体外碎石术治疗胆总管结石32例报告

我所自１９９４年５月至１９９７年５月对３２例胆总管结石采用体外冲击波碎石术（ｅｘｔｒａｃｏｒｐｏｒｅａｌｓｈｏｃｋｗａｖｅｌｉｔｈｏｔｒｉｐｓｙ,ＥＳＷＬ）,对其中１７例合并胆囊结石患者采取经皮胆镜碎石取石术（ｐｅｒｃｕｔａｎｅｏｕｓｃｈｏｌｅｃｙ...     

腹腔镜下保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石疗效分析

胆囊结石是普外科的常见病,但结石长期刺激可致胆囊发生癌变。对于胆囊结石的治疗,保胆取石术经历了胆囊造瘘取石术、经皮胆镜碎石清除术（PCCL）和纤维胆道镜保胆取石术（EMIC）三个阶段,早期的胆囊造瘘取石术结石复发率太高,     

腹腔镜、胆道镜联合微创保胆取石术的临床应用(附30例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜、胆道镜联合微创保胆取石术的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析我院采用腹腔镜、胆道镜联合微创保胆取石术治疗30例胆囊功能正常的胆囊结石患者的临床资料。结果 30例均成功取尽结石,结石直径介于1cm～2.5cm,平均手术时间50min,出血10～30ml,平均住院5.5d。手术后无出血、胆漏及心肺等并发症发生。术后随访1～29个月,中位随访时间9个月;1复发1例,复发率3.3%。结论腹腔镜、胆道镜联合微创保胆取石术保持了胆道的完整性及胆囊功能,具有安全性高、操作简单、患者创伤小、康复快等优点,结石复发率低,适合胆囊功能正常的胆囊结石病人。     

经皮胆囊碎石取石术2320例临床应用经验

经皮胆囊碎石取石术２３２０例临床应用经验杨德广孙尔邦１９９１年至１９９５年我院采用ＷＯＬＦ胆囊碎石镜对２３２０例胆囊结石患者进行了经皮胆囊碎石取石术（ＰＣＣＬ），取得了满意的近期疗效，现报告如下。１．临床资料：本组男性９２８例，女性１３９２例；年龄最...     

腹腔镜胆道镜联合保胆取石术的临床应用

探讨腹腔镜胆道镜联合保胆取石术的临床效果。选取2011年10月—2013年10月诊治的胆囊结石患者186例,根据治疗方法分为2组,93例患者采用完全腹腔镜保胆取石术治疗为对照组,93例患者采用腹腔镜胆道镜联合保胆取石术治疗为观察组,比较2组患者的手术相关指标与术后并发症情况。观察组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、术后住院时间均明显少于对照组,观察组患者术后并发症发生率(2.2%)亦明显低于对照组(10.8%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。腹腔镜胆道镜联合保胆取石术是治疗胆囊结石的有效方法,对患者造成的手术创伤小,可明显缩短患者的治疗时间,引发的术后并发症少,具有较高的安全性,值得临床推广使用。     

胆宁片促进胆囊结石患者腹腔镜保胆取石术后胆囊功能恢复的临床体会

评价胆宁片对完全腹腔保胆取石术后预防胆囊结石复发的临床应用价值。将符合微创保胆取石术条件的46例胆囊结石患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。两组患者均通过腹腔镜切开胆囊,行胆道镜取石。治疗组术后3d口服胆宁片3个月,对照组患者除不服用胆宁片外,其余护理、饮食与治疗组相同。术后2年复查胆囊壁厚度、胆囊收缩率、消化病生存质量指数(GLQI)、结石复发率的差异。46例保胆取石术成功,无严重并发症。5~7d均治愈出院。两组患者术前胆囊壁厚度、胆囊收缩率间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后2年两组患者胆囊壁厚度、胆囊收缩率、GLQI差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但结石复发率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。保胆取石术后患者服用胆宁片,能使胆囊壁的厚度明显减少,增强胆囊的收缩功能,改善患者的术后生存质量。     

腹腔镜辅助纤维胆道镜保胆取石96例临床分析

目的探讨利用腹腔镜辅助纤维胆道镜行保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石或胆囊息肉样病变的方法和体会。方法回顾性分析2007年9月至2010年3月利用腹腔镜辅助纤维胆道镜行保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石或胆囊息肉样病变96例的临床资料。结果术后B型超声检查证实96例均取净结石,成功率为100％,无手术死亡病例。术后2年复发3例,复发率为3．1％。结论腹腔镜辅助胆道镜保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石及胆囊息肉样病变安全可靠,效果良好,术后并发症少,技术难度小,便于推广普及。     

中西医结合治疗胆囊结石150例分析

中西医结合治疗胆囊结石１５０例分析河北省沧州中西医结合医院（河北０６１００１）奚绍贤，崔东晖，马新杰，骆瑞珍，陈汝兰我院于１９９１年１０月－１９９３年１１月引用德国“ＷＯＬＦ”经皮胆囊碎石镜，对１５０例胆囊结石患者进行经皮胆囊碎石或取石术（简称ＰＣＬ...     

皮肾镜取石术治疗特殊类型肾结石

目的:评价经皮肾镜取石术治疗特殊类型肾结石的临床疗效.方法:2007年5月～2012年2月,采用经皮肾镜取石术治疗1 21例特殊类型肾结石患者,随机分为两组:A组59例,应用钬激光碎石;B组62例应用气压弹道联合超声碎石,比较两组间手术时间、术中失血量、残石率等指标.结果:经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术组较钬激光碎石术组手术时间明显缩短,术中失血量明显减少,残石率明显降低,两组指标比较有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗特殊类型肾结石安全、高效,并可同时处理合并症,值得临床推广.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石术25例临床分析

通过临床病例的总结分析,研究腹腔镜联合胆道镜行保胆取石术对胆囊结石的疗效。收集2008年3月—2018年3月山东大学齐鲁医院行保胆取石术治疗的胆囊结石患者25例,统计排气时间、拔管时间及住院天数等,术后均复查超声及电话追踪患者复发情况。手术成功24例,仅1例出现并发症。24例中结石复发5例,复发率为20.8%。与常规胆囊切除术相比,保胆取石术可能增加术后胆囊结石复发率,术前评估需严格遵循适应证及禁忌证,总体而言是一种可行的、安全的治疗胆囊结石的微创手术方式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.