囊性肾癌的超声诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨超声在囊性肾癌诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实为囊性肾癌的27例患者29个病灶的声像图特点.结果 囊性肾癌的超声表现:14例15个病灶囊壁和/或分隔不规则增厚,其中1例增厚的囊壁和分隔伴弥漫性粗细不均钙化.2例囊壁薄而规整,超声误诊为肾囊肿.1例囊壁及多数分隔较规整,超声误诊为多房性肾囊肿.10例11个病灶伴壁结节和/或附隔结节中仅1例壁结节内见多发小囊变区.14例囊腔透声差,呈细密点状弱回声及不均质片状高回声.彩色多普勒显示大多数增厚的囊壁、分隔和实性部分可探及动脉血流信号.结论 超声有助于囊性肾癌的诊断与鉴别诊断,可为临床早期治疗提供重要的参考依据.     

囊性肾癌的CT 诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 旨在提高囊性肾癌的术前正确诊断率。方法 复习经手术病理证实的囊性肾癌１０例及ＣＴ误诊囊性肾癌的出血性肾囊肿３例。结果 典型囊必 癌诊断铉高（９０％）。滞圾房间隔不规则增厚及囊壁经节,伴实性成分增强后有强化。囊肿内及囊肿周围肾实质内出现异常软组织影或密度变低为肿瘤另一征象。复杂肾囊肿术前不能完全与囊性肾癌区别,多种影像方法有助区别。结论ＣＴ在囊性肾癌的诊断及鉴别诊断中是有价值的常用检查方法;鉴     

囊性肾癌的CT诊断

目的探讨囊性肾癌的CT表现,提高囊性肾癌的诊断准确性。方法全部病例均经CT平扫及动脉期、实质期、肾盂期三期增强扫描,部分病人做MPR冠、矢状位后重建处理。结果9例囊性肾癌,4例冠状位或矢状位后重建图像显示为非规则圆形囊性肿块,囊壁弥漫弧形钙化2例,囊内平均CT值15~20HU,本组最高达35HU,高于单纯囊肿。典型征象包括,囊壁局限不连续,中断,向局部肾实质浸润。囊壁局限模糊,显示不清。囊壁局限增厚,突出壁结节,中等强化。结论多层螺旋CT平扫与增强扫描,及冠、矢状位后重建处理,能充分显示囊性肾癌的征像,提高诊断准确率。     

多房囊性肾癌的超声表现及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨多房囊性肾癌的超声表现特点,以提高对此病的诊断及鉴别诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析14例经手术病理证实的多房囊性肾癌超声声像图表现以及CT和(或)MR动态增强扫描特点.结果 14例多房囊性肾癌中,囊壁增厚或厚薄不均匀12例,囊壁菲薄均匀2例;其中伴壁结节和(或)隔结节10例,分隔厚薄不均匀9例、纤细均匀5例,分隔呈"车辐轮"状5例;3例病灶内可见囊壁和(或)分隔钙化.彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)和(或)能量多普勒血流显像(PDI)在瘤体内检测到星点状或短条状血流信号11例,CT和(或)MRI增强扫描有不同程度增强12例.结论 多房囊性肾癌多表现为多房囊性肿物,边界清楚,囊壁可有局部增厚,分隔粗细不均匀,附壁及分隔结节直径均小于6.0 mm.CDFI和PDI能提高多房囊性肾癌的诊断率.     

多房囊性肾细胞癌动态增强CT表现

目的：分析多房囊性肾细胞癌影像学表现，以提高其诊断准确性。材料和方法：经手术病理证实的多房囊性肾细胞癌13例，术前经螺旋CT或多排螺旋CT平扫、皮髓交界期和实质期增强扫描，注射流率采用3ml／s。由3位高年资医师分别评估囊内成分、囊壁、囊内分隔、结节、囊内实质成分和钙化。仔细分析CT扫描结果并和手术病理作回顾性对照。结果：所有肿瘤中心位于肾皮质，呈圆形或椭圆形，囊壁菲薄，边缘光整，囊内液性成分密度多略高于水，少数与肾脏密度相仿。肿瘤直径2．5～11．Ocm，平均4．3cm；9例肿瘤实质成分小于10％，4例实质成分在10％～25％之间。肿瘤间隔菲薄型4例，间隔增厚型6例．间隔结节型3例，间隔边缘毛糙，结节直径小于5mm。动态增强所有肿瘤中菲薄间隔多呈中度进行性延迟强化，结节表现为快进快出型强化（皮髓交界期强化程度与肾皮质相仿），增厚的间隔则分别显示上述两种形式强化。结论：根据肿瘤间隔情况，多房囊性肾细胞癌可分别表现为间隔菲薄型、间隔增厚型和间隔结节型。肿瘤边缘光整，囊壁薄而规则，囊内液体密度略高于水．间隔毛糙，间隔和结节多有中等程度以上强化。多数肿瘤术前可以确诊，但间隔过少、过薄、强化不显著者可能被误诊为多房囊性肾瘤或肾囊肿。     

肾实质内占位性病变的CT增强扫描分析

目的:探讨肾实质内占位性病变的CT增强扫描分析。方法:回顾性分析2005年7月-2020年1月在我院治疗的60例肾实质内占位性病变患者的临床资料,肾癌23例作为观察组,肾囊肿37例作为对照组,均采用常规CT扫描和CT增强扫描,对比两组的常规CT表现、增强扫描指标、各指标阳性率。结果:两组在边界(清晰、不清晰)、形态(规则、不规则)、密度(均匀、不均匀)的比较中,观察组边界不清晰、形态不规则、密度不均匀的几率明显高于对照组,囊壁厚度明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组皮质期、实质期、肾盂期的CT值明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组囊壁增厚、囊壁结节、囊内分隔的阳性率明显高于对照组,而肾实质内部分与肾椎体形态一致性阳性率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:肾实质内占位性病变的CT增强扫描能有效鉴别肾癌和肾囊肿,为临床的诊断提供可靠依据。     

囊性肾癌的超声回顾分析

目的：总结囊性肾癌的超声特点，提高对其认识和诊断准确率。方法：我院手术病理证实的7例囊性肾癌．对其超声特点、结合手术病理及临床特点进行回顾。结果：7例囊性肾癌中，4例(4/7)超声正确诊断为肾囊性疑恶性占位性病变，1例误诊为肾结石并重度积液，2例误为肾囊肿并感染。本组声像图特点：囊壁不规则增厚，囊内见分隔，部分囊内见实性回声．囊内均见点状回声，部分囊内强光斑病理证实为钙化。结论：熟悉囊性肾癌的超声特点，结合肿块的生长速度、临床症状及其它影像学资料．可减少该病的误漏诊，对患的治疗和预后有重要意义。     

CT影像学研究对囊性肾癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨CT对囊性肾癌的诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的囊性肾癌的CT表现。结果:单房型6例,多房型9例;有壁结节10例,无壁结节5例,囊壁及分隔不均12例,囊壁光滑3例,钙化4例;位于肾轮廓内4例,突出肾轮廓外11例;所有病例平扫CT为低密度、稍低密度或混杂密度,增强CT扫描囊壁、分隔及壁结节均有不同程度强化。结论:囊性肾癌具有一定特征性的CT表现,CT对囊性肾癌的诊断具有重要价值。     

囊性肾癌的超声造影与增强CT对照研究

目的 探讨超声造影对囊性肾癌的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析26例肾脏囊性病灶的能量多普勒超声、超声造影及增强CT表现.病理及随访结果 示26例病灶中,囊性肾癌1 5例.肾囊肿11例.囊性肾癌的影像学诊断标准为:能量多普勒超声声像图上,病灶的囊壁囊隔或结节处显示彩色血流信号;超声造影声像图上,囊壁囊隔或结节处有造影剂灌注;CT增强扫描时,囊壁囊隔或结节处的CT值与CT平扫相比上升15 HU以上.将各影像学诊断结果 与病理及随访结果 对照,统计比较其对囊性肾癌的诊断能力.结果 能量多普勒超声、增强CT、超声造影对肾脏囊性病灶的血供显示率为46.2%、55.6%、73.1%,其中超声造影对病灶血流的显示最为敏感.能量多普勒超声对囊性肾癌诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为46.7%(7/15)、54.5%(6/11)和50.0%(13/26);增强CT分别为66.7%(8/1 2)、66.7%(4/6)和66.7%(12/18);超声造影检查为100%(15/15)、63.6%(7/11)和84.6%(22/26).结论 超声造影能敏感有效地反映肾脏囊性病灶的血供情况,已经成为诊断囊性肾癌的一种重要方法 ,也可以作为肾脏复杂囊性病灶的随访复查手段以避免CT检查的电离辐射.     

胰腺囊腺癌的CT诊断价值

目的:提高对胰腺囊腺癌CT表现的认识,评价CT征象的诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析6例经临床或手术病理证实的胰腺囊腺癌的CT表现。结果:CT平扫6例均呈囊性低密度肿物,病变位于胰头部1例,胰体、尾部5例,6例囊内均见线状分隔或壁结节,5例囊内可见实质性肿块;4例囊性肿块较大,直径均大于8厘米。增强扫描囊壁及壁结节、囊内分隔、囊内实性组织均不同程度强化,2例伴肝内转移灶。结论:CT检查能较全面显示胰腺囊腺癌的特征性征象,并作出较为准确的判断。     

Ruptured renal angiomyolipoma presenting as renal colic

The case of a patient with acute onset of flank pain and hematuria is presented. Initial therapy was directed toward relief of pain believed to be caused by renal colic. It was not until the patient developed atypical features that the true diagnosis, ruptured renal angiomyolipoma, was discovered. The case and discussion emphasize the need to carefully consider a complete differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with flank pain and hematuria who have atypical clinical features or an atypical course.     

Functional renal imaging: nonvascular renal disease

Functional renal imaging—a fast-growing field of MR-imaging—applies different sequence types to gather information about the kidneys other than morphology and angiography. This update article presents the current status of different functional imaging approaches and presents current and potential clinical applications. Apart from conventional in-phase and opposed-phase imaging, which already yields information about the tiusse composition, BOLD (blood-oxygenation level dependent) sequences, DWI (diffusion-weighted imaging) sequences, perfusion measurements, and dedicated contrast agents are used.     

Cortical renal leiomyoma with extension to renal pelvis

We describe a case of renal leiomyoma in a 21-year-old woman who presented with flank pain and hematuria. Urographic and computed tomographic (CT) studies revealed a large right renal mass with polypoid outgrowth protruding into the renal pelvis. Cortical renal leiomyoma with this radiographic manifestation is extremely rare.     

Epidemiology of renal recovery after acute renal failure

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recovery of renal function after acute renal failure is an important clinical determinant of patient morbidity. Herein, the epidemiology of renal recovery after acute renal failure will be described, along with potential predictive factors and interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: Renal recovery has been variably defined, most often as recovery to independence from renal replacement therapy. A recent consensus definition for acute renal failure has been published and included provisions for defining renal recovery. Renal recovery to renal replacement therapy independence occurs in the majority by hospital discharge and peaks by 90 days. All of older age, female sex, co-morbid illnesses, especially chronic kidney disease, and late initiation of renal replacement therapy or conventional intermittent renal replacement therapy have been coupled with non-recovery. Analysis of the literature suggests several interventions may influence recovery. SUMMARY: The prognosis is generally good for recovery after acute renal failure. Most patients will be independent of renal replacement therapy by 90 days. Additional research is necessary, however, to understand recovery rates not only to independence from renal replacement therapy, but also to complete and partial recovery. Future studies need to consider the health economic implications for survival and non-recovery. Finally, questions on the role of various interventions require characterization in randomized controlled trials to determine how they may influence renal prognosis.     

Cardiac enzymes, renal failure and renal transplantation

Diagnostic accuracy of the currently available serum markers of cardiac injury, such as myoglobin, creatine kinase and its myocardial isoform, are altered in patients with renal failure. It is shown that cardiac troponins have decreased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Data regarding serum levels of these cardiac biomarkers, especially those of the cardiac troponins, in patients with a transplanted kidney are limited. Current data show that levels of cardiac troponin I are unaltered in patients who have undergone renal transplantation, while levels of cardiac troponin T may be elevated.We believe that cardiac troponin I should be the biomarker of choice for diagnosis of myocardial injury in these patients. However, further trials are required for conclusive results.     

Biomarkers of acute renal injury and renal failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a frequent problem in the intensive care unit and is associated with a high mortality. Early recognition could help clinical management, but current indices lack sufficient predictive value for ARF. Therefore, there might be a need for biomarkers in detecting renal tubular injury and/or dysfunction at an early stage before a decline in glomerular filtration rate is noted by an increased serum creatinine. A MEDLINE/PubMed search was performed, including all articles about biomarkers for ARF. All publication types, human and animal studies, or subsets were searched in English language. An extraction of relevant articles was made for the purpose of this narrative review. These biomarkers include tubular enzymes (alpha- and pi-glutathione S-transferase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, Ala-(Leu-Gly)-aminopeptidase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase), low-molecular weight urinary proteins (alpha1- and beta2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, adenosine deaminase-binding protein, and cystatin C), Na+/H+ exchanger, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cysteine-rich protein 61, kidney injury molecule 1, urinary interleukins/adhesion molecules, and markers of glomerular filtration such as proatrial natriuretic peptide (1-98) and cystatin C. These biomarkers, detected in urine or serum shortly after tubular injury, have been suggested to contribute to prediction of ARF and need for renal replacement therapy. However, excretion of these biomarkers may also increase after reversible and mild dysfunction and may not necessarily be associated with persistent or irreversible damage. Large prospective studies in human are needed to demonstrate an improved outcome of biomarker-driven management of the patient at risk for ARF.     

急性肾功能损伤与衰竭生物标志物

急性肾功能损伤（ARI）与急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）是加强医疗病房（ICU）的常见疾病．ICU中80％的ARF由急性肾小管损伤所致，而非肾小球或间质性病变引起。其死亡率较高，寻找敏感性和特异性较好的ARI或ARF生物标志物，对早期诊断、治疗和改善预后有着重要意义。本文介绍和评估了ARI或 ARF生物标志物的研究现状。并展望了其未来的前景。[第一段]