速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后左心室收缩同步性的初步临床研究

目的 探讨速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术评估DDD起搏前后左心室心肌收缩同步性的应用价值.方法 13例DDD起搏患者,于手术前后应用VVI在系列心尖长轴及胸骨旁短轴观上显示左室速度向量图.心尖长轴观测量各节段收缩期纵向速度达峰时间(Tvl)和纵向应变达峰时间(Tsl),胸骨旁短轴观测量收缩期径向速度达峰时间(Tvr)和环向应变达峰时间(Tsc),并计算节段达峰时间的标准差(Tvl-SD,Tsl-SD,Tvr-SD,Tsc-SD)及任意两节段间最大达峰时间差值(Tvl-d,Tsl-d,Tvrd,Tsc-d).结果 与术前相比,术后左室收缩不同步指标Tvr-SD,Tsc-SD,Tsl-d,Tvr-d,Tsc-d均显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 DDD起搏后左室心肌在纵向、径向和环向上均存在显著的收缩不同步.VVI技术可准确评价DDD起搏前后左室心肌收缩的同步性.     

速度向量成像评价左束支传导阻滞患者左心室收缩同步性

目的探讨速度向量成像（VVI）技术评估左束支传导阻滞（LBBB）患者左室心肌收缩同步性的临床应用价值。方法LBBB患者15例和健康志愿者30例,常规测量左室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、收缩末期内径（LVDs）、舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、收缩末期容积（LVESV）和射血分数（LVEF）。在系列心尖长轴及胸骨旁短轴观上,VVI成像显示左室速度向量图。心尖长轴观测量各节段收缩期纵向速度达峰时间（Tvl）,胸骨旁短轴观测量收缩期径向速度达峰时间（Tvr）和环向应变达峰时间（Tsc）,计算上述各达峰时间的标准差（Tvl-SD,Tvr-SD,Tsc-SD）及任意两节段间最大达峰时间差值（Tvl-diff,Tvr-diff,Tsc-diff）。结果①与对照组相比,LBBB组LVESV显著增加（P〈0.05）,LVEF显著降低（P〈0.05）,而LVDd、LVDs、LVEDV测值两组间比较差异无统计学意义。②LBBB组各节段Tvl、Tvr、Tsc测值及Tvl-SD、Tvr-SD、Tsc-SD、Tvl-diff、Tvr-diff、Tsc-diff测值均显著高于对照组的相应测值（P〈0.05或0.01）。③LBBB组前间隔心尖段Tvr测值最小,左室侧壁心尖段Tvr测值最大,两者间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论LBBB患者左室心肌在纵向、径向与环向上均存在显著的收缩不同步。VVI技术为评价LBBB患者左室心肌收缩同步性,观察左室心肌收缩序列异常提供了一种新的方法。     

速度向量成像技术评价正常QRS波群心力衰竭患者左心室收缩同步性的初步临床研究

目的 探讨速度向量成像（VVI）技术评估正常QRS波群慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者左室心肌收缩同步性的应用价值。方法 QRS≤120ms CHF患者和健康志愿者各30例，常规测量左室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、收缩末期容积（LVESV）和射血分数（LVEF）。在系列心尖长轴及胸骨旁短轴观上，VVI成像显示所有受试者的左室速度向量图。心尖长轴观测量各节段收缩期纵向速度达峰时间（Tvl）和纵向应变达峰时间（Tsl），胸骨旁短轴观测量收缩期径向速度达峰时间（Tvr）和环向应变达峰时间（Tsc），计算节段达峰时间的标准差（Tvl—SD，Tsl—SD，Tvr-SD，Tsc-SD）及任意两节段间最大达峰时间差值（Tvl—diff，Tsl-diff，Tvr-diff，Tsc—diff）。结果 与对照组相比，CHF组LVDd，LVESV，LVEDV均显著增加（P〈0．05或0．01），LVEF显著降低（P〈0．01）。左室心肌收缩不同步指标Tvl—SD，Tsl—SD，Tvr—SD，Tsc-SD及Tvl—diff，Tsl-diff，Tvr-diff，Tsc-diff均显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论 QRS波群正常的CHF患者左室心肌在纵向、径向与环向上均存在显著的收缩不同步。VVI技术可准确评价CHF患者左室心肌收缩的同步性。     

速度向量成像技术评价完全性右束支传导阻滞患者左心室收缩期不同步CSCD

目的应用速度向量成像(VVI)技术分析完全性右束支传导阻滞(CRBBB)患者左心室收缩期同步性,为临床评价CRBBB患者左心室心肌力学及功能提供可靠依据。方法选择2011年3月至11月四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院收治的CRBBB患者31例,另选取同期性别、年龄匹配的健康志愿者26名作为健康对照组。应用VVI技术获得所有受试者左心室收缩期纵向应变达峰时间(Tsl)、径向应变达峰时间(Tsr)、环向应变达峰时间(Tsc)、旋转角度达峰时间(Tra)。计算左心室18节段心内膜下收缩期纵向、径向、环向应变及旋转角度达峰时间的标准差Tsl-SD、Tsr-SD、Tsc-SD、Tra-SD作为左心室心肌纵向、径向、环向及旋转运动不同步指数。采用独立样本t检验比较健康对照组与CRBBB组Tsl-SD、Tsr-SD、Tsc-SD、Tra-SD差异。结果 CRBBB组左心室壁收缩期不同步指数Tsl-SD、Tsr-SD、Tsc-SD、Tra-SD分别为(27.65±6.78)、(32.63±11.82)、(42.81±9.72)、(37.01±7.73)ms,均高于健康对照组的(26.55±6.99)、(26.63±6.70)、(30.53±8.71)、(27.67±7.11)ms,但仅Tsc-SD、Tra-SD差异有统计学意义(t=4.911、4.980,P=0.000),Tsl-SD、Tsr-SD差异均无统计学意义。结论 CRBBB患者左心室周向及旋转运动不同步;VVI技术可反映左心室收缩期不同方向机械运动同步性。     

斑点追踪成像技术对扩张型心肌病患者左心室长轴二维应变的初步研究

目的 应用超声斑点追踪成像技术探讨扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者左心室长轴各节段心肌二维应变的变化.方法 对16例经临床诊断证实的DCM患者,获取心尖左室长轴连续三个心动周期图像.应用GE EchoPAC软件分析图像,得到各切面的收缩期整体应变峰值及各节段时间-应变曲线,记录纵向、横向应变的收缩期峰值及其达峰时间.对照组为20例健康体检者,获取左室相同切面超声心动图图像及参数.结果 DCM组各切面的收缩期整体应变峰值、各节段纵向应变峰值、多数节段(16/18)横向应变峰值均较对照组明显降低,多数节段(14/18)纵向应变达峰时间提前(P＜0.05);除前壁心尖段和中间段外,DCM组横向应变达峰时间延后,但仅后壁基底段间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);DCM组左室18节段间最大达峰时间差增大(P＜0.05).结论 DCM患者左室长轴各节段收缩期纵向应变峰值及多数节段横向应变峰值均明显低于正常人,18节段间最大达峰时间差增大,提示其左室收缩功能明显受损并出现左室收缩不同步.     

超声斑点追踪技术与多普勒组织速度显像评价心肌梗死患者左心室内不同步性

目的 评价超声斑点追踪技术在定量心肌梗死患者左心室内不同步性的价值.方法 采集30例心肌梗死患者左心室短轴切面(二尖瓣,乳头肌,心尖部)和心尖位四腔切面、二腔切面和左心室长轴的二维灰阶与组织多普勒(TVI)动态图,应用二维应变软件分别测量左心室短轴与左心长轴的各节段的径向与纵向应变收缩期达峰时间;同时用组织多普勒技术测量左心长轴的各节段的组织速度的收缩期达峰时间.如左心长轴每一节段6个壁的收缩期最早与最晚达峰时间的差值>110 ms、左心室短轴每一节段前间隔与后壁的达峰时间差值>130 ms即为左心室内收缩不同步.结果 基底部左心室短轴径向应变达峰时间明显长于组织多普勒纵向收缩期速度达峰时间(P<0.01);心尖部左心室短轴径向应变达峰时间明显长于左心室纵向应变达峰时间(P<0.01).二维应变短轴检出率高于二维应变长轴,两者均高于组织多普勒长轴.结论 超声斑点追踪技术可以较好地评价左心室内不同步性,二维应变短轴可更准确地判断心肌梗死患者心尖段的不同步性.     

速度向量成像技术对冠心病患者颈总动脉弹性和运动同步性的评价

目的 应用速度向量成像技术(VVI)评价颈动脉形态学正常的冠心病患者颈总动脉弹性及运动同步性。 方法 选择颈动脉形态学正常的疑似冠心病患者90例,根据CAG结果分为正常组(30例)、CAG阳性组 。采集右侧颈总动脉短轴二维图像,运用VVI脱机软件分析,测得血管短轴6个壁最大运动速度(Vmax)、最大应变(Smax)、最大应变率(SRmax)及最大位移(Dmax),并测量血管各壁的径向速度(Tvr)、环向应变(Tsc)、环向应变率(Tsrc)、径向位移(Tdr)达峰时间的标准差(Tvr-SD、Tsc-SD、Tsrc-SD、Tdr-SD)及最大差值(Tvr-max、Tsc-max、Tsrc-max、Tdr-max)。 结果 ①多支病变亚组颈总动脉各壁Vmax、Smax、SRmax、Dmax均小于正常组及单支病变亚组(P<0.05);②单支及多支病变亚组Tvr-SD、Tsc-SD、Tsrc-SD、Tdr-SD、Tvr-max、Tsc-max、Tsrc-max及Tdr-max均大于正常组(P<0.05)。 结论 VVI技术是检测颈总动脉弹性和运动同步性的可靠方法,可评价冠心病患者颈总动脉硬化的早期改变。     

速度向量成像技术评价扩张型心肌病患者径向室壁运动

目的 应用速度向量成像技术(velocity vector imaging,VVI)评价扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy,DCM)径向局部心肌收缩功能和同步性.方法 16例DCM患者和20例对照者进行超声心动图检查,脱机分析左室短轴观中6个基底节段和6个中间节段共12个节段的径向收缩期峰值速度(V)、应变(ε)、应变率(SR)、径向速度达峰时间(PTV)、应变达峰时间(PTε),计算12节段的最早与最晚速度达峰时间差值(T-max)及速度达峰时间标准差(T-SD).结果 ①DCM组各节段的V、ε、SR的平均值均显著低于对照组相应节段(P＜0.01);②DCM组的PTV除乳头肌水平前间隔及后间隔外,其余节段均大于对照组(P＜0.05),PTε除前间隔二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平和后间隔二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平外,其余节段均显著延长(P＜0.05);③DCM组的T-max及T-SD显著大于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 VVI能检出DCM患者的左室壁径向运动异常,为评价局部心肌运动提供更多信息.     

超声斑点跟踪成像对扩张型心肌病患者左室短轴二维应变的定量研究

目的 应用超声斑点跟踪成像技术(STI)对扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者左心室短轴各节段心肌的二维应变进行定量研究,探讨其变化情况.方法 对26例经临床证实的DCM患者,获取胸骨旁左室短轴二尖瓣环、乳头肌、心尖平面连续三个心动周期图像(三个平面显示左室18节段).应用GE EchoPAC软件分析各短轴平面的整体应变峰值和各节段的收缩期应变峰值.对照组为30例健康体检者,以相同方式获取图像.结果 对照组各平面间及同一平面内节段间收缩期应变峰值具有一定规律,DCM组失去这种规律.与对照组比较,DCM组左室整体应变峰值、所有节段径向应变峰值及左室18节段中16节段环向应变峰值明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 扩张型心肌病患者左室短轴各节段收缩期径向应变峰值及多数节段环向应变峰值明显低于正常人,提示其左室短轴收缩功能明显受损.     

二维斑点追踪应变成像对冠心病患者左心室同步性的定量研究

目的 探讨二维斑点追踪应变成像技术评价冠心病患者左室同步性的临床价值.方法 42例急性心肌梗死患者、39例冠心病心肌缺血患者和32例对照者接受二维超声检查,用二维应变软件分析心尖长轴观、心尖两腔观和四腔观以及左室短轴观基底水平、乳头肌水平、心尖水平的图像,测量自心电图QRS波起点至左室在心尖长轴观上的收缩期纵向应变达峰时间(Tssl)及胸骨旁短轴观上的收缩期径向和环向应变达峰时间( Tssr,Tssc).计算左室各节段达峰时间标准差(Tssl-SD,Tssr-SD,Tssc-SD)及节段达峰时间最大差值(Tssl-Dif,Tssr-Dif,Tssc-Dif),以左室短轴观乳头肌水平前室间隔和后壁的径向应变的达峰时间之差(TAS-POST)≥130 ms作为左室收缩不同步标准,同时测量18个心肌节段纵向应变峰值与收缩末应变的差值之和作为纵向应变延迟指数(LSDI),LSDI≥25％作为左室不同步标准.结果 急性心肌梗死组同步性参数较对照组增加(P ＜0.001或P＜0.05);心肌缺血组同步性参数较对照组增高(P＜0.05); LSDI与TAS-POST呈正向线性相关(r=0.676,P＜0.05);急性心肌梗死组中,LSDI检测左室不同步敏感性高于TAs-POST(P＜0.05).结论 二维斑点追踪应变成像技术能准确评价左室不同步性,LSDI与TAS-POST可定量评价冠心病患者左室不同步性.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.