快速平衡稳态采集与单次激发快速自旋回波序列

目的 比较MRI快速平衡稳态采集（FIESTA）与单次激发快速自旋回波（SSFSE）序列诊断正常胎儿胸腺的价值。方法 对366胎正常胎儿行MR检查,采用FIESTA与SSFSE序列分别观察胎儿胸腺的解剖和MR表现,结果行Kappa和χ²检验。于"三血管"层面测量胸腺面积（TA）、横径（TD）,于矢状位测量上下径（SID）,计算各孕周参数均值,拟合各参数与孕周的回归方程。结果 2名医师对FIESTA和SSFSE序列图像的评价结果一致性较好（Kappa=0.745、0.802,P均<0.01）,FIESTA和SSFSE序列图像显示清晰率分别为86.34%（632/732）和37.70%（276/732）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=367.520,P<0.001）。胎儿胸腺大小随孕周延长而增大,回归方程分别为：TA=－5.80+0.35×孕周（r=0.820,P<0.01）;TD=－14.59+1.63×孕周（r=0.817,P<0.01）;SID=－9.63+1.44×孕周（r=0.778,P<0.01）。结论 FIESTA较SSFSE序列可更清晰地显示胎儿胸腺的细微结构及其轮廓,MRI能清晰地显示孕22周后的胎儿胸腺。     

对比产前超声与MRI诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失及伴发脑中线结构发育异常

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失及伴发脑中线结构发育异常的价值,并与MRI进行对比分析。方法 选取50胎产前超声检查提示透明隔腔消失的胎儿,根据检查方法分为2组,对试验组28胎行产前超声及MR检查,对对照组22胎行单纯超声检查。以引产病理、影像学检查或随访结果为金标准,比较2组之间及试验组内2种检查方法的诊断准确率。结果 试验组超声总体诊断准确率为53.57%（15/28）;MRI修正及明确了13胎（13/28,46.43%）的诊断结果,MR诊断准确率为100%（28/28）,高于超声（χ²=59.740,P<0.001）。对照组超声总体诊断准确率为81.82%（18/22）,低于试验组的MRI修正后的诊断准确率（χ²=19.780,P<0.01）。结论 CSP缺失是胎儿颅内结构异常的重要线索之一;产前超声发现胎儿CSP缺失时,应注意检查中枢神经系统其他结构。MRI是重要的补充检查,有助于提高诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失的准确率及预后评估能力。     

2012—2022年产前超声诊断先天性肾脏和尿路畸形

目的 对比2012—2022年我国二孩、三孩政策实施前、后产前超声诊断胎儿先天性肾脏和尿路畸形（CAKUT）的准确率及妊娠结局。方法 回顾性分析政策前组53 857名单胎妊娠孕妇（含158胎CAKUT）及政策后组167 627名单胎孕妇（含521胎CAKUT），观察组间胎儿CAKUT发病率、产前超声诊断CAKUT准确率及胎儿出生率的差异。结果 政策后组CAKUT发病率0.31%（521/167 627），政策前组为0.29%（158/53 857），前者高于后者（P>0.05）。政策后组CAKUT孕妇年龄大于政策前组[（29.2±4.6）岁vs.（27.0±4.3）岁，P<0.05]，而产前超声诊断CAKUT孕周小于政策前组[（25.3±7.3）周vs.（27.8±7.1）周，P<0.05]。组间产前超声诊断CAKUT准确率，诊断胎儿上尿路相关异常、下尿路相关异常及单纯CAKUT准确率差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。2组胎儿CAKUT均以肾外泌尿系统异常占比最高。产前超声诊断政策后组合并其他系统异常胎儿CAKUT准确率（92.54%vs.84.29%）及后尿道瓣膜形成准确率均高于政策前组（100%vs.50.00%，P均<0.05）。全部679胎CAKUT胎儿中，143胎终止妊娠，536胎继续妊娠。组间CAKUT胎儿出生率，以及上尿路相关异常、下尿路相关异常及合并其他系统异常CAKUT胎儿出生率差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；政策后组单纯CAKUT胎儿出生率高于政策前组（97.61%vs.93.18%，P<0.05）。结论 实施二孩、三孩政策后，我国产前超声诊断CAKUT孕周提前、准确率提高，单纯CAKUT胎儿出生率增加。     

胎儿胼胝体发育不全的MRI诊断

目的 探讨MRI在胎儿胼胝体发育不全(ACC)诊断中的应用价值.方法 39例孕妇,年龄19～35岁;孕龄22～39周,平均29周.产前常规行超声(US)检查后24～48 h内行MR检查,采用二维快速平衡稳态采集(2D FIESTA)序列、单次激发快速自旋回波(SSFSE)序列、快速反转恢复运动抑制(FIRM)序列及扩散...     

产前超声与MRI联合诊断胎儿中线处硬脑膜窦畸形

目的 观察胎儿中线处硬脑膜窦畸形（DSM）的产前超声与MRI特征。方法 回顾性分析5胎经产前超声及MRI诊断为脑中线处DSM胎儿,并与引产尸检结果对照,观察中线处DSM的产前影像学特征。结果 产前超声诊断3胎DSM,其中1例合并血栓形成;5胎均表现为中线处囊性回声肿物,其中4胎于扩张的静脉窦内见云雾状细密点状回声;合并血栓者于囊性回声区内见高回声团块,CDFI未见明显血流信号。产前MRI诊断5胎均为DSM,其中2胎合并血栓形成;4胎主要表现为中线处窦汇区三角形或楔形瘤样扩张,并向邻近上矢状窦后部延伸,T1WI多呈等或高信号、T2WI多呈低信号,合并血栓时周围可见低信号环绕。5胎均接受引产,1胎尸检见胎儿上矢状窦偏后部及窦汇区呈瘤样扩张及血栓形成。结论 胎儿中线处DSM具有典型产前超声与MRI表现;产前超声不能除外胎儿DSM时,建议行MR检查。     

MRI优化的三维容积内插快速扰相梯度回波序列在胎儿神经系统检查中的应用

目的 探讨MRI优化的三维容积内插快速扰相梯度回波（3D-Radial-VIBE）序列在胎儿神经系统检查中的应用价值。方法 收集超声诊断或疑似胎儿颅脑异常的中晚期妊娠妇女20名,对其分别行二维快速小角度激励扰相梯度回波序列（2D-FLASH）和3D-Radial-VIBE序列扫描,然后对2个序列图像显示的胎儿颅脑26个正常解剖结构分别进行评分,并进行统计学分析。结果 26个胎儿颅脑解剖结构中,22个结构的3D-Radial-VIBE序列与2D-FLASH序列评分的差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。与2D-FLASH序列比较,3D-Radial-VIBE序列运动伪影较小,胎头、胎盘、内脏等均显示较好,尤其可清晰显示胎头结构以及灰白质、髓鞘化过程。3D-Radial-VIBE序列示20胎正常颅后窝静脉窦区均呈低信号,而2D-FLASH示15胎呈高信号,假阳性率为75.00%（15/20）。与2D-FLASH序列比较,3D-Radial-VIBE序列显示的出血灶更清晰。3D-Radial-VIBE序列显示顶叶灰质与白质的信号对比度、颞叶灰质与白质的信号对比度及颞叶灰质与板障的信号对比度均高于2D-FLASH序列（P均<0.05）。结论 3D-Radial-VIBE序列扫描过程中无需屏气,抗运动伪影效果好,对神经核团、髓鞘化过程及出血灶的显示具有明显优势。     

产前MRI量化评价先天性心脏病胎儿脑二维径线

目的 观察产前MRI量化评价先天性心脏病胎儿脑二维径线的价值。方法 150名孕龄（GA）21~39周孕妇（150胎）接受产前胎儿MR检查，其中50胎先天性心脏病（CHD）胎儿（CHD组），GA平均（28.05±4.50）周，包括27胎<28周、23胎≥28周；100胎脑发育正常（对照组），GA平均（27.85±4.40）周，包括48胎<28周、52胎≥28周。行单次激发自旋回波（SSTSE）序列扫描，测量胎儿脑双顶径（BBD）、脑额枕径（BFOL）、骨双顶径（SBD）、骨枕额径（SOD）及头围（HC），并以快速平衡稳态梯度回波（B-FFE）序列显示胎儿心血管结构。对胎儿颅脑主要二维径线指标与GA进行相关性分析，得到拟合直线，分析2组胎儿相关指标的差异。结果 2组胎儿BBD、BFOL、SBD、SOD、HC与GA均呈高度线性相关（CHD组r=0.96、0.89、0.94、0.90、0.93，P均<0.01；对照组r=0.97、0.96、0.94、0.95、0.95，P均<0.01）。<28周胎儿组间径线指标差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；≥28周胎儿中，CHD组BBD、BFOL、SOD和HC均小于对照组（P均<0.05），SBD差异无统计学意义（P=0.10）。结论 MRI量化评价胎儿颅脑生物学指标可为宫内评估胎儿大脑生长发育情况提供参考。CHD在宫内即可影响胎儿脑发育；中晚孕期CHD胎儿BBD、BFOL、SOD和HC均相对减小。     

产前MRI诊断及随访胎儿侧脑室前角旁囊肿

目的 评价产前MRI诊断胎儿侧脑室前角旁囊肿的价值,并随访观察胎儿转归。方法 回顾性分析44胎侧脑室前角旁囊肿胎儿,并跟踪随访观察其MRI特征及妊娠结局。结果 44胎中,23胎Ⅰ型、11胎Ⅱ型及10胎Ⅲ型侧脑室前角旁囊肿;T1WI见侧脑室前角旁类圆形/椭圆形、条形低信号,T2WI呈高信号,边界清晰;其中22胎合并其他颅内、外畸形。3种类型囊肿位置（单/双侧）差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型、Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型囊肿性质（单/双囊）差异具有统计学意义（P均<0.0167）;左、右侧囊肿最长径差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。其中19例出生后复查MRI,4例囊性病灶消失,8例病灶较胎儿期缩小,7例无明显改变。结论 产前MRI可为胎儿侧脑室前角旁囊肿产前咨询及出生后早期干预提供依据;侧脑室前角旁囊肿胎儿预后与其类型、大小及伴发畸形密切相关。     

MRI对侧脑室增宽胎儿的评价与随访研究

目的 探讨MRI对超声发现侧脑室增宽胎儿的诊断价值及出生后的预后评价。方法 选取超声发现胎儿侧脑室增宽或疑似合并其他神经系统疾病、接受产前MR检查的孕妇124例,比较MRI与超声的诊断结果并评估患儿出生后神经系统发育情况。结果 124例孕妇中,MRI诊断胎儿侧脑室增宽且合并其他神经系统疾病18例,包括确诊超声疑似诊断6例,诊断与超声结果不一致12例。MRI随访单纯性侧脑室增宽的106胎胎儿：11胎终止妊娠,95胎分娩。存活婴幼儿中45例复查头MRI,9例诊断为神经系统疾病,侧脑室宽度12~15 mm亚组发生率高于10~＜12 mm亚组（42.11% vs 3.85%,P<0.01）,双侧脑室不对称增宽亚组高于对称性增宽亚组（54.55% vs 11.76%,P<0.05）。侧脑室宽度10~＜12 mm亚组中96.15%（25/26）患儿出生后预后良好。结论 MRI与超声有效结合可以提高产前诊断率,单纯性侧脑室宽度10~＜12 mm的胎儿预后良好;对于12~15 mm及双侧脑室不对称增宽的胎儿,应重视出生后远期随访。     

回归分析胎儿MRI肺容积预期值

目的 建立大样本量、孕周分布均衡的中国胎儿肺容积（FLV）预期值回归方程。方法 采集457胎胎龄18~39周胸部正常胎儿产前MRI,在单次激发快速自旋回波序列轴位图像上测量FLV。对采集到的样本数据进行回归分析,根据拟合度及检验结果确定回归模型,并得出基于孕周的FLV预期值回归方程。结果 457胎胎儿平均孕周为（29.44±4.61）周,其中孕周 ≤ 28周胎儿占43.11%（197/457）。基于MRI测量FLV值为9.47~131.48 ml,平均（50.78±23.76） ml。回归分析所得方程为FLV预期值=0.004g^2.76（g为孕周,R²=0.845,P<0.001）。结论 本研究所得的FLV预期值回归方程简便实用,适用于大多数产前检查,有助于国内开展胎儿肺产前评估相关研究。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.