对比自由呼吸Star-VIBE序列与呼吸末屏气C-VIBE序列胸部MR图像质量

目的 比较分析以自由呼吸Star-VIBE序列与呼吸末屏气C-VIBE序列采及胸部MRI的图像质量。方法 对20例患者行胸部MR检查，采集呼气末屏气C-VIBE（C-VIBE）和自由呼吸Star-VIBE（Star-VIBE）序列图像。于肺动脉干水平分别测量升主动脉、肺动脉干、降主动脉的信号强度（SI）和标准差（SD），计算图像信噪比（SNR）和SI变异系数（CV）。对图像质量进行主观评分。比较2个序列图像的SNR、CV及主观评分差异。结果 Star-VIBE图像升主动脉、肺动脉干及降主动脉SNR值均高于C-VIBE（t=－4.87、－3.38、－9.42，P均<0.05），而SI CV均低于C-VIBE图像（t=5.52、3.67、8.04，P均<0.05）。Star-VIBE图像的主观评分高于C-VIBE图像（Z=－3.74，P<0.05）。结论 自由呼吸Star-VIBE序列胸部MRI的图像质量优于呼气末屏气C-VIBE序列。     

胸部低剂量CT辅助诊断新型冠状病毒肺炎

目的 探讨胸部低剂量CT（LDCT）辅助诊断新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的临床应用价值。方法 收集50例咽拭子新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）核酸检测阳性的COVID-19患者。首次胸部CT采用常规剂量扫描（常规剂量组），随访胸部CT采用LDCT扫描方案（LD组），对2组图像质量进行评价。采用Kappa检验分析2名医师评价2组图像质量结果的一致性，比较2组图像质量及2种CT扫描方案X线有效辐射剂量（ED）。结果 2名医师图像质量评分一致性较高（Kappa=0.65，P<0.05）LD组与常规剂量组之间图像质量差异无统计学意义（Z=-0.93，P=0.35）。LD组ED[（2.43±0.66）mSv]较常规剂量组[（4.02±1.03）mSv]减少约39.55%（t=0.85，P<0.01）。结论 胸部LDCT可用于临床筛查和辅助诊断COVID-19，图像质量可满足临床诊断要求，且能降低辐射剂量，具有重要临床应用价值。     

厚层负间距技术用于胎儿3T MR平衡式快速场回波序列扫描

目的 评估厚层负间距平衡式快速场回波（B-FFE）序列在胎儿3T MR检查中的应用价值。方法 对91名孕妇采集胎儿头部常规层厚间距（层厚3 mm,层间距0 mm）及厚层负间距（层厚6 mm,层间距-3 mm）B-FFE序列图像,比较不同序列图像中胎儿侧脑室后角层面左侧额叶白质区（SNR_{额叶白质区}）及左侧脑室后角（SNR_{侧脑室后角}）的信噪比（SNR）、图像对比噪声比（CNR）、图像质量评分及特异吸收率（SAR）,并记录采集时间。结果 厚层负间距B-FFE序列图像的SNR_{额叶白质区}、SNR_{侧脑室后角}及CNR均高于常规层厚间距B-FFE序列图像（Z=－8.290、－8.290、－8.013,P均<0.001）,其图像质量评分高于常规层厚间距B-FFE序列图像（χ²=10.966,P=0.004）,而SAR与常规层厚间距B-FFE序列图像差异无统计学意义（Z=－0.362,P=0.717）。厚层负间距B-FFE序列图像采集时间57 s,而常规层厚间距B-FFE序列为37 s。结论 厚层负间距技术用于胎儿头部B-FFE序列扫描有助于提高图像质量,以清晰显示胎儿解剖结构及病变细节。     

对比分析屏气三维梯度-自旋回波与呼吸门控触发三维快速自旋回波MR胰胆管成像

目的 对比屏气三维梯度-自旋回波MR胰胆管造影（3D-Grase-MRCP）与呼吸门控触发三维快速自旋回波MR胰胆管造影（3D-Tse-MRCP）图像质量。方法 对96例疑诊胰腺或胆道疾病患者行屏气3D-Grase-MRCP和呼吸门控触发3D-TSE-MRCP序列扫描，比较2种序列图像质量评分、显示病变情况及胆总管对比噪声比（CNR）。将3D-Grase-MRCP图像分为屏气组和屏气配合不佳组，对比2组图像质量评分。结果 3D-Tse-MRCP图像胆总管CNR值[357.08（209.73，594.38）]高于3D-Grase-MRCP[256.14（141.54，417.87），Z=-3.01，P<0.05]。3D-Grase-MRCP图像胆囊、胆囊管、胆总管及肝内胆管主要分支评分均高于3D-Tse-MRCP（P均<0.01），显示胆囊结石（n=42）和胆囊管结石（n=7）更清晰（P均<0.05）；屏气组（n=68）3D-Grase-MRCP图像胆囊、胆囊管、胆总管、胰管及肝内胆管主要分支质量评分均高于屏气配合不佳组（n=28，P均<0.01）。结论 屏气3D-Grase-MRCP图像质量及显示病变优于呼吸门控触发3D-Tse-MRCP，且扫描时间明显缩短。     

3.0T MR反转时间对流入反转恢复序列门静脉成像质量的影响

目的 探讨3.0T MR 反转时间（TI）对流入反转恢复序列（IFIR）门静脉系统非对比增强图像质量的影响。方法 对健康志愿者 31名（正常组）、门静脉高压患者12例（门静脉高压组）采用不同的TI行冠状位IFIR序列扫描。评估采用不同TI所得的IFIR图像的门静脉主干SNR、主动脉SNR、肝脏组织SNR、门静脉主干CNR,根据门静脉及其分支显示清晰程度进行评分。对上述指标的比较采用单因素方差分析或配对t检验。结果 两组受检者不同TI图像的门静脉主干SNR和CNR差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。正常组肝脏组织SNR、主动脉SNR差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,不同TI门静脉图像分支评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。门静脉高压组不同TI图像的肝内分支评分构成比差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）;选择900 ms TI时,门静脉高压组门静脉主干SNR和CNR、图像评分均低于正常组,TI为1100 ms时,两组图像评分的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 对于正常受检者,TI为700 ms时既能得到较好的背景压制的图像,又能保证显示门静脉远端细支血管;而对于门静脉高压患者,选择TI为1100 ms更有利于门静脉分支血管的显示。     

MRI增强T1高分辨力各同性容积激发序列与TSE T1W序列检出椎体转移瘤的对比分析

目的 比较增强MRI快速T1高分辨力各向同性容积激发（THRIVE）序列和TSE序列T1W检出椎体转移瘤的价值。方法 对31例经穿刺活检病理证实的椎体转移瘤患者行MR增强检查,增强后先后行常规矢状位TSE T1W序列和矢状位THRIVE序列扫描。比较2个序列显示转移瘤病灶的数目、SNR、CNR和病灶边缘清晰度、运动伪影评分。结果 TSE T1W序列和THRIVE序列扫描时间分别为2 min 55 s和33 s。增强后THRIVE序列显示病灶的数量与TSE T1W序列差异无统计学意义（Z=-0.816,P=0.414）。增强后THRIVE序列的SNR（432.54±271.60）、CNR（233.27±197.65）均低于TSE T1W序列的SNR（674.32±375.79）、CNR（312.38±207.49）,差异均有统计学意义（t=-4.366、-2.660,P<0.001、0.012）。TSE T1W序列显示病灶边缘较THRIVE序列清晰（Z=-4.082,P<0.001）,但运动伪影较THRIVE序列明显（Z=2.291,P=0.022）。结论 增强扫描THRIVE序列扫描时间短,运动伪影少,椎体转移瘤的检出数目与TSE T1WI序列相当,在椎体转移瘤的检查中取代TSE T1W序列具有可行性。     

MR T2* mapping技术评估干燥综合征涎腺病变

目的 探讨MR T2^* mapping技术评估干燥综合征（SS）涎腺病变的价值。方法 前瞻性收集43例临床确诊的SS患者（SS组）和40名健康志愿者（对照组）,对双侧腮腺及颌下腺行含T2^* mapping的MR扫描,测量腺体T2^*值。基于T1WI、T2WI及MR涎腺导管成像对腮腺、颌下腺进行形态学诊断,对比SS组与对照组间腮腺、颌下腺T2^*值的差异。以Logistic回归联合ROC曲线评估MR形态学、T2^*值及二者联合对SS涎腺病变的诊断效能。比较不同诊断方式对同种病变诊断、同一诊断方式对不同病变诊断准确率的差异,分析T2^*值测量结果观察者内及观察者间的一致性。结果 SS组双侧腮腺平均T2^*值[（12.88±3.37）ms vs（10.18±1.88）ms,t=-6.40,P<0.01）及双侧颌下腺平均T2^*值[（23.58±3.73）ms vs（21.36±1.86）ms,t=-0.49,P<0.01）均明显高于对照组。MR形态学与T2^*值联合诊断SS腮腺及颌下腺病变的准确率均明显高于独立诊断（腮腺病变：Z=0.803、4.471,P均<0.01;颌下腺病变：Z=8.398、5.329,P均<0.01）,而单纯MR形态学与单纯T2^*值诊断的准确率差异均无统计学意义（腮腺病变：Z=1.388,P=0.165;颌下腺病变：Z=0.553,P=0.579）。在腮腺病变和颌下腺病变之间,单纯MR形态学（Z=2.525,P=0.05）、T2^*值（Z=0.677,P=0.498）及二者联合（Z=0.207,P=0.835）的诊断准确率差异均无统计学意义。观察者内及观察者间T2^*值测量的一致性均较好。结论 T2^* mapping技术测量T2^*值能够评估SS早期腮腺、颌下腺病变,与MR形态学联合应用可提高诊断准确率。     

心脏磁共振压缩感知电影序列的临床应用初探

目的 通过比较心脏磁共振（CMR）压缩感知序列（CS）与常规（CM）序列图像，观察CS序列的临床应用价值。方法 68例患者接受CM序列和CS序列CMR。分别记录2个序列的扫描时间，分析2个序列采集图像的质量、左心室心肌厚度、左心室心功能指标。结果 共纳入62例患者，CS序列平均扫描时间为（19.00±1.20）s，较CM序列缩短约82.66%。CS序列与CM序列图像质量差异无统计学意义（Z=-1.24，P>0.05）。2组图像测量左心室心肌厚度差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。分析左心室心功能结果显示，以CS序列图像（81.41 g/m²）测量的左心室舒张末心肌质量指数略小于CM序列图像（81.83 g/m²，P<0.05），2组其余心功能指标差异均无统计学意义。结论 采用CS序列采集的图像质量与CM序列无明显差异，可准确分析心功能，并大幅缩短检查时间，有望在CMR中替代CM序列。     

对比高脂高蛋白饮食与空腹状态下MR胸导管成像

目的 比较进食高蛋白高脂肪食物与空腹状态下MR胸导管成像（MRTD）图像质量的差异。方法 将70例继发性下肢淋巴水肿患者随机分为空腹组和高蛋白高脂肪组,分别应用重T2W水成像技术进行MRTD。将所获得的胸导管图像分成腹段、胸段下1/2、胸段上1/2、颈段,分别进行图像质量评分（0~2分）,记录2组患者胸导管各段评分情况,并计算每幅图像4个节段总评分。采用秩和检验比较2组间各段评分差异,以独立样本t检验比较2组总评分。结果 2组胸导管显示满意率（4段总评分≥ 4分）均为97.14%（34/35）,高蛋白高脂肪组和空腹组平均评分分别为（6.37±1.37）分和（6.43±1.40）分（t=0.17,P=0.86）。2组间胸段下1/2、胸段上1/2和颈段评分差异均无统计学意义（P=0.28、0.40、0.05）,腹段差异有统计学意义（P=0.01）。结论 空腹或高蛋白高脂肪饮食于MR胸导管整体显示无差异,高蛋白高脂肪饮食对MRTD显示胸导管腹段效果更佳。     

CEUS评估类风湿关节炎活动期腕关节病变常规治疗后短期疗效

目的 探讨CEUS在评估类风湿关节炎（RA）活动期腕关节滑膜病变短期疗效中的应用价值。方法 对21例以腕关节病变为主的RA活动期患者,于常规治疗前、治疗2周后和治疗6个月后行腕关节CEUS检查和28个关节疾病活动性评分（DAS）,记录CEUS定量参数,包括AUC、峰值强度（PI）、达峰时间（TTP）和平均通过时间（MTT）,测量造影后滑膜厚度,并对滑膜进行CEUS分级,比较治疗前后差异,并分析上述指标与DAS评分的相关性。结果 治疗前、治疗2周后与治疗6个月后患者腕关节滑膜厚度、AUC和PI总体差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,且组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。3个时间点之间滑膜CEUS血流信号分级总体差异有统计学意义（P=0.007）,且治疗前与治疗2周后（Z=-2.426,P=0.015）及治疗2周后与治疗6个月后（Z=-2.467,P=0.014）差异均有统计学意义。腕关节滑膜厚度（r=0.711,P=0.003）、AUC （r=0.632,P=0.007）、PI （r=0.563,P=0.019）与DAS均呈正相关。结论 CEUS可为评估活动期RA常规治疗后的短期疗效提供客观的影像学依据。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.