急性心肌梗死患者心肺复苏后溶栓治疗的研究

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心肺复苏(CPR)后静脉溶栓的可行性及预后。方法AMI并发呼吸心跳骤停患者42例。治疗组25例，心肺复苏后即刻静脉给予尿激酶150～200万U，30min内静脉注射；对照组17例，在心肺复苏后予除静脉溶栓外的积极抢救治疗。观察其自主循环和呼吸恢复率，24h存活率及出院存活率，自主循环和呼吸恢复时间及出血发生率。结果治疗组的自主循环恢复率、自主呼吸恢复率，24h存活率和出院存活率明显高于对照组，自主循环恢复时间、自主呼吸恢复时间明显短于对照组。结论AMI患者心肺复苏后进行溶栓治疗，能明显提高患者的自主循环、自主呼吸恢复率、24h存活率、出院存活率，缩短自主循环、自主呼吸恢复时间，且不增加继发出血发生率。     

影响心肺复苏后存活率的相关因素探讨

目的:探讨影响心肺复苏(CPR)自主循环恢复(ROSC)后存活率的相关因素。方法:回顾并统计分析我院2001年1月至2004年12月在急诊科或院外发生心跳呼吸骤停,经急诊科CPR成功ROSC并在急诊科观察,维持6h以上后收入我院ICU病房进一步治疗年龄大于15岁患者的资料。结果:总43例,存活出院11例,存活率25.58%;ROSC间期、瞳孔情况、自主呼吸恢复情况、复苏后MODS与ROSC后的预后有着显著统计学意义(P<0.01);心跳呼吸骤停发生地点、复苏后高血糖、低血压与ROSC后的预后有统计学意义(P<0.05);性别、年龄与ROSC后的预后关系不大(P>0.05)。结论:CPR后ROSC患者的病死率仍高,影响预后的因素包括心跳呼吸骤停发生地点、ROSC间期、瞳孔情况、自主呼吸恢复情况、复苏后多脏器功能不全、高血糖、低血压。     

心肺复苏自主循环恢复后饲养方法对大鼠生存率的影响

目的:探讨不同饲养方法对大鼠心肺复苏模型制作中自主循环恢复后的生存率的影响.方法:将心肺复苏模型复苏成功后的大鼠随机分为对照组(n=16)和观察组(n=16),比较复苏后大鼠的饲养中引入新方法的观察组与普通饲养的对照组的48 h、72 h生存率和体重的变化.结果:观察组的死亡率低于对照组,但无统计学差异(P＞0.05);观察组活到第7d的大鼠体重下降幅度明显小于对照组(P＜0.01).结果:通过采用科学、合理、可行的饲养措施,可明显提高大鼠心肺复苏模型自主循环恢复后的生存率.     

插入式腹部按压心肺复苏与标准心肺复苏对心脏骤停患者复苏效果和安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价插入式腹部按压心肺复苏与标准心肺复苏抢救心脏骤停患者的效果和安全性.方法 检索The Cochrane Library、Embase、PubMed(Medline)、Web of Science、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库关于插入式腹部按压心肺复苏与标准心肺复苏相比较的随机对照试验,采用RevMan 5.3软件对插入式腹部按压心肺复苏与标准心肺复苏抢救心脏骤停患者的自主循环恢复率、24 h及出院后存活率、复苏后呼气末二氧化碳分压、冠脉灌注压、并发症发生率进行统计学分析.结果 共纳入13篇文献,1284例患者.分析结果显示:插入式腹部按压心肺复苏组的自主循环恢复率显著高于标准心肺复苏组[RR=1.36,95％CI(1.21～1.54),P<0.001];24 h存活率显著高于标准心肺复苏组[RR=1.99,95％CI(1.61～2.46),P<0.001];出院后存活率显著高于标准心肺复苏组[RD=0.21,95％CI(0.21～0.32),P<0.001];复苏后呼气末二氧化碳分压值显著高于标准心肺复苏组[MD=8.18,95％CI(6.47～9.98),P<0.001];冠脉灌注压显著高于标准心肺复苏组[MD=1.89,95％CI(1.53～2.26),P<0.001];并发症骨折发生率无统计学意义[RR=0.68,95％CI(0.42～1.1),P=0.110];呕吐发生率无统计学意义[RR=0.94,95％CI(0.78～1.14),P=0.550].结论 插入式腹部按压心肺复苏复苏成功率、24 h及出院后存活率、复苏后呼气末二氧化碳分压、冠脉灌注压均高于标准心肺复苏,但并不能减少并发症的发生率.     

心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍患者早期乳酸清除率与预后的相关性

目的 探讨乳酸清除率与心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征患者预后的相关性.方法 采用回顾性临床研究方法分析心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征患者,纳入标准为2009年1月至2011年12月期间院前或院内心肺复苏后存活24 h以上,收入吉林大学第一医院ICU并发生多器官功能障碍综合征的成年患者;排除各种疾病终末期、外伤所致心脏停搏.分别在自主循环恢复(ROSC)后3d、7d时将患者分为存活组和死亡组,采用秩和检验及逻辑回归方法分别比较两组患者的年龄、性别、平均动脉压、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、白细胞计数、初始乳酸值及6h乳酸清除率之间的差异.结果 有42例患者符合标准,在自主循环恢复后3d、7d时分别存活23人(54.8％)和14人(33.3％).在自主循环恢复后3d、7d时对上述指标进行单因素分析显示,死亡组APACHEⅡ评分均明显高于存活组(P＜0.05),死亡组6h乳酸清除率均明显低于存活组(P＜0.05),其余指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).进一步多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在自主循环恢复后3d时存活和死亡两组比较,APACHEⅡ评分和6h乳酸清除率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而在自主循环恢复后7d时存活和死亡两组比较,APACHEⅡ评分(OR=2.143,P =0.028)和6h乳酸清除率(OR=0.887,P=0.040)均差异具有统计学意义.结论 心搏骤停患者自主循环恢复后早期乳酸清除率的降低与不良预后具有一定的相关性,并可能成为心搏骤停患者恢复期死亡的独立预测因子.     

甲泼尼龙对心肺复苏后患者血清细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨甲泼尼龙对心肺复苏后患者血清细胞因子表达的影响.方法 将2005年5月至2007年5月上海市闸北区中心医院心肺复苏恢复自主循环(ROSC)30例患者,经心电监护或心电图证实院内心跳呼吸骤停,即刻心肺复苏恢复自主循环、生存≥48 h、年龄≥18岁患者;入选病例排除因各种疾病终末期、晚期肿瘤、自然死亡因素所致心跳呼吸停止者,及发病前一周内伴有各种感染、休克、严重创伤者.随机分为A组(甲泼尼龙组,n=14):复苏后加用甲泼尼龙每日3 mg/kg,分两次静脉滴注,连续3 d;B组(对照组,n=16):采用常规心肺复苏治疗.两组患者原发病因基本相仿.ELISA法检测两组心肺复苏即刻、ROSC后24 h、48 h、72 h、7 d的血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平.资料数据采用SPSS11.5版统计软件进行分析处理,计量资料以均数±标准差(-x±s)表示,两组各不同时间点计量资料两两比较采用成组t检验,两组心肺复苏后SIRS患病率和病死率采用Chi-square test,以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 两组心跳骤停至心肺复苏恢复自主循环平均间期[(8.9±4.6)min,(9.6±5.0)min]及心肺复苏即刻血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与B组比较,A组ROSC后24 h、48 h血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平明显降低(P＜0.05～0.01),ROSC后72 h A组血清IL-8水平(114.33±149.72)仍低于B组(332.09±277.45)(P＜0.05),ROSC后7 d两组血清各细胞因子水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).血清IL-10水平两组在不同时间点差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 早期应用甲泼尼龙可降低心肺复苏后患者血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8释放,对复苏患者有保护作用.     

心肺复苏后病人亚低温治疗中并发症的观察与护理

[目的]总结心肺复苏后病人亚低温治疗中并发症的观察与护理。[方法]对入住重症监护室27例心肺复苏自主循环恢复(ROSC)后并持续昏迷病人在常规治疗基础上进行亚低温治疗,同时加强病情观察与护理。[结果]复苏后72h内苏醒7例,死亡4例,发生肢体抽搐5例,肺部感染5例,心律失常3例,凝血功能障碍2例,低血压1例,治疗过程未出现冷伤及反跳性高热发生。[结论]加强心肺复苏后病人亚低温治疗中并发症的观察与护理有利于预后。     

垂体后叶素与肾上腺素联用在心肺复苏中的临床观察

目的:探讨垂体后叶素与肾上腺素联用时在心肺复苏中的疗效。方法:随机抽取49例心跳停搏患者分为治疗组(26例)及对照组(23例),治疗组给予标准剂量肾上腺素、垂体后叶素,对照组给予标准剂量肾上腺素,观察2组自主循环恢复率及出院存活率。结果:治疗组自主循环恢复率及出院存活率分别为61.5%、38.5%,对照组自主循环恢复率及出院存活率分别为21.7%、8.6%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:心肺复苏时肾上腺素与垂体后叶素联用可显著提高自主循环恢复率及出院存活率。     

呼气末二氧化碳分压评估两种心肺复苏方式的临床效果

目的探讨心脏骤停患者器械及徒手胸外按压两种心肺复苏方式的效果。方法收集2011年2月至2012年10月北京市房山区良乡医院急诊科收治心脏骤停患者32例,根据2010心肺复苏与心血管急救指南进行心肺复苏,随机分为器械复苏组(器械组)及徒手复苏组(徒手组),每组各16例,分别监测患者复苏后3 min、5 min、10 min、20min呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETco2)水平。结果器械组患者自主循环恢复5例,徒手组患者自主循环恢复3例,所有患者在心肺复苏前3个时间点PETco2水平无显著差异(P>0.05),20 min时器械组PETco2水平明显高于较徒手组(P=0.03)。所有恢复自主循环患者PETco2水平均高于15 mmHg。结论器械心肺复苏较徒手心肺复苏更能维持较长时间较高的PETco2水平,更有助于心脏骤停患者自主循环恢复。     

延迟使用升压素与肾上腺素在窒息家兔心肺复苏中的疗效比较

目的 观察心肺复苏时延迟使用升压素或肾上腺素对自主循环恢复率的影响，比较两者对窒息性心跳停搏家兔心肺复苏的疗效。方法 62只家兔均在呼气末夹闭气管8min，造成窒息性心脏停搏模型后，开始人工胸外心脏按压及机械通气，期间不用任何药物，复苏5min内恢复自主循环的家兔定义为常规心肺复苏成功，对5min内复苏不成功者，再随机分为两组，分别给予升压素（0．8IU／kg）或肾上腺素（0．2mg／kg）静脉注射，并继续常规心肺复苏：结果 常规心肺复苏的自主循环恢复率为24．19％（15／62），加用升压素和肾上腺素后总的自主循环恢复率提高到48．39％（30／62）。其中升压素组23只家兔中2只复苏成功（8．70％），肾上腺素组24只家兔中13只复苏成功（54．16％），肾上腺素组复苏成功率明显高于升压素组（P=0．001）。结论 对窒息性心脏停搏的家兔心肺复苏时应用升压素或肾上腺素可提高自主循环恢复率。肾上腺素在提高窒息家兔冠脉灌注压及复苏成功率方面明显优于升压素。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.