用改良Hodge试验筛查低产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌

目的 筛查临床分离的对碳青霉烯类表型敏感但携带碳青霉烯酶耐药基因的肠杆菌科细菌,分析改良Hodge试验(MHT)的筛查效果。 方法 用MHT筛查低产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌;M-H琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法（K-B）检测对第三代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类药物的敏感度;EDTA 双纸片协同试验检测金属碳青霉烯酶;PCR检测细菌相关耐药基因。 结果 203株表型第三代头孢菌素耐药的碳青霉烯类敏感肠杆菌科细菌中,24株MHT阳性,EDTA双纸片协同试验均阴性;M-H琼脂稀释法结果对头孢他啶（CAZ）2株敏感,2株中介,其余均耐药;对厄他培南（ETP）、亚胺培南（IPM）和美洛培南（MEM）均敏感;碳青霉烯酶、β内酰胺酶基因特异性PCR扩增,4株扩增出KPC基因,2株扩增出CTX-M基因,13株扩增出TEM基因。 结论 经MHT筛检出临床分离株中存在潜在的产KPC型碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌。阳性结果需用基因检测的方法进一步确认。     

低产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌的筛选及耐药基因检测

目的:了解临床分离碳青霉烯类表型敏感的肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶耐药基因携带情况。方法:VITEK-2系统进行药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测;改良Hodge试验(MHT)筛查低产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌;EDTA双纸片增效法检测金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL);PCR法检测相关耐药基因。结果:115株实验菌有12株MHT阳性;12株阳性菌中,3株EDTA双纸片增效试验阴性,9株阳性,这9株菌除阿米卡星、多粘菌素B敏感外,其他抗菌药物均呈耐药,含I类整合子,且检出IMP-4(blaIMP-4)和IMP-1(blaIMP-1)型的MBL基因,未检出KPC型碳青霉烯酶基因及其他MBL基因。结论:厄他培南对肠杆科细菌产碳青霉烯酶的筛选比亚胺培南、美洛培南敏感;经MHT筛选阳性的,潜在产碳青霉烯酶的肠杆科细菌,应进一步用基因检测法确认。     

应用改良Hodge试验检测肠杆菌科细菌产碳青霉烯酶的研究

目的应用改良Hodge试验(MHT)检测肠杆菌科细菌产碳青霉烯酶的应用价值。方法应用MHT检测对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感性降低的24株肠杆菌科细菌产碳青霉烯酶的情况。同时利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测碳青霉烯酶的基因,包括KPC、NDM、IMP、SIM和VIM,PCR阳性的产物测序结果与Gen Bank数据库进行比对。综合分析MHT和PCR检测碳青霉烯酶的效率。结果对碳青霉烯酶抗菌药物敏感性降低的24株肠杆菌科细菌应用MHT检测碳青霉烯酶的阳性菌株共为13株,而PCR检测出碳青霉烯酶基因的只有5株。且PCR产物测序结果经比对后证实1株为KPC-2和4株为IMP-4。对比分析MHT和PCR的检测结果可知有4株肠杆菌科细菌的MHT和PCR同时检测出碳青霉烯酶;有9株肠杆菌科细菌的MHT为阳性,但PCR没检测出碳青霉烯酶的基因;有1株肠杆菌科细菌MHT为阴性,但PCR检测出碳青霉烯酶的基因。结论 MHT作为筛查碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌的准确性值得继续探讨。     

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌KPC和NDM-1β内酰胺酶耐药基因的研究

目的检测江苏盛泽医院耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌的KPC和NDM-1耐药基因,分析耐碳青霉烯类的耐药机制。方法采用改良Hodge试验、亚胺培南-EDTA纸片协同试验和AmpC酶三维试验检测29株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肠杆菌科细菌产酶情况;用PCR方法检测KPC及NDM-1两种碳青霉烯酶耐药基因。结果29株分离菌中,26株菌改良Hodge试验阳性,7株亚胺培南EDTA纸片协同试验阳性,7株AmpC酶三维试验阳性,16株携带KPC型碳青霉烯酶耐药基因,未扩增出NDM-1碳青霉烯酶耐药基因。结论该院耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肠杆菌科细菌的耐药机制主要是携带KPC型碳青霉烯酶基因。     

改良Hodge试验检测肠杆菌科IMP型碳青霉烯酶的性能评价

目的探讨改良Hodge试验（modified Hodge test,MHT）在检测肠杆菌科细菌IMP型碳青霉烯酶中的应用价值。方法以VITEK2Compact全自动细菌鉴定及药敏系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,筛选2010-2012年非重复临床分离的碳青霉烯类药物敏感性降低的肠杆菌科细菌,以MHT进行产碳青霉烯酶表型确证试验,PCR检测碳青霉烯酶blaKPC、blaIMP;6如VIM、blaoXA-48及blandm-1基因型,阳性结果进行测序并Blast比对确定基因型。以基因测序结果为金标准,分析统计MHT检测肠杆菌科碳青霉烯酶的各项性能指标。结果本实验共收集62株碳青霉烯类药物敏感性降低的肠杆菌科细菌,包括肺炎克雷伯菌42株,阴沟肠杆菌12株,大肠埃希菌5株,产酸克雷伯菌3株;MHT检测阳性51株,占总株数的82．26％,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、产酸克雷伯菌分别占各自菌种的比例为83．33％,75．0％,80．0％,100．0％;经PCR扩增并测序证实27株为产IMP-4型菌株,20株为产IMP-8型菌株,其他15株为碳青霉烯酶阴性菌株;MHT检测肠杆菌科细菌产IMP型碳青霉烯酶的灵敏度为97．87％％,特异性为66．67％,阳性预测值为90．2％,阴性预测值为90．91％,检验效能为90．32％。结论MHT检测肠杆菌科细菌产IMP型碳青霉烯酶具有良好的灵敏度,但特异性偏低,建议进一步使用分子生物学技术检测碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌基因型。     

不同底物在CIM试验检测革兰阴性杆菌碳青霉烯酶中的应用评价

目的评价不同碳青霉烯类抗生素作为指示底物对碳青霉烯类抗生素不活跃检测方法(CIM)结果的影响。方法分别用美罗培南、亚胺培南和厄他培南作为指示药物,对90株肠杆菌科细菌和105株非发酵菌进行CIM试验来检测碳青霉烯酶,并用PCR方法检测碳青霉烯酶基因。结果肠杆菌科细菌中碳青霉烯酶基因阳性菌株用美罗培南检出率为91.0%(71/78),亚胺培南检出率为92.3%(72/78),厄他培南检出率为85.9%(67/78),3种药物检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.95,P=0.377);肠杆菌科细菌中碳青霉烯酶基因阴性菌株CIM试验用美罗培南、亚胺培南和厄他培南检测均阴性。非发酵菌碳青霉烯酶基因阳性菌株用美罗培南检出率为94.0%(63/67),亚胺培南检出率为74.6%(50/67),厄他培南检出率为70.1%(47/67),美罗培南检出率均高于厄他培南和亚胺培南的检出率,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。32株碳青霉烯酶基因阴性鲍曼不动杆菌菌株中有2株美罗培南CIM试验阳性,而亚胺培南和厄他培南检测均阴性。结论应用美罗培南作为反应底物进行CIM试验与基因检测的一致性最高。此方法操作简单,成本低廉,结果易判断,适合在临床实验室开展。     

改良Hodge试验检测肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶的性能评估

目的 评估改良Hodge试验在碳青霉烯类药物敏感性降低的肠杆菌科细菌中检测碳青霉烯酶的效能.方法 收集2004-2008年我国16家教学医院的49株碳青霉烯类药物敏感性降低(亚胺培南、美罗培由或厄他培南的MIC≥2μg/ml)的肠杆菌科细菌;采用对倍琼脂稀释法测定其对亚胺培南、美罗培南和厄他培南的MIC;通过改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶;利用加苯硼酸或苯唑西林的改良Hodge试验区分碳青霉烯酶或AmpCs/ESBLs导致的阳性结果 ;采用PCR检测包括NDM-1型碳青霉烯酶基因在内的多种β内酰胺酶基因,并对PCR阳性产物测序鉴定.结果 49株菌中,36株菌对亚胺培南不敏感(MIC>4μg/ml),31株菌对美罗培由不敏感(MIC>4μg/ml),47株菌对厄他培南不敏感(MIC>2μg/ml).49株临床分离菌中23株菌改良Hodge试验刚性,包括9株弱阳性和14株强阳性.经过对菌株进行β内酰胺酶基因PCR和测序,发现9株Hodge弱阳性菌株中2株携带blaKPC-2,7株不携带碳青霉烯酶基因,但携带blaampC/blaESBL;14株强阳性菌株中4株携带blaKPC-2,8株携带blaIMP-4,2株携带blaIMP-8;26株改良Hodge试验阴性菌株均未携带碳青霉烯酶基因.所有49株菌均未检测到blaNDM-1.以碳青霉烯酶基因检测为标准,则改良Hodge试验对检测碳青霉烯类药物敏感性降低的肠杆菌科菌中碳青霉烯酶的敏感度为100%,特异度为79%,阳性预测值为70%,阴性预测值为100%,准确性为86%.结论 改良Hodge试验具有很好的敏感性,但存在一些假阳性结果 .利用苯硼酸和苯唑西林可有效区分改良Hodge试验的假阳性和真阳性.     

耐碳青霉烯类抗生素产气肠杆菌的KPC-2酶检测与分析

目的 了解分离自临床标本的耐碳青霉烯类抗生素产气肠杆菌的耐药机制.方法 对临床分离到非重复的16株厄他培南耐药,及亚胺培南耐药或敏感性减低的产气肠杆菌采用改良Hodge试验和聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测KPC酶及其KPC酶基因,并采用转移接合试验对KPC酶基因阳性的菌株进行转移接合.结果 对16株产气肠杆菌的改良Hodg...     

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌表型检测及其耐药性研究

目的了解耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)感染状况及其产酶类型。方法采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)法分析肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况。采用厄他培南纸片扩散法初筛产碳青霉烯酶菌株,对初筛阳性菌株分别采用改良Hodge试验、加硼酸或苯唑西林的改良Hodge试验、EDTA亚胺培南复合纸片法进行表型确证。结果肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为2.7%、2.3%。厄他培南纸片扩散法初筛阳性菌株11株,其中改良Hodge确证试验阳性(或弱阳性)菌株3株,包括产金属酶菌株1株,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)或AmpC酶菌株2株。2株改良Hodge确证试验弱阳性菌中未检出碳青霉烯酶基因,但检出AmpC、TEM、CTX-M基因,改良Hodge试验阳性菌中检出blaIMP基因。结论改良Hodge试验、加硼酸或苯唑西林改良Hodge试验及EDTA亚胺培南复合纸片法相结合进行碳青霉烯酶检测,在暂无条件开展基因分型的医院具有很好的应用前景。     

加硼酸或氯唑西林的改良Hodge试验检测肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶的研究

目的 探讨加硼酸或氯唑西林的改良Hodge试验在碳青霉烯酶类药物敏感性降低的细菌中检测碳青霉烯酶的临床应用价值.方法 收集2009年～2010年南京军区总医院对碳青霉烯酶类药物敏感性降低(亚胺培南、美罗培南或厄他培南的MIC≥2 μg/ml)的肠杆菌科细菌65株;采用琼脂倍比稀释法测定其对亚胺培南、美罗培南和厄他培南的MIC;通过改良Hodge试验和加硼酸或氯唑西林的改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶;采用PCR检测多种β-内酰胺酶基因,并对PCR阳性产物测序鉴定.结果 65株临床分离菌中,53株菌对亚胺培南不敏感(MIC＞4 μg/ml),51株菌对美罗培南不敏感(MIC＞4 μg/ml),58株菌对厄他培南不敏感(MIC＞2 μg/ml).65株菌中38株改良Hodge试验阳性,包括7株弱阳性和31强阳性;33株加硼酸或氯唑西林的改良Hodge试验阳性,包括改良Hodge试验弱阳性2株和强阳性31株.经过对菌株进行β-内酰胺酶基因PCR和测序,发现加硼酸或氯唑西林的改良Hodge试验阳性菌株均携带blaKPC-2;32株阴性菌株均未携带碳青霉烯酶酶基因,但其中5株改良Hodge试验弱阳性菌株携带blampC/blaESBL.结论 加硼酸或氯唑西林的改良Hodge试验可快速、有效地区分改良Hodge试验的真、假阳性,是检测肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶的简便可靠方法,适用于临床微生物实验室.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.