缺血性脑卒中患者的疾病感知及相关因素分析

目的研究缺血性脑卒中患者的疾病感知特点。方法选择疾病感知问卷(IPQ-R)中文修订版(CIPQ-R)对首发缺血性脑卒中患者进行疾病感知评价,选择美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)对患者的神经功能进行评估,选择社会支持量表(SSRS)和简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)对患者的社会支持情况和应对方式进行评估,并对患者的疾病感知以及疾病感知与社会支持、应对方式和缺血性脑卒中引起的症状情况进行相关性分析。结果缺血性脑卒中患者CIPQ-R个人控制性因子、治疗控制性因子、情绪陈述因子分数偏高(21.50±2.86,18.62±2.35,17.65±5.55)。Pearson偏相关分析显示疾病急慢性因子与疾病同一性因子、严重后果因子、情绪陈述因子、个人控制性因子和治疗控制性因子显著相关(r=0.322,0.390,0.305,-0.307,-0.410,P<0.05),情绪陈述因子与严重后果因子、个人控制性因子、治疗控制性因子和疾病相关性因子显著相关(r=0.335,-0.283,-0.268,-0.263,P<0.05);缺血性脑卒中患者的疾病感知与卒中的症状、社会支持和应对方式显著相关(r=-0.341,0.261,0.313,P<0.05)。结论缺血性脑卒中患者具有一定的负性疾病感知,加上受疾病症状、社会支持和应对方式等的影响,许多患者会处于不良的心理应激状态,从而可能会对患者疾病的恢复和预后造成较大的影响。     

脑梗死患者疾病感知及影响因素分析

目的研究脑梗死患者的疾病感知特点。方法利用疾病感知问卷修订版(IPQ-R)对60例脑梗死患者进行疾病感知评价,同时结合血清胱抑素C、同型半胱氨酸、超敏C反应蛋白等指标对其进行相关性分析。结果脑梗死患者IPQ-R各因子之间Pearson偏相关分析显示病程(急慢性)因子与疾病一致性因子、个人控制因子、治疗控制因子、后果因子和情绪陈述因子显著相关(r为0.768、-0.605、-0.714、0.731、0.790,P均0.05),情绪陈述因子与个人控制因子、治疗控制因子和后果因子显著相关(r为-0.708、-0.725、0.719,P均0.05)。胱抑素C与病程(急慢性)因子、周期因子、后果因子、情绪陈述因子呈显著正相关(r为0.552、0.393、0.456、0.442,P均0.05),与治疗控制因子、个人控制因子呈负相关(r为-0.285、-0.293,P均0.05);社区综合管理患者在病程(急慢性)、周期因子、后果因子、疾病一致性因子和情绪陈述因子得分明显低于非社区综合管理患者[(2.48±0.47)分,(3.02±0.45)分;(2.78±0.39)分,(3.02±0.26)分;(3.08±0.41)分,(3.32±0.30)分;(3.30±0.55)分,(3.57±0.41)分;(2.42±0.42)分,2.68±0.36)分; P均0.05];在治疗控制因子高于非社区综合管理患者[(3.69±0.29)分,(3.53±0.24)分,P均0.05]。社区综合管理患者检测胱抑素C和同型半胱氨酸明显低于非社区综合管理患者[(0.94±0.15)分,(1.39±0.48)分;(10.40±2.07)分,(17.52±6.89)分,P均0.05)]。结论脑梗死患者存在不同程度的负性疾病感知,血清胱抑素C、同型半胱氨酸和超敏C反应蛋白水平可间接反映其程度。     

痛风合并糖尿病患者的临床指标分析

目的：通过对痛风合并糖尿病患者及痛风不合并糖尿病患者的血尿酸、血脂等指标进行对比分析,探讨痛风合并糖尿病与相关指标的关系。方法收集2010年5月至2013年1月我院门诊或住院确诊的痛风患者共215例,分为痛风血糖正常组（177例,A组）和痛风合并糖尿病组（57例,B组）,分别搜集其临床资料及检测肝肾功能、血脂、血糖水平并进行统计学分析。结果 B组年龄、动脉收缩压及舒张压、血尿酸水平、总胆固醇、极低密度脂蛋白明显高于A组（P＜0.05或0.01）,高密度脂蛋白低于A组[（1.00±0.32）mmol/L vs．（1.13±0.37）mmol/L,P＜0.05];Spearman相关分析发现,血尿酸水平与年龄（r＝0.125,P＜0.05）、体重指数（r＝0.218,P＜0.01）、总胆固醇（r＝0.200,P＜0.01）、极低密度脂蛋白（r＝0.274,P＜0.01）、血糖（ r＝0.162,P＜0.01）呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白呈负相关（ r＝0.186, P＜0.05）;而血糖水平与年龄（ r＝0.155,P＜0.05）、体重指数（ r＝0.160, P＜0.01）、腰臀比（ r＝0.203, P＜0.01）、动脉收缩压及动脉舒张压（r＝0.204,P＜0.01;r＝0.157,P＜0.05）、总胆固醇（r＝0.283,P＜0.01）、甘油三酯（r＝0.234,P＜0.01）、极低密度脂蛋白（r＝0.299,P＜0.01）、载脂蛋白B100（r＝0.170,P＜0.01）、血尿酸（r＝0.162,P＜0.01）、胱抑素C（r＝0.200,P＜0.05）呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白（r＝-0.136,P＜0.05）呈负相关。结论痛风合并糖尿病者较痛风不合并糖尿病者血脂代谢更紊乱,腹型肥胖及血压升高更明显,增龄,肥胖,总胆固醇增高、高极低密度脂蛋白和低高密度脂蛋白血症的痛风患者可能是并发糖尿病的危险因素。     

原发性高血压患者治疗依从性与生活质量

背景：原发性高血压患者治疗依从性直接影响其病情的发展和治疗的效果,但原发性高血压患者治疗依从性与生活质量的关系又是什么呢？目的：探讨原发性高血压患者治疗依从性与生活质量的关系.设计：回顾性调查研究.地点、对象和方法：主要采用治疗依从性问卷、简明健康测量量表对339例住院原发性高血压患者的院外情况进行回顾性调查.主要观察指标：引入生活质量评价技术指标,结合患者的治疗依从性,分析其相关性.结果：服药依从性与生活质量各个因子及总分呈正相关（r=0.15～0.21,P＜0.05）.门诊随访与生活质量各个因子及生活质量总分呈负相关（r=-0.11～-0.13,P＜0.05）.戒烟、戒酒或少饮酒、饮食、运动和控制体质量等5项生活方式依从性及总分与生活质量各个因子呈正相关（r=0.11～0.21,P＜0.05）.患者服药依从性好的占39.80%、门诊随访占63.70%、5项生活方式依从性占34.20%,其中戒烟占86.70%、戒酒或少饮酒占79.10%、饮食占70.80%、运动占68.10%和控制体质量54.00%.结论：原发性高血压患者治疗依从性与生活质量间存在密切相关.     

系统性红斑狼疮患者血清 PAIgG 及其与血小板数量及功能的关系

目的：探讨系统性红斑狼疮（ SLE）患者体内血小板相关抗体（ PAIgG）水平的变化及其与患者血小板功能的关系。方法采用ELISA方法检测46例SLE患者（病例组）及50例健康体检者（对照组）血清血小板抗体PAIgG和血清血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白-140（ GMP-140）水平;采用比浊法测定两组患者血小板活化指标二磷酸腺苷（ADP）诱导的血小板聚集率;采用流式细胞学方法测定血小板激活复合物-1（PAC-1）表达率。分析患者血清PAIgG水平与血小板数量和功能的关系。结果病例组血小板数量较对照组显著下降（ t＝-8.125,P＜0.01）,而 PAIgG 水平, GMP-140水平, PAC-1表达率均显著高于对照组（ t ＝-5.264、-3.244、-2.331, P ＜0.05）。相关性研究表明,病例组患者 PAIgG 水平与血小板数量呈负相关性（ r＝-0.223,P＜0.01）,而与GMP-140浓度及PAC-1表达率水平呈正相关性（ r＝0.532,P＜0.05;r＝0.614, P＜0.05）。结论 SLE患者体内血清抗血小板抗体PAIgG水平显著增加,血小板数量下降。 PAIgG水平的变化可能与血小板活化,聚集力增加有关。     

血脂及血脂蛋白检测与动脉硬化性心脑血管疾病的相关性分析

目的：探讨血脂及血脂蛋白检测与动脉硬化性脑血管疾病发生间的关系及其早期预测价值。方法选取2011年10月~2012年11月1558例体检人群进行人口学资料、心血管疾病危险因素调查,同时检测血脂、脂蛋白、脉搏波传导速度等指标,应用Pearson相关分析血脂、脂蛋白与动脉硬化的关系。结果颈-股动脉脉搏波传导速度与TC、LDL-C、Lpa 呈正相关（r＝0.19,r＝0.17,r＝0.15,P＜0.001）,与 HDL-C 呈负相关（r＝-0.28,P＜0.001）,与 TG 无相关性（r＝0.11,P＞0.05）;颈-桡动脉脉搏波传导速度与Lpa呈正相关（r＝0.24,P＜0.001）,与HDL-C呈负相关（r＝-0.27,P＜0.001）,与TC、LDL-C、TG无相关性（r＝0.01,r＝0.09,r＝0.01,P＞0.05）。结论血脂及脂蛋白与动脉硬化性心脑血管疾病相关,TC是中央大动脉硬化,Lpa、HDL-C是中央大动脉硬化及外周中动脉硬化独立的危险因素。     

分析临床护理管理中职业自我效能感对护士职业怠倦的影响

目的：探讨临床护理管理中职业自我效能感对护士职业怠倦的影响。方法统计分析2012年5月至2014年5月我院各科室100名女性护士的相关资料。结果干预后病房、急诊科护士一般自我效能感得分均明显比干预前高（ P＜0.05）;干预前不同科室护士工作倦怠量表三个维度得分结果表明均属于高度倦怠。干预后病房、急诊科护士工作倦怠量表三个维度得分和干预前比较差异显著（ P＜0.05）;ICU护士工作倦怠量表中的个人成就得分和干预前之间的差异显著（ P＜0.05）;不同科室护士一般自我效能感和工作倦怠量表中的情绪枯竭维度呈显著的负相关关系（ r＝－0.147,P＜0.05）,和个人成就感维度呈显著的正相关关系（ r＝0.489,P＜0.01）。结论临床护理管理中提升护士的职业自我效能感能够显著降低护士职业怠倦。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清瘦素水平的变化及其与 IL-6的关系

目的通过测定慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期患者治疗前、后血清中瘦素水平的变化,及其与炎性因子白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的相关性分析,了解瘦素在COPD病情发展过程中的意义。同时通过分析COPD急性加重期患者血清瘦素与乏氧、二氧化碳潴留、气道阻力的相关性,了解瘦素与COPD加重期患者病情严重程度的关系。方法选择2011年8月至2012年2月因COPD急性加重,于哈尔滨医科大学第一附属医院呼吸内科住院的男性患者60例,年龄（68.4±7.8）岁,并排除肿瘤、结缔组织病、肝肾功能障碍、糖尿病等消耗性疾病,且经过呼吸内科10～15 d治疗后均进入稳定期。采集患者治疗前、后的晨起空腹静脉血,离心后取血清,通过放射免疫法测定瘦素及IL-6的水平,分析瘦素和IL-6在治疗前、后的差异性及二者的相关性。并在患者急性加重期时做动脉血气分析和肺通气功能试验,分别做瘦素与PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2、FEV1、FEV1/FVC的相关性分析。计量资料用均数±标准差的方式表示,差异的比较用独立样本t检验,分析两个变量之间的相关性用线性相关分析法（Pearson法）。结果（1）COPD急性加重期患者治疗前血清瘦素水平[（4.41±1.18）ng/ml]高于治疗后[（2.53±0.70）ng/ml],差异具有显著性（P＜0.001）;（2）COPD急性加重期患者治疗前血清IL-6水平[（516.49±81.47）pg/ml]高于治疗后[（317.79±37.47）pg/ml],差异具有显著性（P＜0.001）;（3）COPD患者急性加重期时血清瘦素与IL-6呈显著正相关（r＝0.598,P＜0.001）,而经治疗进入稳定期后二者无相关性（r＝-0.120,P＞0.05）;（4）COPD患者急性加重期时血清瘦素与血气分析结果的相关性分析：与二氧化碳分压呈显著正相关（r＝0.490,P＜0.001）,与血氧分压呈显著负相关（r＝-0.702,P＜0.001）,与血氧饱和度呈显著负相关（r＝-0.656,P＜0.001）;（5）COPD患者急性加重期时血清瘦素与肺通气功能结果的相关性分析：与FEV1呈显著负相关（r＝-0.620,P＜0.001）,与FEV1/FVC无相关性（r＝-0.210,P＞0.05）。结论 COPD患者急性加重期时血清瘦素和IL-6水平较稳定期时均显著升高,且二者有显著相关性,因此瘦素可能成为COPD加重期时的炎性标记物;瘦素与COPD患者急性加重期时的二氧化碳潴留、乏氧、气道阻力均有密切关系,因此瘦素可能在评估病情严重程度方面有一定意义。     

320排 CT 冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉斑块特征与慢性肾疾病分期的相关性研究

目的：评估320排冠状动脉CT造影（CCTA）动脉硬化斑块的特征与慢性肾疾病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）分期的相关性。方法研究纳入151例因可疑冠心病而接受320排CCTA检查的CKD患者,男69例,女82例,年龄18～55岁。根据美国国立肾脏基金会（National Kidney Foundation）的分期将CKD分为5期。比较不同分期CKD患者的冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块状况[有无斑块、斑块数、钙化斑块（CP）、单支病变、多支病变、非钙化斑块（NCP）、混合斑块（MP）和梗阻性狭窄]。结果 Pearson 回归分析显示无斑块与CKD分期呈负相关（r＝-0.282,P＝0.44＜0.05）;而存在斑块与CKD分期呈正相关（r＝0.282,P＝0.44＜0.05）。多支病变、斑块数以及CP百分率与CKD分期呈正相关（r＝0.916,0.839,0.819,P＜0.001）。NCP 百分率与 CKD 分期无相关性（r＝0.19,P＝0.089＞0.05）。MP 百分率与 CKD分期呈正相关（r＝0.313,P＜0.05）。梗阻性狭窄与CKD分期呈正相关（r＝0.875,P＜0.001）。结论 CKD分期与存在斑块、多支病变和斑块数、CP、MP以及梗阻性狭窄呈正相关。更晚的CKD分期预示着更广泛更严重的冠心病。     

端粒重复序列结合蛋白质1与2在原发性干燥综合征患者外周血单个核细胞中的表达及其临床意义

目的：端粒重复序列结合蛋白质1（telomeric-repeat binding factor-1,TRF1）和端粒重复序列结合蛋白质2（telomeric-repeat binding factor-2,TRF2）基因表达异常在原发性干燥综合征（primary Sjogren＇s,pSS）发病中可能的作用。方法采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR）检测55例pSS患者和41例健康对照者（healthy control,HC）外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs）中TRF1和TRF2转录水平,并与临床指标进行相关性分析。结果（1）PBMCs TRF2转录水平在SS组显著高于HC组（0.0047±0.0107vs.0.0026±0.0049,P＝0.001）,而TRF1转录水平在两组表达差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。（2）Spearman相关性分析发现在SS组中TRF2与白细胞计数（WBC）（r＝0.309,P＜0.05）、中性粒细胞计数（GR）（r＝0.312,P＜0.05）、补体3（C3）（r＝0.470,P＜0.05）、抗核抗体（ANA）（r＝0.339,P＜0.05）呈显著正相关,TRF1转录水平与TRF2（r＝1,P＜0.01）、WBC（r＝0.316,P＜0.05）、GR（r＝0.313,P＜0.05）、ANA（r＝0.421, P＜0.05）呈显著正相关。结论 TRF2转录水平在SS患者的增高提示其可能参与了SS患者端粒酶激活和端粒缩短的调节;TRF2、TRF1表达水平与 WBC、GR、C3、ANA 呈显著正相关,提示 TRF2、TRF1可能参与了SS炎症免疫调节,且与SS的发病机制有关。加强端粒保护蛋白在SS等自身免疫性疾病的研究有利于进一步阐明这类疾病的发病机制。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.