患者是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术在老年人胃癌中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术在老年胃癌患者中应用的可行性及临床疗效.方法 2007年1月至2009年12月期间,福建医科大学附属协和医院胃外科对255例年龄在65岁以上的老年胃癌患者施行D2根治术,其中行腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术患者（腹腔镜组）116例,行常规开腹手术患者（开腹组）139例.比较两组患者术中、术后恢复、并发症发生及术后生存情况,并对术后并发症的危险因素进行分析.结果 腹腔镜组术中出血量和术中输血例数均少于开腹组,术后排气时间、进食流质时间和住院时间均短于开腹组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;而两组患者手术时间和淋巴结清扫数目的差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率为15.5％（18/116）,明显低于开腹组的28.1％（39/139）（P＜0.05）.是否行腹腔镜手术（P＜0.05）、手术时间（P＜0.01）和术前合并症（P＜0.01）是老年人胃癌术后并发症的独立危险因素;手术时间（P＜0.05）和术前合并症（P＜0.01）是老年人腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术后并发症的独立危险因素.腹腔镜组和开腹组患者术后平均生存时间分别为23.0和22.5个月,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 老年人腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术能够达到与开腹手术相同的根治效果,且具有明显的微创优势.手术时间和术前合并症是老年人腹腔镜胃癌根治术后并发症的独立危险因素.     

进展期远端胃癌腹腔镜与开腹根治术的对照研究

目的探讨腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术治疗进展期远端胃癌的可行性、安全性及近期疗效．方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年6月间135例接受外科手术的远端胃癌患者的临床资料．其中腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术66例．开腹远端胃癌根治术69例。结果腹腔镜组与开腹组患者年龄、性别和TNM分期的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。腹腔镜组均在腹腔镜下成功完成根治性胃切除手术,无中转开腹和手术死亡。与开腹组比较,腹腔镜组患者手术时间更长[（266．1±55．1）min比（223．8±26．8）min];但术中出血量更少[（131．9±88．7）ml比（342．3±178．7）ml],术后肠道恢复功能更快[（3．18±1．22）d比（4．50±1．59）d],术后住院时间更短[（9．20±3．39）d比（11．35±4．61）d];差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。两组清扫淋巴结数目[（25．81±12．53）枚比（27．47±10．28）枚]和术后并发症发生率[6．1％（4／66）比15．94％（11／69）1的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。术后随访1～19个月．两组均未见肿瘤复发或肿瘤相关死亡病例。结论腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术是治疗进展期远端胃癌安全、可行、微创、有效的方法。     

腹腔镜与开放手术治疗腹膜内型膀胱破裂的疗效比较

目的：比较腹腔镜与开放手术治疗腹膜内型膀胱破裂的疗效。方法50例腹膜内型膀胱破裂患者,26例行腹腔镜膀胱破裂修补术,24例行开放膀胱破裂修补术。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、肠道恢复时间、住院时间、止痛药的使用率及并发症的发生率。结果两组手术均顺利完成,腹腔镜组与开放组手术时间分别为（55．12±8．53）min 和（64．48±13．21）min,差异有统计学意义（P ＞0．05）;术中出血量分别为（54．24±5．38）ml 和（89．35±12．17）ml,P ＜0．05;肠道功能恢复时间分别为（23．24±2．39）h 和（38．42±6．98）h,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;住院时间分别为（4．64±1．42）d 和（7．04±1．29）d,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;止痛药的使用率分别为38．46％（10／26）和75．00％（18／24）,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;术后并发症发生率分别为7．69％（2／26）和8．33％（2／24）,差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论与开放术式比较,腹腔镜治疗腹膜内型膀胱破裂具有创伤小、恢复快等优点。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.