股外侧肌皮瓣的应用解剖学

在30例成人下肢标本上,观察了股外侧肌的形态、血供和神经支配。肌的血供主要来自旋股外侧动脉降支。肌的神经来自股神经的一根较大的肌支。肌的下2/3具有较恒定的血管神经蒂,该蒂入肌后沿肌纤维长轴下行呈单干型、双干型和三干型分布。肌的下2/3有较恒定的肌皮动脉供养其表面的皮肤。本文讨论了股外侧肌皮瓣转位的应用解剖学要点。     

Surgical anatomy of the lateral supramalleolar flap in arteritic patients: an anatomic study of 24 amputation specimens

The lateral supramalleolar flap (LSMF) is frequently used for covering major tissue defects of the foot and ankle but usually, in case of arteriopathy of the lower limbs, this device is contra-indicated. Twenty-four specimens of amputated limbs of patients suffering from arteriopathy of the lower limbs allowed us to study the vascular anatomy of this flap after intra-arterial injection of colored latex. At the time of the amputation the average age of the patients was 68.5 years. The clinical signs of arteriopathy had been present for 3-16 years. In 10 cases the amputation was performed directly, in 14 cases after an unsuccessful attempt at revascularization. The dissection results revealed certain specificities in the vascularization of the LSMF with arteriopathy. The perforating branch of the peroneal artery was found in all cases. The descending branch of this perforating artery was found to be patent in 22 cases but slim in five cases. It was absent in two cases. The superficial peroneal nerve and its vascular network always participated in the vascularization of the flap. Thus, its preservation in the distal part of the flap offers a second vascular flow to the pedicle of the LSMF. This specificity increases the theoretical feasibility of the LSMF from 17 to 22 cases out of 24 in our dissections. The authors suggest a theory according to which the evolution of arteriopathy and the gradual concomitant development of a supply network, which effects the vascularization of the sensory nerves too, induces the "anticipation" of a flap. The preliminary distal revascularization by bypass grafts or by some kind of endovascular treatment should guarantee the good vascularization of a limb and the reliable use of this neurocutaneous arterial network.     

Anatomic characterization of the femoral nutrient artery: Application to fracture and surgery of the femur

The localization of nutrient foramina and direction of nutrient canals have been studied. However, information about the origin and extraosseous course of nutrient arteries is lacking in some types of long tubular and irregular bones. Thus, we aimed to reexamine the origin and course of the femoral nutrient artery (FNA) through cadaveric dissection to clarify its anatomic characteristics. Sixty thighs were collected from 57 cadavers. To fix the cadavers and visualize the small arterial branches, 10% formalin was injected from the femoral artery, followed by an injection of acrylic ink. The arterial tree in the posterior part of the thigh was recorded by line drawings. The femur received single or double FNAs via the femoral nutrient foramina, which were on and along the linea aspera. In cases with single FNA (41 of the 60 thighs), it typically arose from the four parts of the profunda femoris system: profunda femoris artery between the origins of the third and fourth perforating arteries; second perforating artery; third perforating artery; and terminal branch. In cases with double FNAs (remaining 19 thighs), the superior FNA typically arose from the second perforating artery, and the inferior FNA arose from the terminal branch of the profunda femoris artery and popliteal system. FNAs are described as branches of the perforating arteries in Terminologia Anatomica and anatomy textbooks. However, we found that FNAs also frequently arose from the profunda femoris artery and popliteal system, in addition to the perforating arteries. Clin. Anat. 33:479–487, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Collateral circulation of the femoral and genicular systems in human lower limbs is highly uncommon

The descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery is a septocutaneous vessel that is vital for free and pedicle thigh flap transfer surgeries when repairing tissue defects. It also forms an anastomosis with the superior lateral genicular artery to create a collateral pathway for circumventing occlusions in the superficial femoral artery (SFA). Many anatomical texts and atlases imply the persistence of this anastomosis. However, previous studies indicate variability in the source of the arteries that form the anastomosis, and have reported cases where an anastomosis does not exist. We hypothesized that variations from the conventional accepted pattern can be predicted by comparisons of arterial diameters, and that unconventional anastomoses may be present to facilitate collateral circulation to the limb. Fifty-one limbs were dissected and analyzed to establish the source of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery, classify the types of anastomoses, and compare the diameters of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery, the SFA and the profunda femoris artery to the common femoral artery (CFA). Vessel diameters were normalized to the diameter of the CFA to allow comparison of limbs from both sexes and to minimize the effects of cadaver size on correlating vessel size to the presence or absence of collateral circuits. We report that 62.7% of limbs (32/51) had typical branching patterns; however, only 27.4% of limbs (14/51) had any anastomosis to connect the proximal and distal regions of the thigh. Importantly, the SFA had a wider relative diameter in limbs without anastomoses than in limbs that had normal anastomoses, perhaps precluding the formation of a collateral pathway. Overall, collateral circulation of the lower limb was highly uncommon, in contrast to information inferred from anatomical texts. This study suggests the need for more thorough procedures for determining viable anastomoses prior to thigh flap surgeries to ensure flap survival.     

Effect of propranolol on the tone of collateral arteries in patients with occlusion of the superficial femoral artery

The effect of administration of 0.5 mg propranolol into the femoral artery in eight patients with lower limb ischaemia and superficial femoral artery occlusion on collateral arterial resistance was studied in supine and tilted head-up position. Mean blood pressures were recorded directly from the femoral and popliteal artery and femoral blood flow was measured by an indicator dilution technique. After beta-receptor blockade in the supine position the collateral arterial resistance increased by 7 +/- 2%, femoral blood flow decreased 10 +/- 4%, and popliteal artery pressure increased by 4 mmHg (8 +/- 3%). During head-up tilt there was no change in femoral blood flow and collateral arterial resistance after propranolol. The peripheral vasoconstrictor effect of propranolol, therefore, seems not to be harmful to patients with vascular disease.     

Influence of head constraint and muscle forces on the strain distribution within the intact femur

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of muscle action and a horizontally constrained femoral head on the strain distribution within the intact femur. The strain distribution was measured for three loading configurations: joint reaction force only, joint reaction force plus abductors, and joint reaction force plus the abductors, vastus lateralis and iliopsoas. In each case the strains were recorded from 20 uniaxial strain gauges placed on the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior aspects of the proximal femur. Application of the abductor muscle force produced a marginal decrease in the strain levels on all aspects of the femur as compared with the joint reaction force alone. This is in contrast with previous studies which have simulated an unconstrained femoral head. The inclusion of vastus lateralis and iliopsoas further reduced the strain levels. A horizontally constrained femoral head produces smaller variation in the strain levels when muscle forces are applied. In vivo data, demonstrating negligible movement of the femoral head in one-legged stance, support the results of this study and suggest that in the absence of comprehensive muscle force data, a constrained femoral head may provide a more physiologically relevant loading condition.     

手掌部动脉的构筑

本文在手术显微镜下,观察和测量了50侧成人手掌部的动脉。手掌部的动脉,以掌浅层动脉、掌深层动脉和手背动脉形成3个主要血管层次。各层次间的吻合有:1.边缘吻合:位于手掌桡侧和尺侧缘,有浅,深2组。2.中央吻合,包括掌侧浅、深层间的直接交通支和间接交通支;掌侧和背侧间的近侧穿支、掌骨间隙穿支和远侧穿支。掌深弓及分支住手掌动脉构筑中居中间联系位置,对手掌部侧副循环的调节有重要作用。根据Poiscuille定律的流量公式,结合手掌动脉的形态特点推论,手掌部动脉的血液灌流,浅层以尺动脉为主,深层以桡动脉为主;边缘吻合的血液是从掌侧流向背侧;中央吻合的血流主要来自掌深弓及其分支。手掌部动咏的配布存在优势区域。深弓区优于浅弓区和手背动脉网区;中央吻合优于边缘吻合;边缘深层吻合优于浅层吻合。本文还讨论了指动脉的配布。     

Innervation of vastus lateralis muscle

The lateral surgical approach to the proximal femur potentially damages the nerve supply to the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. This study describes the detailed anatomy of the nerve supply to the VL muscle based on dissection of ten cadaveric lower limbs. In all specimens, a single nerve trunk arose from the femoral nerve, which is most subsequently divided into two main divisions. These divisions gave two branches each. These branches coursed from anteriorly and proximally to posteriorly and distally within the muscle. When the muscle was reflected anteriorly from its attachment to the linea aspera, there was no damage to its innervation. Splitting of the VL in the midlateral line of the femur, however, resulted in denervation of the posterior half of the muscle. Precise knowledge of the nerve supply to the VL will help avoid iatrogenic denervation of the muscle in surgical procedures at the proximal femur through the lateral approach.     

颞肌颅骨外板骨瓣转位修复下颌骨缺损的应用解剖

对40侧成尸颅顶区和颞区的动脉来源及其分布进行了观测,认为以颞肌为蒂的颅顶骨外板骨瓣可作为修复下颌骨缺损的良好骨源。并对其制作要点及术中注意的事项等进行了讨论,为临床应用提供有实用意义的解剖学资料。     

Histomorphological researches on large porous hydroxyapatite cylinder tubes with polylactic acid surface coating in different nonskeletal sites in vivo

Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic cylinder tubes coated with polylactic acid on the exposed surfaces were implanted in four nonskeletal sites (omentum, peritoneum, vastus lateralis, and side of femur). Six months postoperatively, proper amount of Chinese ink was injected to dye the implanting areas. Decalcified and nondecalcified sections were observed under inverted microscope. The results showed that the soft tissues around the HA cylinder tubes in peritoneum, vastus lateralis, and side of femur groups appeared visible black. Some small blacked vascular architectures were also discernible. However in omentum group, only small number of blacked vessels existed. Histological observations indicated that vascularization and ossification occurred in peritoneum, vastus lateralis, and side of femur groups. In omentum group, there was no any sign of vascularization and ossification. A conclusion could be made in this study that excepting bones and muscles, parietal peritoneum could serve as a potential spot for culturing histoengineering hydroxyapatite (HA)-polylactic acid (PLA) ceramic bone substitutes.     

以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂分叶股前外侧肌皮瓣设计的解剖学研究

目的为以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的分叶股前外侧肌皮瓣的设计与临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法新鲜下肢标本20侧,动脉灌注红色乳胶,重点观察动脉进入股外侧肌的部位,及其在股外侧肌内的分支、分布与吻合情况。结果 (1)80.8%的降支发自旋股外侧动脉,外径(3.7±0.9)mm,于股直肌深面,沿股外侧肌前缘下降,在起始下方(9.0±3.5)cm处分为内、外两侧支。(2)外侧支营养股外侧肌,肌外血管蒂长(8.1±3.3)cm,在股外侧肌中段肌内行走的全程发出6.6支口径1.0mm的肌支或肌皮支,平均支间距(1.9±0.9)cm。(3)股前外侧部出现皮支(2.5±1.2)支,外径(0.8±0.3)mm,其中肌间隙穿支占23.8%,而肌皮穿支占76.2%。57.7%(15侧)肢体有高位皮动脉出现。结论 (1)可以设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的分叶股前外侧肌皮瓣,并用不同部位的血管支的距离来调整肌瓣和肌皮瓣的叶间距离,修复不同的创面。(2)以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的分叶股前外侧肌皮瓣是临床修复复杂创面的一种极佳选择。     

同体两侧股前外侧皮瓣的解剖学对比

目的 探讨同体两侧股前外侧（ALT）皮瓣的解剖学差异,为术前进行供侧大腿选择的必要性提供解剖学依据。 方法 10具新鲜尸体标本（共20例）上行双侧ALT皮瓣制取,寻找皮瓣的营养穿支,记录穿支类型和数量,并逆向追溯到血管蒂;测量各穿支、血管蒂的长度和管径,统计学数据采用均值±标准差。 结果 10具标本中有3具两侧股前外侧皮瓣为肌间隔穿支和肌皮穿支双供血型;其余7具两侧穿支类型不同。7具标本两侧皮瓣的穿支数量不同,另外3具的穿支数量相同。肌间隔穿支走行于股直肌与股外侧肌之间的肌间隙内,肌皮穿支或垂直或斜形穿过股外侧肌,其穿支长度各异。皮瓣穿支全部发自旋股外侧动脉（LCFA）降支的有14例,另有6例（30%,源于5具标本）皮瓣既有降支又有斜支参与供血,其中1具标本两侧均由斜支与降支双重供血,其余4具标本均只有1侧为斜支与降支双重供血。10具标本共20例皮瓣的两侧主要穿支和血管蒂管径及长度差别不大(P>0.05)。 结论 同体两侧股前外侧皮瓣的营养穿支在类型、数量、走行、血管蒂来源上存在差异,穿支的种类及走行对于皮瓣制取的难易及操作时间有直接影响。术前进行供侧大腿的选择有助于股前外侧皮瓣精准、快捷的制取。     

内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

High and low lateral approaches to the popliteal artery

Using a series of 20 dissections and two anatomic transverse sections of a lower limb, the authors investigated the lateral approaches to the popliteal artery. The high lateral approach (above the knee) is not very aggressive and gives access to the retro-genicular part of the popliteal artery. After cutaneous and fascial incision, a simple gap between the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris mm. allows easy exposure of the popliteal vessels after backward retraction of the sciatic nerve. The low lateral approach to the artery (below the knee) is very aggressive for the vessels, nerves, and ligaments of the area. It involves the resection of the upper fourth of the fibula and the isolation and protection of the common peroneal nerve Nevertheless, these lateral approaches must be known and used when classic approaches (medial and posterior) are impossible.     

There are no safe areas for avoiding the perforating arteries along the proximal part of the femur: A word of caution

Knowledge about the variable course of the perforating arteries near the body of the femur is essential during surgical procedures (e.g., percutaneous cerclage wiring, plate osteosynthesis, Ilizarov technique). Our aims were to determine the number of perforating arteries, and to identify safe zones along the body of the femur within which perforating arteries are unlikely to pass toward the back of the thigh. The number of perforating arteries was determined in both legs of 100 formalin-fixed anatomic specimens of both sexes. The level of passage of perforating arteries near the body of the femur was measured in reference to a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial femoral condyle. In each leg, two to seven perforating arteries were present. In 64% of legs, at least one artery divided into two to four branches before entering the back of the thigh. Thus, the total number of branches passing near the body of the femur varied between two to nine. Perforating arteries passed to the back of the thigh at every level between 14.0 and 36.5 cm from the anterior superior iliac spine (16–39% of the leg length). Within this distance, no safe zones along the body of the femur could be identified. The present study shows the high variability regarding number and course of the perforating arteries. Surgeons can be faced with an artery at every level on the posteromedial aspect of the body of the femur between 14.0 and 36.5 cm distally to the anterior superior iliac spine. Clin. Anat. 33:507–515, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同轴向伸长率下兔股动、静脉的顺应性变化

目的：探讨不同轴向伸长率下兔股动、静脉的顺应性变化,以及对临床修复血管损伤时方法选择的影响。方法：以兔正常股动、静脉血管标本为研究对象,通过血管压力－轴向应变试验及检测血管轴向伸长率,获取兔正常股动、静脉顺应性变化规律。结果：顺应性不仅与压力有关,而且同轴向伸长率有关,在内压强为动脉血压时,兔股动脉血管在伸长率为１．９时比其正常生理伸长率１．５８下的横截面积减少４０％。静脉也有相似变化规律。结论：     

Extraneural arterial blood vessels of human fetal sciatic nerve

Nerves get segmental blood supply either from the neighboring muscular and cutaneous branches or from the regional main arterial trunks. The aim of our research was to detect, in the gluteal and posterior femoral region, the blood vessels which are involved in the blood supply of the human fetal sciatic nerve, as well as to establish their origin. Micro-dissection was performed on 48 fetal lower extremities which were previously fixed in 10% formalin. Micropaque solution (barium sulfate) was injected into their blood vessels. The fetal gestational age was established by measuring the crump-crown length and it ranged from the third to the ninth lunar month. The observed nutritional arteries of the human sciatic nerve originated from the inferior gluteal artery, medial circumflex femoral artery, perforating branches, and popliteal artery. The anastomotic arterial chain of the human sciatic nerve was observed in all cases. In 75% of the cases it was composed of the branches of the inferior gluteal artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery and the first two perforating arteries. The nutrient branch of the third perforating branch was less frequently (in 14.5% of the cases) part of this anastomotic arterial chain.     

Transorbital anastomotic pathways between the external and internal carotid systems in children affected by intraocular retinoblastoma

Purpose

It is well known that many anastomoses can join the external carotid system and the ophthalmic artery. However, their frequency has never been reported. Since they can be relevant for interventional radiologists operating in the orbit, we decided to illustrate and determine the frequency of the anastomoses that can be found in children.

Methods

A retrospective study of 443 angiographic procedures (via ophthalmic artery and/or external carotid artery) carried out on 97 children affected by intraocular retinoblastoma was made to investigate the arterial anatomy of 106 orbits.

Results

Anastomoses were observed in 44.33 % of orbits. However, their true frequency is likely much higher as the rate of visualization increased up to 91.11 % of orbits when the angiographic study was extended to the external carotid artery. In order of frequency we detected the following anastomoses: lacrimal artery—middle meningeal artery, lacrimal artery—anterior deep temporal artery, ophthalmic artery—middle meningeal artery, ophthalmic artery—facial artery, supraorbital artery—superficial temporal artery, supratrochlear artery—superficial temporal artery, supraorbital artery—middle meningeal artery, dorsal nasal artery—infraorbital artery, supraorbital artery—zygomaticoorbital artery, lacrimal artery—zygomaticoorbital artery.

Conclusion

When properly searched, anastomoses between the ophthalmic artery and the external carotid artery are almost constant in children. Depending on the clinical scenario, they can represent dangers or valuable alternative routes for collateral circulations and intraarterial chemotherapy.

     

胸内侧皮瓣血管的巨微解剖

在手术显微镜下,解剖了成人尸体50侧,对胸内侧区皮瓣血管源进行了研究。胸廓内动脉在上4个肋间隙发出的穿动脉中,以第Ⅱ穿动脉的出现率最高,平均管径最粗,分布面积也最大。进行胸内侧皮瓣吻合血管移植时,宜首选第Ⅱ穿动脉作为血管蒂。第Ⅰ穿动脉的分布面积和中心分布区,均大于第Ⅲ或第Ⅳ穿动脉,是第二选择。胸廓内动脉跨越了几个肋间隙,其中,第2肋间隙位置较浅,距胸骨缘较远,较其他肋间隙宽,这些有利于以第Ⅱ穿动脉,甚至连同一段胸廓内动脉,作为皮瓣血管蒂的采取。如果切除一段第2肋软骨,以胸廓内动脉连同第Ⅰ、Ⅱ穿动脉为血管蒂,可以扩大皮瓣的采取范围。根据穿动脉的起源、位置、管径、浅出点、行程、分布区范围和吻合情况等,讨论了采取吻合血管胸内侧皮瓣时应注意的问题。