两种抗凝方法在ICU重症患者CVVH中应用的效果评价

目的 探讨两种抗凝方法对有高危出血倾向的ICU重症患者在连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)中应用的效果比较及护理要点.方法 选择36例ICU有高危出血倾向的重症患者接受连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗,按抗凝方法不同分为A组22例和B组14例,A组采用局部枸橼酸抗凝,B组采用肝素抗凝,观察2组抗凝效果、出血情况并总结护理措施.结果 A组滤器使用寿命较B组明显延长,因滤器凝血而更换管路的比例明显低于B组,用于CVVH治疗的费用也明显降低.结论 对有出血高风险的重症患者行CVVH治疗时,采用枸橼酸体外抗凝较肝素抗凝更能延长管路使用寿命,减少相关医疗费用,并且保障CVVH治疗顺利实施.     

ICU患者血液净化专用中心静脉导管封管情况的调查

目的 调查ICU患者血液净化专用中心静脉导管的封管情况,并比较不同等级医院之间的差异.方法 2020年9月,采用便利抽样法对23个省份117所医院共228名ICU护士长进行在线调查,调查内容包括医院及ICU的基本信息、ICU患者血液净化专用中心静脉导管的封管现状.结果 共回收222份有效问卷.肝素溶液是ICU患者血液净...     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在ICU的应用和护理

血液净化技术的应用范围从肾功能不全、中毒,扩展到肝功能不全、MODS、急性重症胰腺炎、感染性休克、电解质紊乱的治疗等。但是应用传统的血液净化技术治疗时其难度很大,很多患者不具备应用血液净化的基本条件,且治疗效果不明显。连续性静脉一静脉血液滤过（CVVH）是连续性血液净化的一种,是一种连续24h或接近24h,     

ICU重症血液净化临床应用观察

目的:调查成人综合ICU患者重症血液净化应用情况,为血液净化治疗提供参考。方法:回顾2017-01—2018-12期间我院成人ICU血液净化61例患者的临床资料,分析患者的疾病种类、血液净化模式、抗凝方式,并讨论影响患者预后的相关因素。结果:①61例血液净化患者中,男35例,女26例,平均年龄(55.8±19.5)岁;②血液净化病种前5位分别为急性中毒(13例,21.3%)、急性肾功能衰竭(13例,21.3%)、脓毒症(12例,19.7%)、心功能衰竭(10例,16.4%)、多器官功能障碍综合征(5例,8.2%);③血液净化模式:持续静脉血液滤过及透析(CVVHDF)40例(65.6%)、血液灌流(HP)12例(19.7%)、持续静脉血液滤过(CVVH)5例(8.2%)、组合式3例(4.9%)、血浆置换(PE)1例(1.7%);④抗凝方式:持续普通肝素抗凝28例(45.9%)、无肝素16例(26.2%)、间断普通肝素13例(21.3%)、枸橼酸抗凝4例(6.6%);⑤死亡患者年龄、APACHEⅡ评分、使用血管活性药物、机械通气、院内感染发生率与抢救成功患者比较,均差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:①重症血液净化是ICU危重患者的重要抢救手段,广泛用于跨学科及多病种患者的救治;②患者预后与年龄、使用血管活性药物、机械通气、合并院内感染、APACHEⅡ评分密切相关。     

重症监护治疗病房人工气道气囊管理技术实施现状分析

[目的]调查了解国内ICU实施人工气道气囊管理技术的状况,并与国际报道相关数据进行对比分析。[方法]采用问卷调查法,根据ICU人工气道气囊管理技术自制调查问卷,对国内62家（含二级、三级医院）医院共62个ICU进行调查。[结果]二级、三级医院ICU气囊管理技术实施状况分别为：最小闭合容量技术（MOV）占6.25%、10.87%;最小漏气技术（MLT）占31.25%、6.52%;MLT＋气囊压力表测量（CPM）技术占6.25%、0.00%;CPM占25.00%、34.78%;触摸法占18.75%、0.00%;触摸法＋CPM占0.00%、30.43%。ICU气囊管理频次为6h～8h1次分别占50.00%、39.13%;ICU气囊压力监测时,采取半卧位的科室分别占81.25%、69.57%;气囊充气前每次进行口咽部吸引操作的占31.25%、28.26%。除气管内导管前实施漏气试验的科室占18.75%、8.70%;监测气囊压力的科室占31.25%、23.91%;科室制定气囊管理技术规范的ICU占25.00%、23.91%。[结论]二级、三级医院ICU开展气囊管理技术有差异。建议使用MOV技术进行气囊充气管理,避免CPM方法相关并发症及影响因素。     

连续性血液净化治疗危重症46例临床分析

目的 :回顾性分析连续性血液净化治疗重症急性肾功能衰竭和多脏器功能衰竭的疗效和影响预后的因素。方法 :46例连续性血液净化治疗病例均来自我院加强治疗科 1995年以来接受连续性血液净化治疗的病人。应用连续性动 静脉血液滤过 2例 ,连续性静 静脉血液滤过 8例 ,连续性动 静脉血液透析滤过 2例 ,连续性静 静脉血液透析滤过 2 9例 ,连续性血浆滤过吸附 5例。结果 :46例经连续性血液净化治疗后尿素氮、肌酐和水、电解质、酸碱失衡均得到较好的控制 ,以存活组较满意 ;在治疗过程中 ,血流动力学稳定。 46例中死亡 2 7例 ,存活 19例 ,死亡原因与年龄、疾病严重程度等因素有关。结论 :连续性血液净化能有效地清除溶质和水分 ,且有十分稳定的血流动力学 ,是治疗重症急性肾功能衰竭和多脏器功能衰竭的有效方法     

连续性血液净化患者应用枸橼酸抗凝的护理

局部枸橼酸抗凝（regional citrale anticoagulation，nCA）应用于危重患者连续血液净化（CBP）的安全性及有效性目前已得到临床证实，其应用也有着越来越广泛的前景。我院自2005年3月以来对高危出血患者应用枸橼酸-葡萄糖抗凝溶液A（anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution A，ACD-A）作为抗凝剂，进行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过（continuous veno-venous hemofiltration，CVVH）治疗，     

广东省三级医院ICU现状调查

目的：分析广东省三级医院ICU现状,为提高广东省ICU总体水平提供依据。方法：采用表格问卷调查形式收集分析广东省47间三级医院ICU（院内最大或最主要的一个ICU）的资料。结果：①ICU规模及性质,ICU平均床位数为（15±8）张,ICU床位数占医院总床位数的2%;74%为综合ICU,26%为专科ICU;床位平均使用率为87%。②设备配置,床旁多功能持续心电监护仪平均数与ICU平均床位数比值为1.08∶1,呼吸机平均数与ICU平均床位数比值为0.83∶1,微量泵平均数与ICU平均床位数比值为1.98∶1,输液泵平均数与ICU平均床位数比值为1.01∶1。配备中央监护站、血液净化仪、纤维支气管镜、主动脉内球囊反搏仪、及床边X光机的比例分别为45/47、44/47、42/47、14/47、1/47。③人员配置,ICU医生平均人数与ICU床位数比值为0.85∶1;ICU护士平均人数与ICU床位数比值为2.8∶1。④技术开展情况,所有ICU均能独立开展机械通气技术和深静脉置管术;96%的ICU开展了纤维支气管镜检查,11%开展了持续血液净化,91%开展了有创血压监测,47%开展了漂浮导管技术。⑤实行急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分（APACHE）的ICU占9%（4/47）。结论：广东省ICU规模及性质、设备、人员配置和技术开展情况基本符合中国重症加强治疗病房建设与管理指南要求。但综合ICU比例有待进一步提高,床位数需进一步增加,ICU的一些重要技术尚有待普及,APACHE评分的应用有待推广。     

连续性静- 静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗重症胰腺炎患者的ICU护理

【】目的:探讨连续性静－静脉血液滤过(Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration, CVVH) 治疗重症胰腺炎的ICU护理经验。方法:应用连续性静－静脉血液滤过治疗重症胰腺炎12例。结果:治疗后患者生化指标下降明显, 临床症状明显改善。结论:完善的心理护理, 严格的技术操作规程, 严密的病情观察, 及时的并发症处理等护理措施是顺利进行CVVH 治疗的保障。     

连续性血液净化在重症急性肾功能衰竭的应用8例分析

目的：探讨连续性血液净化（CBP）在重症急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床应用，观察疗效。方法：8例重症ARF患者经颈内静脉或股静脉留置单针双腔导管建立通道，均采取连续性静脉一静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗模式，治疗上除CBP外，主要包括原发病的处理和重要脏器或系统功能的支持或维护。结果：8例患者6例治愈，1例病情稳定后改间歇性血液透析（IHD）治疗，1例死亡。结论：CBP是治疗重症ARF以及合并多器官功能衰竭的有效手段。     

183所三级医院ICU中心静脉导管相关血流感染防控护理实践的调查

目的 了解国内三级医院ICU中心静脉导管相关血流感染防控实践现况,评估护理实践的薄弱环节,为制订相应的干预措施提供依据。 方法 自行设计调查问卷,共3个部分、29个条目。采用便利抽样法,于2021年9月1日—15日对26个省（自治区、直辖市）183所三级医院336名ICU护士进行调查。 结果 共回收336份有效问卷,有效问卷回收率为100%。其中,294名（87.50%）ICU护士填写了中心静脉导管相关血流感染发生率,其发生率为0~20.01‰,中位数为0.77‰。在置管环节,275个（81.85%）ICU有置管核查员,77个（22.92%）ICU使用无菌巾覆盖患者全身,48个（14.29%）ICU使用思乐扣固定导管,52个（15.48%）ICU使用洗必泰醇消毒皮肤,仅23个（6.85%）ICU有消毒范围规范。在导管维护环节,分别有148个（44.05%）、123个（36.61%）ICU使用预冲式导管冲洗液冲管、封管,71个（21.13%）ICU对患者进行洗必泰擦浴,253个（75.30%）ICU有输液接头使用操作规范,162个（48.21%）ICU使用酒精棉片进行输液接头消毒,195个（58.04%）ICU输液接头消毒擦拭的时间≥15 s。不同类型ICU在是否有置管督查表、导管维护集束化措施核查表等方面,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 目前,预防中心静脉导管相关血流感染的制度和流程已趋于完善,但在置管、维护、输液接头使用等环节的防控措施有待进一步细化和同质化,建议进一步加强相关培训,并制订具体措施促进指南的落实。     

山东省三甲医院护士工作敬业度与职业价值观的相关性研究

目的 调查山东省三甲医院护士工作敬业度现状与职业价值观的相关性.方法 对山东省三甲医院的960名护士进行问卷调查,包括护士的一般资料、工作敬业度及职业价值观,分析护士工作敬业度与职业价值观的相关性.结果 山东省三甲医院护士的敬业度总均分为（33.91±11.06）分;护士职业价值观与工作敬业度具有相关关系.结论 山东省三甲医院护士敬业度处于中等水平,护士职业价值观为工作敬业度的主要影响因素,护士所在科室氛围、晋升机会、职称也可影响护士工作敬业度.     

我国17省市儿科ICU调查

目的 分析近10年我国儿科重症监护病房(ICU)状况、存在问题并提出建议。方法 向全国近40所儿科床位100张以上的医院发出调查表。结果 分布于17省市的27所医院回复，内科ICU共44个：儿童重症监护(PICU)18个、新生儿重症监护(NICU)20个、P及NICU6个。ICU平均床位12(6-40)张，每张床位有0．43(0．43-1．25)台呼吸机，0．56(0．2—1．4)台多功能监护仪。床位和医师及护士比分别为1：0．75和1：1．37。51．9％的医院开展转运。2000年共收治病人15805人，病死率4．6％(0．9％—10．4％)，体重轻于1000g和1000-1500g的早产儿存活率分别为42.2％、75．1％，心肺复苏存活率71．4％。结论 我国三级医院儿科ICU正稳步发展，与92年比较，人员、设备有所改善。转运工作未广泛开展，一些ICU床位被非危重病人占据。建议ICU建立分级管理制度，积极开展转运，开展前瞻性危重评分预测死亡，以对ICU治疗效果作出更科学的评估。     

179所三级医院ICU导尿管相关尿路感染防控护理实践的调查

目的 调查26个省（区、市）三级医院ICU导尿管相关尿路感染（catheter-associated urinary tract infection,CAUTI）防控的护理实践现状,查找存在的薄弱环节,以便更好地指导临床护理实践。方法 采用便利抽样法,利用自行设计的CAUTI防控护理实践现况调查问卷,于2021年9月22日—30日对26个省（区、市）179所三级医院ICU护士进行调查。问卷内容包括ICU基本情况、CAUTI防控的相关制度、流程与培训以及重点环节防控情况3个方面。结果 共回收问卷436份,有效问卷368份,有效问卷回收率为84.40%。其中,330名（89.67%）被调查者所在科室常规进行CAUTI数据监测,仅有212名（57.61%）被调查者填写了上一年度CAUTI发生率,发生率中位数为0.86‰。置管环节,218个（59.24%）ICU有置管时的核查表,203个（55.16%）ICU常规使用硅胶导尿管,360个（97.83%）ICU有置管时的消毒操作规范,置管前使用的清洁消毒剂以含有效碘1 000~2 000 mg/L聚维酮碘溶液为主（89.95%）;导管维护环节,245个（66.58%）ICU有导尿管维护期间集束化措施核查表,237个（64.40%）ICU有每日审核留置导尿管必要性的提醒单/系统,258个（70.11%）ICU每周更换1次引流装置,168个（45.65%）ICU常规使用碘制剂进行尿道口清洁,57个（15.49%）ICU置管期间常规进行膀胱冲洗,292个（79.35%）ICU拔管前夹闭导尿管进行膀胱功能训练。不同ICU在最近3年本病区是否有关于CAUTI的持续改进措施和改进项目以及留取少量尿培养标本的方法3个方面比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 目前各ICU在预防CAUTI的制度和流程上已较完善,但导尿管的留置和维护环节的防控措施有待进一步细化和规范,建议进一步加强CAUTI防控的相关培训与考核,切实降低CAUTI的发生率。     

An initial comparison of intensive care in Japan and the United States.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the utilization of, and outcome from, critical care services in selected medical centers providing secondary and tertiary care in the United States and Japan. DESIGN: Prospective data collection on 1,292 patients from each of the participating Japanese study hospitals in 1987 to 1989 and compared with the 5,030 patients in the United States 1982 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) database used to develop the APACHE II equation. Detailed organizational characteristics of the participating ICUs and hospitals were also obtained. SETTING: Data collection took place in the ICUs of 13 U.S. hospitals and six Japanese hospitals. PATIENTS: Data were collected on consecutive, unselected patients from medical, surgical, and mixed medical/surgical critical care units, with a spectrum of medical and surgical diagnoses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: U.S. and Japanese ICUs have a similar array of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Only 2% (range 0.6 to 3.5) of beds in Japanese hospitals were designated to intensive care. The organization of the Japanese and U.S. ICUs varied by hospital. There were significantly fewer women admitted to Japanese ICUs and a substantially lower proportion of low-risk-of-death patients. Despite a rapidly aging population, there were relatively fewer elderly patients with chronic health ailments in the Japanese ICU population (8%) compared with the U.S. cohort (18%). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of hospitals, similar high-technology critical care is available in the United States and Japan. Variations in utilization between the two countries represent differences in case mix and bed availability. The APACHE II equation stratified patients in the Japanese patient cohort across the full spectrum of increasing severity of illness.     

广东省二三级医院护士工作状况及差异分析

目的 调查广东省二、三级综合医院护士工作状况并分析其差异,为不同级别医院护理人力资源管理提供实证支持。方法 采用问卷调查法,于2018年收集广东省36所二、三级综合医院4 163名护士的一般资料、护理工作环境、护理工作受限水平、护士工作疲溃感、工作满意度及留职意愿。结果 护士对护理工作环境总体评分为3.03（2.74,3.61）分,其中对“人力物力充足性”以及“护士参与医院事务程度”维度评分最低,分别为3.00（2.50,3.50）、3.00（2.56,3.56）分;三级医院护士对护理工作环境总体及各维度评分均低于二级医院护士（均P<0.001）。护士报告护理工作受限项目为6.0（1.0,11.0）项,三级医院护士报告护理工作受限的项目数明显高于二级医院护士（P=0.036）。护士工作结局方面,二、三级医院护士的情感耗竭、去人格化的水平均为中度,个人成就感缺失的水平为高度,对工作表示满意的护士占61.42%,有留职意愿护士比例为79.87%;与二级医院相比,三级医院护士工作疲溃感程度较高（情感耗竭、去人格化维度均P<0.001）,对工作满意及有留职意愿护士比例较低（均P<0.05）。 结论 广东省二、三级医院护理工作环境仍有改善空间,护士工作负担较大、工作疲溃感程度较高、对工作满意度较低,其中三级医院问题更为突出。     

河北省二三级医院急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者早期再灌注治疗现状及预后

目的了解河北省二、三级医院急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者早期再灌注治疗现状及预后情况。方法收集河北省二、三级医院经急诊就诊的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者资料,入选发病12 h内的2010例STEMI患者,分析基线资料、治疗现状及预后情况。结果二、三级医院接受早期再灌注治疗比例占总人数的69.1%,其中接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者占53.0%,接受溶栓治疗的患者占16.1%;未行早期再灌注治疗的患者占30.9%。二、三级医院早期再灌注治疗的比例差异无统计学意义(68.8%vs.69.1%,P> 0.05),二级医院以溶栓治疗为主(62.0%vs.9.2%,P <0.001),直接PCI比例较低(6.8%vs.60.0%,P <0.001)。与三级医院比较,二级医院未接受再灌注治疗的原因中存在溶栓禁忌、医院不具备PCI条件比例较高(56.1%vs.10.2%,31.7%vs.2.2%,P均<0.001)。二级医院与三级医院的STEMI患者住院病死率差异无统计学意义(7.6%vs.5.4%,P> 0.05)。二级医院与三级医院三年内随访生存率差异均无统计学意义(94.5%vs.93.1%,90.7%vs.90.6%,87.4%vs.88.5%,P均> 0.05)。二级医院因心源性休克所致死亡比例较三级医院高(5.3%vs.2.5%,P <0.05)。结论河北省二、三级医院急性STEMI患者的再灌注治疗方式仍存在巨大区域差异;与以直接PCI为主的再灌注方式比较,以溶栓为主的再灌注方式具有相同的预后;仍有相当比例的患者未早期接受任何再灌注治疗。     

Standing with assistance of a tilt table in intensive care: a survey of Australian physiotherapy practice

Although tilt tables are used by physiotherapists to reintroduce patients to the vertical position, no quantitative evidence is available regarding their use within intensive care units (ICUs) of Australian hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of tilt tables in physiotherapy management of patients in ICUs across Australia. Ninety-nine physiotherapists working in Australian public ICUs were contacted via mail and asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their use of tilt tables in practice. Reasons for the use of the tilt table, contraindications, commonly used adjuncts, monitoring, and outcome measures were also investigated. Eighty-six questionnaires were returned (87% response). The tilt table was used by 58 physiotherapists (67.4%). The most common reasons for inclusion of tilt table treatment were to: facilitate weight bearing (94.8% of those who tilt); prevent muscle contractures (86%); improve lower limb strength (81%); and increase arousal (70%). The tilt table was most frequently applied to patients with neurological conditions (63.8%) and during long-term ICU stay (43.1%). Techniques often combined with tilt table treatment included upper limb exercises (93.1%) and breathing exercises (86.2%). Standing with assistance of the tilt table is used by the majority of physiotherapists working in Australian ICUs. A moderate level of agreement is demonstrated by physiotherapists regarding indications to commence tilt table treatment and adjunct modalities combined with standing with assistance of the tilt table.     

Descriptive analysis of critical care units in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To gather data about available technology, staffing, administrative policies, and bed capacities of ICUs in the United States. DESIGN AND SETTING: On January 15, 1991, survey instruments were mailed to the administrators of 4,233 hospitals to gather information from the medical director of the institutions' respective ICUs for the purpose of developing a database on ICUs in the United States. The sampling frame for this study was based on all American Hospital Association (AHA) hospitals that stated they have ICUs. MEASUREMENTS: Census questionnaires solicited information on types of hospitals, types of ICUs, number of ICU beds open and closed, technology available to the unit, organizational structure and management of the ICU, as well as the staffing and certification of unit personnel. MAIN RESULTS: Data were obtained on 32,850 ICU beds with 25,871 patients from 2,876 separate ICUs in 1,706 hospitals in the United States. Census responses came from units in all sizes of hospitals within all ten census regions in the country, all states, and all types of hospital sponsorship (federal, state, and local government, private nonprofit and private for profit). The census response rate was 40% of the AHA hospitals that stated that they have ICUs, with specific ICU data on 38.7% of the nation's ICUs. The number of ICUs per hospital increases with overall hospital size. The smallest hospitals (less than 100 beds) usually had only one ICU. As hospital size increased, the single, all inclusive medical/surgical/coronary care units diminished, and in hospitals with greater than 300 beds, specialization of units became prevalent. In absolute terms, hospitals had the following number of ICUs: 1.04 +/- 0.20 (less than or equal to 100 beds); 1.30 +/- 0.65 (101 to 300 beds); 2.37 +/- 1.58 (301 to 500 beds); and 3.34 +/- 2.21 (greater than 500 beds). ICU beds averaged, nationally, 8.09% of hospital-licensed beds with a median of 6.98%. Generally, medical units, pediatric units, coronary care units (CCUs), and medical/surgical/CCUs reported an average of 10 beds per unit. Neonatal units averaged 21 beds, and surgical units averaged 12 beds. The average ICU size, nationally, was 11.7 +/- 7.8 beds per unit. Available technology within hospitals and individual units was increased as hospital size increased; surgical units tended to have more available technology than other unit types. A wide range of organizational arrangements within hospitals determines where the ICU appears in an organizational chart and to whom unit management is accountable. Thirty-six percent of the units were located organizationally within the hospital's department of medicine, while 23% were considered "free standing," having no departmental affiliation. Although units must have a medical director, the perception as to whether this director supervises the day-to-day operation was different in larger vs. smaller hospitals. In hospitals with less than or equal to 100 beds, 72% of the units were perceived to be supervised by the medical director, whereas in larger hospitals (greater than 500 beds), 81% of units were supervised. Study results indicated that medical directors in pediatric, neonatal, and burn units most often were perceived to supervise the unit. Presently, 63% of all ICUs responding are directed by an internist. The next largest group to direct ICUs were surgeons, followed by pediatricians. Pediatrician involvement tended to be exclusive in pediatric and neonatal units. Surgeons directed most surgical and neurologic units and were involved in 21% of mixed medical/surgical units. Internists predominated in medical units and in CCUs, as well as in combined medical/surgical/CCUs. Direction by anesthesiologists, although relatively infrequent, predominated in the surgical unit. Critical care medicine certification of the medical director and attending staff of the ICU increased as hospital size increased, although only 44% of all units stated that thei