中西医结合治疗原发性肾病综合征的系统评价

[目的]应用Meta-分析评价中西医结合治疗原发性肾病综合征是否有助于提高疗效;中西医结合治疗对难治性肾病综合征是否亦能提高疗效.[方法]以中西医结合、原发性肾病综合征为主题词,采用电子和手工检索中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM disc)、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI,1994～2006.12)、维普中文科技期刊数据库(1989～)、中国循证医学/Cochrane 中心数据库(CEBM/CCD)、Cochrane图书馆等数据库,搜集关于中西结合治疗原发性肾病综合征的随机对照试验(RCTs);采用Cochrane协作网专用软件RevMan4.2进行统计分析.[结果]检索符合RCTs纳入标准的治疗原发性肾病综合征的随机对照试验16篇,共584例病人;治疗小儿原发性肾病综合征的随机对照实验4篇,共101例病人;治疗难治性肾病综合征的随机对照实验4篇,共181例病人,Meta分析显示中西医结合治疗原发性肾病综合征可以提高完全缓解率,降低复发率,对难治性肾病及小儿原发性肾病综合征亦有效.[结论]中西医结合治疗原发性肾病综合征可以提高疗效,减少复发;中西医结合治疗原发性肾病综合征确切疗效尚有待于设计严格的多中心、大样本随机对照实验进一步证实.     

兰索拉唑单用与联合奥曲肽在急性上消化道出血中疗效的Meta分析

目的采用循证医学的方法,评价兰索拉唑单独使用与联合奥曲肽在急性上消化道出血中的疗效。方法计算机检索Pub Med、EMBASE、the Cochrane Library、维普、万方、CBM、CNKI、Web of Science数据库中有关兰索拉唑联合奥曲肽治疗急性上消化道出血的随机对照试验,检索时间截止于2015年10月。使用循证医学的方法评价纳入文献质量,从兰索拉唑单独治疗(单独组)及兰索拉唑联合奥曲肽(联合组)的止血时间、治疗效果及不良反应三个方面综合评价两组方案各自优劣性。使用Review Manager5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果本研究共纳入8个随机对照试验,总计660例患者。Meta分析结果显示,联合组与单独组在止血时间[OR=-11.03,95%CI(-13.35,-8.72)]、显效[OR=2.30,95%CI(1.61,3.28)]、无效[OR=0.23,95%CI(0.14,0.40)]及总有效率[OR=4.09,95%CI(2.53,6.61)]上的差异具有统计学意义。在有效[OR=0.97,95%CI(0.68,1.37)]及恶心呕吐发生率[OR=1.34,95%CI(0.46,3.92)]上的差异无统计学意义。结论兰索拉唑联合奥曲肽较奥曲肽单独治疗急性上消化道出血时可显著缩短止血时间,提高有效率,同时不会增加恶心呕吐等不良反应的发生率。     

罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病伴原发性高血压患者效果的Meta分析

目的 系统评价罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病( T2DM)伴高血压的疗效及安全性.方法 计算机检索Cochrane图书馆(2009年第4期)、PubMed (1970 ～ 2010.5)、CBM (1978～2010.5)、CNKI(1996～2010.5)、万方数据库(1999～2010.5)、VIP数据库(1996～2010.5)、Google Scholar;手工检索《中华糖尿病杂志》等相关杂志,并进行参考文献追查,收集联用罗格列酮(试验组)与不联用罗格列酮(对照组)比较治疗T2DM伴高血压患者的随机对照试验( RCT).由两位研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立进行资料提取,并根据Cochrane Handbook 5.0评价纳入研究质量后,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入10个RCT,合计738例患者,其中英文1篇,中文9篇.纳入研究质量评分均为C级.Meta分析结果显示:与对照组比较,罗格列酮组能更有效地降低血压[ SBP:WMD=-17.83 mmHg,95%CI(-27.63,-8.02);DBP:WMD=-7.81 mmHg,95%CI(-10.18,-5.44)]、血糖[FBG:WMD=-1.66 mmol/L,95%CI(-3.08,-0.23);PBG:WMD=-2.38 mmol/L,95%CI(-4.12,-0.64)]、甘油三酯[ WMD=-0.29 mmol/L,95%CI( -0.43,-0.14)]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[WMD=-0.76 mmol/L,95%CI( -1.02,-0.50)]和胰岛素[ FINS:WMD=-7.06 mU/L,95%CI( -9.47,-4.65);PINS:WMD=-98.86 mU/L,95%CI(-116.38,-81.34)]、糖化血红蛋白[ WMD=-0.75%,95%CI(-1.07,-0.42)]和胰岛素抵抗指数[WMD=- 1.61,95%CI(-2.18,-1.05)];且罗格列酮组能更有效地提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[ WMD=0.21 mmol/L,95%CI (0.12,0.30)]和胰岛素敏感指数[WMD=1.64,95%CI(1.48,1.80)];罗格列酮组治疗高血压的有效性高于对照组[OR=9.35,95%CI(4.76,18.35)];在胆固醇水平[ WMD=-0.22 mmol/L,95%CI(-0.55,0.10)]、体质指数[WMD=-0.26 kg/m2,95%CI(-0.86,0.33)]、心率[ WMD=0.50 bpm,95%CI(-4.98,5.98)]和尿蛋白排泄率[WMD=-16.00 mg/24h,95%CI(-37.90,5.90)]4个指标上,两组差异无统计学意义.此外,对于水肿[ OR=3.01,95%CI(0.62,14.54)]、胃肠不适[OR=1.19,95%CI(0.63,2.24)]、头疼乏力[ OR=9.79,95%CI (0.51,186.95)]和贫血[OR=2.38,95%CI (0.09,59.90)]等不良反应发生率,两组差异也无统计学意义.结论 罗格列酮组较对照组在治疗2型糖尿病伴高血压患者时能更有效地降低血压、血糖、血脂水平,降低胰岛素抵抗和提高β细胞功能.     

黄芪注射液辅助治疗原发性肾病综合征的系统评价

目的:系统评价黄芪注射液辅助治疗原发性肾病综合征的疗效及安全性。方法:计算机检索维普中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)、中国知网数据库(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、万方数据库(Wangfang)、Pubmed、Cochrane图书馆、Embase(自建库起至2018年5月),全面收集黄芪注射液辅助治疗原发性肾病综合征的临床随机对照试验,然后由2名研究者遵循Cochrane手册的要求独立地进行文献筛选、数据提取及文献质量评价。运用RevMan5.3软件进行数据处理。结果:一共纳入17篇文献,包含975例患者,其中试验组511例,对照组464例,Meta分析结果显示,黄芪注射液辅助治疗原发性肾病综合征在提高总缓解率[OR=3.11,95%CI(1.93,5.01),P<0.00001]、升高血清白蛋白[MD=5.08,95%CI(3.92,6.25),P<0.00001]、减少24h尿蛋白定量[MD=-1.11,95%CI(-1.46,-0.77),P<0.00001]、降低总胆固醇[MD=-1.71,95%CI(-1.90,-1.51),P<0.00001]、降低甘油三酯[MD=-0.13,95%CI(-0.22,-0.04),P=0.0004]均明显优于单纯西药治疗,其差异具有统计学意义。结论:黄芪注射液辅助治疗原发性肾病综合征较单纯西药治疗具有明显优势,但受纳入文献的数量和质量的限制,以上结论仍需更多高质量的研究予以验证。     

培美曲塞与多西紫杉醇比较治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的Meta分析

目的系统评价培美曲塞与多西紫杉醇治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的疗效与安全性。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、SCI、CBM、CNKI和VIP,同时辅助其他检索方式,纳入培美曲塞与多西紫杉醇比较治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床随机对照试验,检索时间截至2010年11月。由两位研究者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取和方法学质量评价后,采用RevMan5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入5个研究,合计847例患者。Meta分析结果显示:在疗效方面,培美曲塞与多西紫杉醇相比,两者在有效率[OR=1.09,95%CI(0.7,1.70)]、疾病控制率[OR=0.99,95%CI(0.75,1.31)]、1年生存率[OR=1.11,95%CI(0.56,2.18)]等方面差异无统计学意义;在安全性方面,与多西紫杉醇相比,培美曲塞可降低中性粒细胞减少[OR=0.09,95%CI(0.05,0.15)]和粒细胞性发热[OR=0.13,95%CI(0.06,0.29)]、减少脱发[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.12,0.33)],而在血红蛋白[OR=1.45,95%CI(0.23,9.06)]、血小板减少[OR=1.46,95%CI(0.59,3.59)]、恶心呕吐[OR=1.23,95%CI(0.53,2.83)]、疲劳乏力[OR=0.73,95%CI(0.40,1.30)]等方面两者差异无统计学意义。结论当前证据显示,培美曲塞与多西紫杉醇治疗晚期NSCLC的疗效相当,但可减少中性粒细胞减少、粒细胞性发热和脱发等不良反应。     

川芎嗪治疗不稳定性心绞痛疗效的系统评价

目的:系统评价川芎嗪治疗不稳定性心绞痛的有效性和安全性,以期为临床实践提供循证医学证据。方法:计算机检索PubMed、MEDLINE、EMbase(1995-01/2005-06),中国生物医学文献数据库、中国中医药科技文献数据库、中国期刊网全文数据库、中国循证医学中心(2000-01/2005-06),手工检索《中国中西医结合杂志》《中医杂志》《中国中药杂志》(2003-01/2005-06),收集以川芎嗪为干预措施治疗不稳定性心绞痛的随机对照试验,用Cochrane协助网专用软件RevMan4.2.2(ReviewManager)进行统计分析。结果:10篇文献中共1058例不稳定性心绞痛患者符合纳入标准。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组比较,川芎嗪能显著缓解不稳定性心绞痛发作,改善心肌缺血(OR合并=3.20,95%CI=2.27,4.52,P<0.01);治疗后心电图较治疗前明显改善(OR合并=2.95,95%CI=2.13,4.08,P<0.01);疗效明显优于常规西药和传统中药(OR合并=2.79,95%CI=1.74,4.48,P<0.01)。结论:与常规西药和传统中药相比,川芎嗪能有效地提高不稳定性心绞痛症状、心电图和血液流变学指标等方面的治疗效果,但其远期疗效和安全性还有待于设计严格的多中心、大样本随机对照试验来进一步证实。     

脑卒中患者残疾危险因素的meta分析

目的 通过meta分析探讨脑卒中患者残疾的影响因素。方法 系统检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、EmBase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science数据库，检索时限为建库至2022年8月8日，使用RevMan 5.3进行meta分析。结果 共纳入13篇文献，包括47项相关因素，最终纳入6项危险因素。Meta分析结果显示糖尿病[OR=1.41, 95%CI=(1.32-1.52)]、NIHSS评分[OR=1.46, 95%CI=(1.17-1.82)]、年龄[OR=1.12, 95%CI=(1.02-1.23)]、性别[OR=1.93, 95%CI=(1.45-2.57)]、发作次数[OR=1.70, 95%CI=(1.41-2.04)]、婚姻[OR=1.81, 95%CI=(1.08-3.02)]是脑卒中患者残疾的危险因素。结论 糖尿病、NIHSS评分、年龄、性别、发作次数、婚姻是脑卒中患者发生残疾的危险因素。     

耳穴贴压联合西药治疗原发性高血压的临床疗效Meta分析

目的 评价耳穴贴压联合西药治疗原发性高血压的临床疗效Meta分析.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中国期刊全文数据库、万方、维普等数据库,查找关于耳穴贴压联合西药治疗原发性高血压的随机对照试验,并对纳入文献的参考文献进行检索,检索时限为建库至2015年3月.由2位评价员严格按照纳入与标准独立筛选、提取资料,并按照Cochrane handbook中文献质量评价标准,进行方法学质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.3和Stata 12.0进行Meta分析.结果 最终纳入15个随机对照试验,共1435例患者.Meta分析结果显示:与对照组相比,耳穴贴压联合西药能显著提高原发性高血压的降压疗效[RR=1.17,95%CI(1.12,1.23),P<0.01],改善临床症状疗效[RR=1.29,95%CI(1.16,1.44),P<0.01],降低患者收缩压[SMD=-0.66,95%CI(-0.86,-0.46),P<0.01],降低患者舒张压[SMD=-0.59,95%CI(-0.79,-0.39),P<0.01].结论 耳穴贴压联合西药治疗原发性高血压的临床疗效显著优于单纯西药.但受纳入研究规范性、统一性等方面的限制,研究结果的推广还有待更多高质量的随机对照试验加以验证.     

硅胶和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯人工晶状体对晶状体后囊混浊影响的系统评价

目的评价白内障摘除联合人工晶状体术后植入硅胶(silicone)与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA)人工晶状体对晶状体后囊混浊(posterior capsule opacification, PCO)影响的差异.方法计算机检索MEDLINE(1966～2003)、EMBASE(1980～2003)、Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验资料库(2003年第1期)和中国生物医学文献光盘数据库(1979～2003),收集有关比较PMMA和Silicone两种材料的人工晶状体植入对PCO形成影响的随机对照试验(RCT),由两位研究者独立进行质量评价、资料提取,并进行交叉核对.采用RevMan 4.2进行Meta分析.结果共纳入9篇RCT,672只眼.老年性白内障亚组的Meta分析结果显示,在PCO程度[SMD合并=-0.92, 95%CI (-1.19,-0.64)]和Nd:YAG激光后囊切开率[OR合并=0.35, 95%CI (0.22,0.57)]方面,Silicone组明显低于PMMA组,其差异有统计学意义;在术后视力方面,其差异无统计学意义[OR合并=1.22, 95%CI (0.43,3.50)].葡萄膜炎并发白内障亚组的Meta分析结果显示,在术后视力方面,PMMA组较Silicone组为好,其差异有统计学意义[OR合并=0.38, 95%CI (0.15,0.91)];在PCO程度[SMD=0.23, 95%CI (-0.59, 1.05)]和Nd:YAG激光后囊切开率[OR合并=1.82, 95%CI (0.47,6.95)]方面,其差异无统计学意义.结论现有资料表明,在降低PCO方面,老年性白内障患者选用Silicone优于PMMA;由于纳入研究少,葡萄膜炎并发白内障患者选用何种材料人工晶状体较好,尚不能得出肯定结论.     

重症患者气管插管拔管后吞咽障碍危险因素的Meta分析

目的 :系统评价重症患者气管插管拔管后吞咽障碍的危险因素,为及时识别吞咽障碍高危人群提供依据,以便采取有效预防措施。方法 :通过检索Pub Med、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、万方、维普及中国生物医学文献数据库等中英文数据库,收集关于重症患者气管插管拔管后并发获得性吞咽障碍危险因素的研究,检索时限为建库至2020年2月6日。采取Cochrane手册5.1.0、纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表及AHRQ质量评价标准进行文献质量评价,采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 :共纳入19篇文献,包括5 293例研究对象。Meta分析显示下列因素与重症患者气管插管拔管后吞咽障碍的发生相关:年龄[MD=6.23,95%CI(4.52～7.95)]、性别[OR=0.75,95%CI(0.60～0.94)]、带管时长[MD=66.46,95%CI(58.12～74.79)],合并心力衰竭[OR=2.65,95%CI(1.84～3.82)]、心律失常[OR=1.87,95%CI(1.08～3.26)]、房扑或房颤[OR=2.74,95%CI (1.75～4.28)]、慢性肾病[OR=3.66,95%CI (2.38～5.63)],术后脑血管意外[RR=4.37,95%CI (1.68～11.35)]、左心室射血分数[OR=0.57,95%CI(0.38～0.85)]、食管超声检查[RR=1.83,95%CI(1.05～3.19)],APACHE II评分[MD=3.68,95%CI (1.00～6.35)]及入ICU方式[OR=2.84,95%CI (1.05～7.71)]。结论 :年龄65岁、女性、插管时间长、合并心脑肾疾病、左心室功能较差、进行食管超声检查、高APACHE II评分及急诊入ICU是发生拔管后吞咽障碍的危险因素。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.