感染性心内膜炎急诊外科治疗

目的　报告一组感染性心内膜炎病人行急诊外科治疗的经验。方法　 36例病人中 ,34例次 (94% )有赘生物 ,19例次 (5 2 % )瓣膜穿孔 ,2 9例次 (81% )严重瓣膜关闭不全 ,均在体外循环下行紧急外科手术 ,切除和清除感染瓣膜、组织、赘生物。用 0 2 %呋喃西林、先锋霉素溶液反复冲洗 ;置入机械瓣 ,矫治心内畸形。结果　 33例恢复出院 ,包括 2例术前因进行性充血性心力衰竭、休克 ,心跳骤停 ,在心肺复苏、呼吸机辅助下行急诊瓣膜置换手术者。 3例术后死亡 ,病死率为 8 3%。 1例死于心力衰竭及多器官功能衰竭伴III度房室传导阻滞 ,2例死于严重低心输出量综合征及急性肾功能衰竭。 36例术后病理证实为感染性心内膜炎。结论　感染性心内膜炎出现进行性充血性心力衰竭和感染不能控制时 ,赘生物需接受紧急外科手术治疗 ;紧急手术不会使感染灶扩散 ;置换瓣膜时可选用人工机械瓣膜     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎（IE）的外科手术治疗效果及围术期处理原则。方法回顾性分析2001年3月～2010年10月接受感染性心内膜炎手术治疗患者15例的临床资料。术前经超声心电图检查证实心内赘生物形成者15例。所有患者均经外科手术清除感染病灶及赘生物,并纠治瓣膜病变和心脏畸形,术前术后应用大剂量敏感抗生素。结果术后早期死亡1例（6.7%）,术后随访时间3～48月,随访14例（93.3%）,均无心内膜炎复发,心功能恢复I级12例,Ⅱ级2例。结论外科手术治疗感染性心内膜炎是一种有效的治疗方法。正确掌握手术时机,彻底清除感染病灶,恢复瓣膜功能以及围手术期应用有效抗生素是提高感染性心内膜炎治愈率的生要措施。     

感染性心内膜炎104例的临床分析

摘要：目的探索感染性心内膜炎的临床特点及治疗结果,以提高其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年12月北京阜外心血管病医院104例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料,其中男64例、女40例,平均年龄40．8岁,血培养阳性47例（45．2％）。超声心动图检查提示：90例（86．5％）心脏瓣膜或流出道有赘生物,赘生物位于主动脉瓣36例,二尖瓣32例,三尖瓣11例,右心室流出道3例,多个瓣膜6例。据血培养结果行药物或外科手术治疗,术前及术后应用敏感抗生素治疗。结果全组33例行内科药物治疗,病死率为33．3％（11／33）;72例行外科手术清除赘生物及进行心脏基础病变治疗,病死率为4．1％（3／72）。死亡原因1例为低心排血量,1例感染,1例脑梗塞。赘生物培养均为阴性。体外循环时间（117．5±63.3）min,主动脉阻断时间（82．7±44．8）min。总的中位住院时间30．9d,术后住院时间13（6～41）d。术后有3例感染再发,2例因为瓣周漏引起感染再发,1例行瓣膜成形术后感染再发。结论基础心脏病仍是感染性心内膜炎常见病因。早期、有效、规律的抗生素治疗仍是治疗基础,及时的外科治疗可降低病死率。     

三尖瓣感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的分析三尖瓣感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析接受心血管外科手术治疗的右心感染性心内膜炎病人51例的临床资料,所有病人在体外循环下行赘生物清除、合并心脏畸形矫治及三尖瓣手术,术后抗生素使用2～4周。结果术后1例病人二次开胸止血,1例病人术后1年出现二尖瓣赘生物,1例病人术后3个月间断发热持续4年再次出现三尖瓣赘生物行二次手术,1例病人术后蛛网膜下腔出血、急性肾损害、败血症转院,50例病人治愈出院,随访6个月～13年,病人心力衰竭症状明显改善,2例复发。结论通过外科手术可有效治疗由先天性心脏病、瓣膜病或做过心脏手术引起的三尖瓣感染性心内膜炎,并得到满意效果。     

静脉注射吸毒者感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 探讨静脉注射毒品所致感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验.方法 17例患者静脉注射毒品史2～10年,均有心脏瓣膜赘生物;其中三尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全16例,二尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全合并室间隔缺损1例,术前血培养阳性8例.三尖瓣置换术8例,三尖瓣成形术8例,二尖瓣置换同期室间隔缺损修补术1例.术后平均随访(44.7 ±19.1)月.结果 全部患者治愈出院,心功能明显改善,随访期间抗凝不当致大咯血1例,三尖瓣重度返流1例.结论 外科手术修复受累瓣膜或置换瓣膜是治疗静脉吸毒性感染性心内膜炎的有效手段.     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的评价外科手术治疗感染性心内膜炎的经验和效果。方法回顾性分析15例感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗方法。先天性心脏病5例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病9例,右心室异物1例。术前超声检查赘生物形成14例,血培养阳性4例。全组病例中行心脏缺损矫正修补5例,主动脉瓣置换术5例,二尖瓣置换术4例。结果全组病例均无术中死亡,1例术后因严重低心排综合征早期死亡,14例治愈出院,随访6个月～4a,预后良好,无复发及死亡病例。结论手术治疗感染性心内膜炎是一种有效的治疗措施,它降低了感染性心内膜炎的病死率。正确掌握手术时机,彻底清除感染病灶,恢复瓣膜功能以及围手术期应用有效抗生素是提高感染性心内膜炎治愈率的关键。     

儿童感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的：总结儿童感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验，以期掌握好手术时机及指征，提高手术成功率。方法：28例儿童心内膜炎病人，7例因急性心力衰竭、栓塞或严重败血症急诊手术；21例经抗生素治疗体温正常后择期手术。彻底清除赘生物后，同时行主动脉瓣瓣膜置换5例，主动脉根部拓宽、主动脉瓣瓣膜置换2例，室间隔缺损（室缺）修补5例，室缺修补、右室流出道疏通2例，室缺和佛氏窦瘤修补2例，室缺修补、主动脉瓣瓣膜置换2例，动脉导管缝扎3例，动脉导管缝扎、主动脉瓣瓣膜置换1例，二尖瓣瓣膜置换3例，二尖瓣瓣膜置换、左冠前降支取栓并搭桥1例，法洛四联症矫正、Rastelli手术和1例。同期行三尖瓣成形6例、肺动脉瓣成形7例。结果：手术死亡1例（3．6％），死亡原因为术后霉菌性感染不能控制、多器官功能衰竭。术后平均随访2．6年，心内膜炎复发2例，无远期死亡。结论：儿童感染性心内膜炎手术治疗的远期效果满意，其手术时机及指征的掌握对治疗效果至关重要。     

复杂性感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的评价瓣周脓肿、心肌脓肿以及瓣膜严重毁损等复杂性感染性心内膜炎手术治疗的近、远期疗效.方法回顾性分析1988年12月至2002年6月手术治疗的复杂性心内膜炎患者57例临床资料,均为原发性心内膜炎,其中感染侵犯主动脉瓣25例、二尖瓣16例、二尖瓣和主动脉瓣16例.术中发现瓣叶严重毁损32例、主动脉瓣周脓肿19例、主动脉根部环形脓肿导致左心室-主动脉连接破坏4例、二尖瓣后瓣环脓肿11例、心肌脓肿6例、瓣膜赘生物形成55例.脓肿清除后遗留残腔采用间断褥式缝合6例、自体心包片修补19例、牛心包片修补6例、聚四氟乙烯膨体补片修补4例;施行以带瓣管道作升主动脉根部替换和左、右冠状动脉移植术4例,主动脉瓣替换术21例,二尖瓣替换术16例,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣替换术16例.结果早期死亡6例(11%),死亡主要原因为低心输出量综合征、人造心脏瓣膜性心内膜炎和多脏器功能衰竭.随访4个月至14年,平均(5.93±0.20)年.晚期死亡5例,晚期主要并发症为人造瓣膜性心内膜炎.术后1年心功能恢复NYHA分组Ⅰ～Ⅱ级占96%(44/46);5年再手术免除率为(84±3)%,5年实际生存率为(61±9)%.结论复杂性心内膜炎局部组织破坏较多,应限期手术或急症手术,清创后残腔的处理是影响手术本身能否成功以及术后近、远期效果的关键.     

静脉注射毒品致感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的总结静脉注射毒品所致感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验。方法15例静脉注射毒品患者，均有心脏瓣膜赘生物，其中三尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全14例，二尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全合并室间隔缺损1例，术前血培养阳性8例。行三尖瓣置换术6例，三尖瓣成形术8例，二尖瓣置换同期行室间隔缺损修补术1例。结果均手术治愈，心功能明显改善，2例有轻度三尖瓣关闭不全。术后均获随访，平均时间（46．8±22．3）月。随访期间抗凝不当致大咯血1例，予维生素K1治疗后痊愈，三尖瓣重度关闭不全1例，予强心利尿等内科处理维持。结论外科手术修复受累瓣膜或置换瓣膜是治疗静脉注射毒品致感染性心内膜炎的有效手段。     

85例感染性心内膜炎的临床诊断与外科治疗

【摘要】 目的 总结感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床诊断、外科手术和围手术期处理的经验。方法 回顾性分析2004年9月至2012年12月在我院接受手术治疗的85例IE患者的临床资料。其中男52例,女33例,年龄15~71岁,平均年龄35±16.2岁。85例患者中,12例患者接受了急诊手术治疗;71例患者术前进行了血培养检查,其中阳性18例(阳性率25.4%);超声心动图检查发现赘生物患者73例。所有患者均经外科手术清除感染病灶,纠治瓣膜病变及心脏畸形。结果 全组无手术死亡,均痊愈出院。随防72例,随防时间2~95月,平均53.3±26月,1例因自行停服抗凝药导致机械瓣栓塞死于出院后半年。其余71例术后感染性心内膜炎均未复发。术后心功能恢复至I级61例,心功能恢复至II级24例。结论 早期诊断、适时手术,彻底清除感染病灶,和正确使用抗生素是治疗感染心内膜的重要措施。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.