彩色多普勒血流显像对缺血性心脏病瓣膜返流机制的探讨

本文利用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）技术分析了108例缺血性心脏病瓣膜返流（MR、AR）的特点。结果表明：缺血性心脏病二尖瓣返流束位置与梗塞区或受累室壁高度相关。四腔心切面显示前外测室壁运动异常的MR返流来多位于左房内侧壁，下壁及后间壁室壁运动异常的MR返流束多位于左房外侧壁。因此缺血性心脏患者MR的主要原因是与左室壁运动异常及二尖瓣环大小有关，“乳头肌功能不全”不代表其解剖意义。AR的主要原因为主动脉瓣的机械磨损、钙化及纤维化。高血压及糖尿病可使本病提前发生。     

乳头肌功能在缺血性二尖瓣反流机制中作用的研究

目的探讨乳头肌功能在缺血性二尖瓣反流机制中的作用。方法使用超声心动图检测下壁心肌梗死患者41例,按球形度分为两组,第一组球形度基本正常,第二组球形度增大。评价二尖瓣反流程度及左室、二尖瓣装置重构情况及与乳头肌收缩功能的关系。结果第二组较第一组左室和二尖瓣装置重构的程度更大,后乳头肌面积变化率和全组患者的反流程度不相关但却和第二组相关,存在乳头肌功能越好,反流越重的趋势,但多元逐步回归分析结果表明后乳头肌面积变化率不是反流的主要决定因素。结论乳头肌功能障碍并非缺血性二尖瓣反流是主要原因,在某些情况其反而可能会减轻反流。     

超声心动图定量评价慢性缺血性二尖瓣反流发生机制的临床应用价值

目的应用超声心动图评价慢性缺血性二尖瓣反流（IMR）的发生机制。 方法超声检测87例IMR患者与80例正常人二尖瓣有效反流口面积（EROA）、左室整体重构参数（容积、收缩功能和球形度）、局部重构参数（乳头肌牵张长度、局部室壁运动积分）及二尖瓣形态参数（二尖瓣隆起面积、关闭点心尖位移和瓣环收缩功能）。 结果IMR组各参数与对照组差异显著。增加的乳头肌牵张长度、二尖瓣隆起面积和关闭点心尖位移是EROA的独立危险因子。 结论左室局部重构使二尖瓣关闭点向心尖方向位移增加是慢性IMR的主要发生机制。     

心肌梗死时二尖瓣返流与乳头肌功能障碍关系的探讨

目的　探讨陈旧性心肌梗死患者乳头肌功能障碍与二尖瓣返流之间的关系。方法　对 116例陈旧性心肌梗死患者及 3 0例正常人 ,用二维超声心动图及实时彩色血流成像技术 ,对比测量及研究左室乳头肌长度及功能。结果　陈旧性心肌梗死 (包括前壁、广泛前壁及下壁梗死或存在乳头肌梗死 )的患者与正常人前、后组乳头肌缩短率 (FS)及后组乳头肌收缩末长度 (Ls)比较有显著差异 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。而与其它部位的陈旧性心肌梗死比较差异不明显 ,且无明显的病理性二尖瓣返流。结论　乳头肌功能障碍是由于乳头肌和 或邻近心肌缺血或梗死所致 ,且是导致二尖瓣返流的重要原因。     

瓣环扩大在功能性二尖瓣返流机制中的作用

目的探讨瓣环扩大在功能性二尖瓣返流机制中的作用。方法应用超声心动图检查房颤组(20例)、返流组(30例)及正常组(20例)的心脏,测量二尖瓣返流比例、左室射血分数(EF)、左室大小、球形度、收缩期瓣环(MA)面积、收缩期后乳头肌与二尖瓣前瓣环的距离(PPMAMA)。结果房颤组左室大小、球形度、EF、PPMAMA和正常组相比没有统计学差异,但收缩期MA面积较正常组明显扩大,并与返流组相似,分别为(5.3±1.1)cm2、(7.4±1.5)cm2、(8.0±2.0)cm2,但房颤组二尖瓣返流量明显小于功能性二尖瓣返流组,分别为(12±7)%和(30±14)%。结论单纯瓣环的扩张似乎并不引起中或重度二尖瓣返流。     

功能性二尖瓣返流的原因及外科处理

<正>功能性二尖瓣返流是由于缺血或非缺血原因引起左室结构和功能改变而造成的二尖瓣返流,多见于扩张型心肌病或心肌梗死后心室重构的患者。功能性二尖瓣返流是心肌梗死后常见的并发症,功能性二尖瓣返流通常由于左室几何形状的改变造成的瓣膜结构的受累。二尖瓣的结构包括:二尖瓣瓣环、瓣叶及交界、腱索、乳头肌及左室室壁。这种二尖瓣结构保证二尖瓣的正常启闭。任何一个结构的改变均会造成二尖瓣的关闭不全。本文就功能性二尖瓣返流的原因、分类及外科处理进行综述。     

乳头肌损伤对缺血性二尖瓣反流束起源位置的影响及其机制的研究

目的探讨不同乳头肌受损后二尖瓣反流束的起源及其相应的机制。方法应用超声对40例前侧壁心肌梗死(前侧壁心梗组)和34例下后壁心肌梗死(下后壁心梗组)患者二尖瓣反流束的起源、反流程度及其相应的左室和二尖瓣装置的重构指标进行检查分析。结果前侧壁心梗组二尖瓣反流主要为前外型(17例)和中央型(23例),下后壁心梗组二尖瓣反流主要为后内型(15例)和中央型(19例),各组中央型的反流程度、左室和二尖瓣重构的大部分指标包括左室舒张及收缩末期容积和左室射血分数、收缩期瓣环面积瓣环面积等均明显异于前外型或后内型。结论前、后乳头肌受损后可使二尖瓣反流出现于相应瓣口的前外和后内部位,当左室明显重构时则影响对侧瓣口而于瓣口中央出现反流。     

超声心动图比较缺血性和非缺血性心肌病中功能性二尖瓣反流的发生机制

目的应用超声心动图比较缺血性心肌病(ICM)和非缺血性扩张型心肌病(non-ICM)功能性二尖瓣反流的发生机制。方法超声检测60例ICM与53例non-ICM二尖瓣反流的有效反流口面积(EROA)、左室整体重构参数(内径、容积、收缩功能和球形度)、局部重构参数(乳头肌牵张长度)及二尖瓣形态参数(二尖瓣隆起面积、关闭点心尖位移和瓣环面积)。结果增大的乳头肌牵张长度、二尖瓣隆起面积和关闭点心尖位移是ICM组EROA的独立危险因子,而增大的左室收缩内径、容积和球形度是non-ICM组EROA的独立危险因子。结论左室局部重构使二尖瓣形态改变是ICM二尖瓣反流的主要发生机制,而左室整体重构是non-ICM二尖瓣反流的主要发生机制。     

心肌梗死部位对缺血性二尖瓣反流影响的研究

目的探讨心肌梗死部位和缺血性二尖瓣反流的关系。方法应用超声心动图检测正常人前壁及下壁心肌梗死患者二尖瓣反流程度及左室、二尖瓣装置重构情况。结果下壁心肌梗死患者反流发生率高,程度重;左室和二尖瓣装置重构方面,下壁心肌梗死患者收缩功能更低,收缩末期容积指数更大;二尖瓣瓣叶闭合面积、瓣环面积、后乳头肌与二尖瓣前瓣环的距离的增加更为明显。多元逐步回归分析结果表明前壁和下壁心肌梗死患者的反流主要决定因素也不同。结论下壁心肌梗死较前壁心肌梗死反流更严重,其原因主要在于左室、二尖瓣装置重构的不同。     

急性心肌梗塞后左室重构的超声心动图分析

用二维超声心动图对50例急性心肌梗塞患者的左室重构分析可见;前壁梗塞时;室间隔变薄、动度减弱,下后壁梗塞时,左室后壁变薄,动度减弱.心梗后左室扩大,室壁膨出,EDV、ESV显著增大(P相似文献   

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.