Lokomat机器人训练时长对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能提升效果的临床研究

目的：研究Lokomat智能康复机器人训练治疗时长对不同步行功能水平脑卒中偏瘫患者功能改变的效果，为脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢机器人康复治疗方案的选择提供依据。方法：收集120例脑卒中偏瘫患者，将功能性步行量表（FAC）评价为0、1级的患者纳入低水平步行功能组，FAC评价为2、3级的患者纳入高水平步行功能组，每组60例。每组再按照下肢机器人训练时长分为20min组、30min组和40min组，各20例。所有患者均接受为期4周的常规康复训练+机器人训练，比较各组治疗前后简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）、功能性步行量表（FAC）评分。结果：各组患者治疗前后的FMA、BBS、FAC评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)，在低水平步行功能组中，下肢机器人训练时长为20min的患者FMA、BBS、FAC评分提高较训练30min和40min的患者更明显，而高水平步行功能组训练时长为40min的患者FMA、BBS、FAC结果提高更显著(P<0.05)。结论：Lokomat机器人不同步行训练时长对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能有所影响。当患者步行功能水平较低时，步行时长20min便可获得较好的训练效果，而对于步行功能水平较高的患者，步行时长为40min时康复效果更佳，值得临床推广应用。     

外骨骼下肢康复机器人在脑卒中康复中的应用进展

外骨骼下肢康复机器人根据其辅助步行训练的特点可分为基于平板训练的机器人和平地行走训练机器人。这两类外骨骼下肢康复机器人均在亚急性期和慢性期脑卒中患者康复中得到应用,对脑卒中患者步态、平衡功能的改善,以及下肢运动功能恢复有一定临床意义。     

下肢机器人应用对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能和ADL的影响

目的:观察下肢机器人应用对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能和ADL的影响。方法:将40名步态异常的脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为观察组和对照组各20例,对照组采用常规步态纠正训练,观察组除常规步态纠正训练外还进行下肢机器人训练。训练前后采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能性步行能力量表(FAC)和Barthel指数对患者的平衡功能、步行功能和日常生活能力(ADL)进行疗效判定。结果:治疗后,2组患者BBS、FAC、Barthel指数评分均较治疗前均明显提高(均P0.05),且观察组各项评分高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:下肢机器人的应用对于纠正脑卒中患者偏瘫步态,提高步行能力,改善ADL水平有积极的治疗作用。     

康复机器人辅助步行训练对成年脑性瘫痪患者步行能力的影响

<正>康复机器人目前在康复领域内得到了广泛应用。研究表明,早期应用机器人辅助步行训练(robot-assisted gait training,RAGT)对脑卒中、脊髓损伤和脑外伤患者,有利于其重建正常步态,恢复步行能力~([1—2])。在我们前期研究中,应用RAGT训练对脑性瘫痪(以下简称脑瘫)儿童步行功能也有明显改善作用~([3]),是一种新的改善脑瘫患儿步行能力的训练方法。虽然成年脑瘫患者已经具备一定程度的主动运动能     

外骨骼康复机器人改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的临床研究

目的：观察应用下肢外骨骼康复机器人康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的改善情况。方法：脑卒中偏瘫下肢运动功能障碍患者60例,分为机器人组和对照组各30例。对照组给予脑卒中常规康复治疗,机器人组在常规康复治疗的基础上,应用下肢外骨骼康复机器人进行康复训练。于训练前后通过 Fugl-Meyer运动及平衡功能评分、Holden步行功能分级对患者的下肢康复情况进行评价。结果：训练60d后,2组 Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、Holden步行功能分级均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0．05）,且机器人组提高幅度较对照组更显著（P＜0．05）。结论：应用下肢外骨骼康复机器人可改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢功能,值得在临床上推广应用。     

下肢康复机器人对缺血性脑卒中恢复期患者步行功能的影响

摘要 目的：通过评估研究对象的步态改善情况,观察下肢康复机器人辅助下步行训练对缺血性脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者步行功能的影响。 方法：收集发病3—6个月的缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者60例,随机分为治疗组和对照组(每组30例),治疗组给予常规康复治疗结合下肢康复机器人辅助步行训练,对照组给予减重支持训练结合常规康复治疗,两组患者分别于治疗第1天,治疗4周后采用定时步行试验(timed walking test)、功能性步行能力量表(functional ambulation category scale, FAC)和Borg自觉疲劳评分（Borg rating of perceived exertion, RPE）对患者步行功能进行评估,比较两组患者步行功能的变化情况。 结果：①治疗前功能性步行能力量表、定时步行试验、定时步行试验耗时、Borg评分,治疗组和对照组两组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。②治疗组治疗4周后,功能性步行能力量表、定时步行试验评分均较治疗前提高,定时步行试验耗时、Borg评分均较治疗前降低,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。③治疗组治疗4周后,定时步行试验评分提高与对照组评分提高比较,定时步行试验耗时、Borg评分降低与对照组定时步行试验耗时、Borg评分降低比较,有显著性差异,治疗效果优于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论：①下肢康复机器人辅助步行训练和减重支持训练系统分别配合常规康复治疗均可促进缺血性脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者步行功能的恢复。②下肢康复机器人辅助步行训练结合常规康复治疗比减重支持训练系统结合常规康复治疗能更有效地改善缺血性脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者步行稳定性、步行速度及步行耐力。     

下肢康复机器人对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能与步行能力的效果

目的观察下肢康复机器人辅助步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能及步行能力的影响。方法 2015年1月至2016年10月,60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为对照组(n=30)和实验组(n=30)。两组均接受常规训练,在此基础上,对照组予人工辅助步行训练,实验组予下肢机器人辅助步行训练。训练时间均为每次30 min,每周5次,连续训练8周。训练前后分别采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表下肢部分(FMA-LE)评测下肢运动功能,机器人评估系统评定屈髋肌群肌力(FHF)和伸膝肌群肌力(FKE),6分钟步行距离和10米步行时间评定步行能力。结果训练前,两组间一般资料及各指标无显著性差异(P0.05)。训练后,实验组各指标均提高(t2.274,P0.05);除FKE外,实验组各指标均优于对照组(t2.095,P0.05)。结论下肢康复机器人辅助步行训练能够有效提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能与步行能力。     

步行机器人训练对慢性期脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的 探讨步行机器人训练对慢性期脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。 方法 将40例符合纳入标准的脑卒中患者应用随机数字表法按1∶1比例分为对照组和机器人组,每组20例。研究过程中,机器人组因陪护原因没有完成初始干预而脱落2例,其余患者均完成了初始2周治疗;2组患者中有23例患者完成全部4周的治疗。所有患者均接受常规康复治疗,对照组在此基础上给予治疗师徒手步行训练,机器人组在常规康复治疗的基础上接受步行机器人（Exowalk）训练,每日训练60 min,每周5 d,共4周。分别于治疗前及治疗2周后和治疗4周后,采用功能性步行分级（FAC）、Berg平衡（BBS）、6 min步行测试（6MWT）、10 m步行测试(10MWT)、Rivermead移动指数(RMI)、运动指数(MI)对2组患者的步行能力进行评估。 结果 治疗2周后,2组患者的FAC、BBS、6MWT、10MWT等指标均较组内治疗前有显著改善（P＜0.05）,而组间差异并无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗4周后,机器人组的BBS由（33.92±20.83）分增长到（37.92±18.61）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.025）;2组间对比,各指标差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但机器人组的FAC由（3.69±1.43）分增长到（4.15±1.34）分,呈持续上升趋势,而对照组FAC的在治疗2周后无明显变化。 结论 步行机器人能持续改善慢性期脑卒中偏瘫患者的平衡功能,提高患者步行能力。     

下肢外骨骼机器人在脑卒中患者功能康复中应用进展

<正>脑卒中是成人死亡、致残的主要原因。数据显示，高达90%的脑卒中患者存在不同程度的功能障碍，其中步行障碍最为常见^[1]。通过早期的临床干预和康复治疗，患者运动功能有一定好转，但仍有30%～40%的患者在康复治疗后行走功能受限或丧失行走能力^[2]。步行功能障碍直接影响着患者家庭日常生活和社区参与能力。近些年，不同类型的外骨骼机器人被研发出来，用于脑卒中患者的步行训练。与常规步行训练相比，外骨骼机器人在脑卒中患者功能康复方面具有巨大潜力，     

综合康复治疗对脑卒中急性期运动功能的疗效观察

目的：观察不同步行训练方法对脑卒中患者步行能力的疗效。方法：脑卒中患者60例,随机分为传统步行训练组（CGT组）、减重步行训练组（BWSTT组）和减重步行机器人训练组（GRT组）各20例。3组均行常规康复训练并行相应的步行训练。训练前后分别应用Berg平衡量表（BBS）、10米步行能力测试（10mWT）、足印法步态分析（GAF）、3min步行测试（3minWT）评估患者平衡及步行能力。结果：治疗8周后,3组BBS评分、步速、步长比均较治疗前明显提高,生理消耗指数（PCI）评分均较治疗前明显降低（均P〈0．05）;GRT组和BWSTT组的步速、步长比、PCI评分均明显优于CGT组（均P〈0．05）。治疗期间,GRT组所需的人工总量明显低于BWSTT组和CGT组（均P〈0．05）。结论：减重机器人步行训练能提高脑卒中患者的平衡和步行能力,并且节省人工。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.